북방공정의 논리와 전개과정 연구

박원길(PARK Won-kil) 고구려발해학회 2007 고구려발해연구 Vol.29 No.-

Looking at the world history in view of global village, there are period that always shows definitely distinguish which we can see by also from the territory or age ideology. Chinggis Khan's the Mongol Empire is one of primary global village empire, and United States of America is the 2nd global village empire d1at is now in scent. After appearance of Chinggis Khan's, the Eurasian Continent's east and the west area were to live in same age under the Mongol rule whether they like it or not. East to the East sea, west to the Russia, Anatolia, and the area of coast goes through east Mediterranean become Mongol's territory. The west Europe, Egypt, India, south-east Asia, and also Japan those who are not in immediate control under Mongol had a contact and exchange of various in politics, economy, culture, technique, science, history and in religion. Almost all the area in the world influenced by Mongol whether they willing or not. 1271, Khubilai Khan renames his empire "Yeke Yuan(元) Ulus", officially marking the stan of the Yuan Dynasty of China. Generally speaking, the world historical science regarded Khubilai Khan's Yeke Yuan Ulus as a Mongolian history which was one of successor empire of Chinggis Khan's Yeke Mongol Ulus. But the People s Republic of China regarded Khubilai Khan's Yeke Yuan Ulus as a China's history. And PRC make an additional remark that Yeke Yuan Ulus start the first unified multiracial nation in chinese history. In support of this theory, PRC demonstrate the supporting evidence of unified multiracial nation under the name of Mongol Project since 1985. The result of this project was published Brief Mongolian History(蒙古族簡史, 1985), General History of the Mongols(蒙古族通史, 1991), Internet General History of the Mongols(電子版蒙古族通史, 2001), General History of Mongolian Nationality(蒙古民族通史, 2002), 10 volumes General History of the Mongols(10卷本 蒙古族通史, 2004). Mongol Project of PRC give a controversy over the correct perception of history between the two countries(PRC and Mongol Uls). According to this project, Chinggis Khan and Khubili Khan become chinese, also Mongolian history become Chinese history. But theory of PRC is no acceptable claimant, and perhaps it is unparalleled in the annals of the world history.

원 간섭기 역사학의 새 경향-當代史 연구

박종기 한국중세사학회 2011 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.31

The new international order which is formed to the relation of an emperor(a son of Heaven) and lords between Mongol and Goryeo dynasty was established at the late 13th century. Especially the King and ruling class of Goryeo dynasty accepted this order willingly to maintain the legitimacy of dynasty. They also wanted to describe the new history of relationship with Mongol to settle the historical consciousness. The historians of Goryeo dynasty at the early 14th century interested in the relationship between Mongol and Goryeo since the early 13th century when two nation made the alliance with brotherhood. They studied and described the history of two nation’s relationship. This new historiography which was leaded by historians of Goryeo dynasty in the 14th century have a tendency to study on the contemporary history. Lee Je-hyun(李齊賢;1287~1367) is the one of the representative historians at that time. He wrote the Kimgonghaenggungi(the military activity record of Kimchiryeo(金就礪;1172~1234) and Chungheonwangsega (the history of the Kings in the Mongol period), which is also the representative history book on the relationship with Mongol. We knew that the study on the contemporary history is the new trends of historiography through his history books at the early 14th century of Goryeo dynasty. The new international order which is formed to the relation of an emperor(a son of Heaven) and lords between Mongol and Goryeo dynasty was established at the late 13th century. Especially the King and ruling class of Goryeo dynasty accepted this order willingly to maintain the legitimacy of dynasty. They also wanted to describe the new history of relationship with Mongol to settle the historical consciousness. The historians of Goryeo dynasty at the early 14th century interested in the relationship between Mongol and Goryeo since the early 13th century when two nation made the alliance with brotherhood. They studied and described the history of two nation’s relationship. This new historiography which was leaded by historians of Goryeo dynasty in the 14th century have a tendency to study on the contemporary history. Lee Je-hyun(李齊賢;1287~1367) is the one of the representative historians at that time. He wrote the Kimgonghaenggungi(the military activity record of Kimchiryeo(金就礪;1172~1234) and Chungheonwangsega (the history of the Kings in the Mongol period), which is also the representative history book on the relationship with Mongol. We knew that the study on the contemporary history is the new trends of historiography through his history books at the early 14th century of Goryeo dynasty.

한국의 몽골사 연구 30년, 회고와 전망

류병재 한국몽골학회 2021 몽골학 Vol.- No.65

본 연구는 1990년 한·몽 수교 이후 한국의 몽골사 연구 30년간의 연구성과를 검토하고 향후 몽골사 연구 방향을 모색해 보고자 집필되었다. 한국의 몽골사 연구는 순수 몽골사 연구와 고려-몽골 관계사 측면으로 크게 양분된다고 할 수 있다. 이 가운데 칭기스칸과 그의 후예들의 역사인 몽골제국사부터 근현대 몽골인들의 역사를 아우르는 한국의 몽골사 연구성과는 짧은 시기에도 몽골제국사 사료 번역, 연구서 번역 및 전문 연구 등을 통해 양적·질적으로 괄목할만한 성장을 이룬 것을 확인하였다. 향후 한국의 몽골사 연구는 사료 이외에 다양한 자료들을 활용하여 그 연구범위를 확대하고, 고려-몽골 관계사에서 고려사 연구자들과 협업이 필요할 것이다. 또한 현재까지도 한국어 표기에서의 오류 등도 반드시 수정할 필요가 있다. This study was written in order to examine the 30-year research result in South Korea on Mongolian history after the diplomatic relations between South Korea and Mongolia in 1990, and to seek the research direction of Mongolian history henceforth. A research in South Korea on Mongolian history can be considered to be divided largely into the research of focusing on Mongol empire history and the aspect on the history of the Goryeo-Mongol relationship. In the middle of this, the research outcome in South Korea of Mongolian history covering the history of the modern & contemporary Mongolians starting from the Mongol empire history, which is the history of Genghis Khan and his descendants, was confirmed to have achieved remarkable growth quantitatively and qualitatively through translating the historical records of Mongol empire, translating the research documents, and making the professional research even in a short period of time. A future research in South Korea on Mongolian history will expand its research scope through using diverse materials other than historical records and will require the collaboration with Goryeo history researchers in the history of the Goryeo-Mongol relationship. Also, there is a need to certainly correct errors that appear now in Korean notation as for the terms related to Mongolian history.

『몽골비사』에 나타나는 몽골의 구비문학 전통 연구

김기선 한국몽골학회 2015 몽골학 Vol.0 No.41

The purpose of this paper is to examine the characteristics of everyday rituals and relevant social environment of the medieval Mongolians, by looking into the oral literature traditions of Mongolian nomads as shown in the Secret History of the Mongols, published in the 13th century. The Secret history is the best history book of the Mongolians and the most extensive collection of folk tales, covering not only the history of the Mongolians but also a variety of content including ancient and medieval language, folklore and rituals. Thus the text is an important source to understand the mental and material culture of the nomads. Moreover, the Secret History of the Mongols is rich in content on the oral literature of the Mongolian nomads. In addition to the founding of Mongol Empire and narratives about Mongol’s heros, the book also contains rich oral literature and everyday rituals of nomads. The tradition of oral literature in the Secret History of the Mongols include, by genre, congratulatory poems, ceremonial poems, magic and sorcery, words of blessing, scatter food as an offering to hungry devils and congratulatory ceremonies. As a result of observing the everyday rituals of the Mongols, based on these five genres, the following were observed. In congratulatory poems, an image of heroes including Genghis Khan was found to be in line with that time, with the motif of outstanding achievements and capabilities of heroes. This is a different approach from the existing thinking on legends, thus creating a major difference compared to the narrative literature about heroes at the time. This finding can shed a light on the understanding of narrative literature of heroes of the Mongolian nomads in the 13th century. In praising poems, unlike the usual ones from the ancient times of paying tribute to mountains, rivers and the nature in general, focus was made on Genghis Khan, the founder of Mongol Empire and his aides. In magic and sorcery, the birth rituals unique to the nomad Mongols, which is differentiated from those who are settled, were found. In particular, a variety of magic and sorcery performance in devotion and devotion shows real-life resource about the everyday lives of the Mongols, acting as an indicator of the changes in the society and the criterion showing the changes in the region. In words of blessing, Genghis Khan is showcased as a role model for others from childhood. The fact that he is described as a faithful and popular hero, the Secret history of the Mongols is a sheer reflection of the then public mind on justice and ideals. Lastly, Scatter food as an offering to hungry devils and congratulatory ceremonies, which stems from the nomads belief in heavenly god(s), reveals an integration of the unique literary thoughts culture and arts of nomads, in contrast with those of non-nomads.

몽골 근대 역사교육의 성립과 변천- 역사교육 내용 구성을 중심으로 -

이명희 ( Lee Myung-hee ),김봉석 ( Kim Bong-seok ) 역사교육학회 2017 역사교육논집 Vol.64 No.-

During the twentieth century, Mongolia shifted its system of state twice; from feudalism to socialism and from socialism to democracy. In addition, the history education of Mongolia which had suffered from the problem of the nation and the territory can give an implication to the history education of our country. In particular, Mongolia has been carrying out history education smoothly by sorting out the problems of the inconsistency between nationality and its people and the transition of the state system. In this regard, it will provide implications for North Korea `s change of history education and the plan for forming national consciousness in the process of transition after the unification of the Korean peninsula. The history education of Mongolia showed changes in the composition of contents throughout three periods. The first period is the independence of Mongolia and the early days of the People`s Republic. The history education of this period was mainly composed of the contents related with national history. The second period is when Mongolia pursued socialist policies. In this period, the history of pre-modern Mongolian people was gradually excluded, and education of modern history, world history and communism ideology were linked and strengthened with each other. The third period is the present history education after the democratization of Mongolia. In the history education after the democratization, Mongolian is considered to be formed in the 10th and 11th centuries, and the history of Chinggis Khan is highly emphasized and the contents of the socialist era are roughly covered. It also shows the direction of establishing the self - identity and identity of the Mongolia by organizing the content based on the change of modern Mongolia. The prominent feature of Mongolian history education is that, when it comes to the description of national history, it takes more objective viewpoint toward the narrative from prehistoric to ancient times, which is separated from that of modern Mongolia. In addition, the history of the modern and contemporary Mongolian people living outside the territory of Mongolia today is not mentioned in the textbook at all. This is the reason why Mongolian history education does not cause conflict with neighboring countries. Today, the description of history textbooks of East Asian countries may cause serious international problems. The case of Mongolia can be useful reference.

몽골 유목문화 속의 색깔상징 고찰 <몽골비사>에 반영된 색깔상징을 중심으로

박환영 한국몽골학회 2012 몽골학 Vol.0 No.33

This article analyses colour symbols inside the Secret History of the Mongols. As generally agreed among scholars the Secret History of the Mongols was written during the 13th century and thus it represents the nomadic culture around Central Asian regions including Mongolia at that time. When I thoroughly investigated this historical and folkloric material I found that there are three major subjects concerning colour symbols. These three main contents are: folk classification, folklore of time and five chief colours. Firstly, colour symbols are apparent among folk terms to classify Mongolian livestock in terms of age, sex as well as physical distinction such as colours. Most common examples of folk classification by delicate colours, reflected inside the Secret History of the Mongols, are particularly classificatory system of dividing horses. For instance, the diversity of various coloured horses are well described such as shinhur mor', sharga mor', hulagch güü, hongor mor',haliun, heer, unah mor', zost bor mor', etc. Secondly, colour symbols are also used to clarify a certain time. For example,in the section 81 of the Secret History of the Mongols, there is a description such as "on the sixteenth day of the first month of summer, the red circle day". In this way nomadic Mongolians usually understand the precise time for celebration and memorial days. Lastly, in nomadic Mongolian culture five principle colours, such as white,black, red, blue and yellow, are deeply embedded. Likewise, in the Secret History of the Mongols, five colours are visible in various social and cultural contexts. White normally symbolises purity and nobility whereas black symbolises bad luck and common people. Other colours like red, blue and yellow symbolise energy, holy sky and motherland respectively. Furthermore,these five colours are closely linked to Mongolian shamanism, as it can be seen especially in the section 174 of the Secret History of the Mongols.

『몽골비사』에 반영된 말(馬) 관련 민속언어 연구

박환영 한국몽골학회 2017 몽골학 Vol.0 No.51

This article deals with folk language concerning horses found inside the Secret History of the Mongols. The chief theoretical background of this article derives from Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and a sociolinguistic approach. In other words, various language usages imply different characteristic culture features. In fact, the Secret History of the Mongols was written during 13th century and is considered as the major historical text about Chinghis Khan. However the Secret History of the Mongols also contains plenty hints of nomadic culture as well as unique traditions. Hence, in this paper I analyse folk language of horses which is described inside the Secret History of the Mongols, clearly presenting 13th century Mongolian nomadic culture and tradition. I intend to classify these folk language about horses into several sub-divisions, such as folk classification, names for horses, terms for ornaments and instruments of horses, terms for body parts, terms for food and drinks made from horse milk, idiomatic expressions for horses, etc. In comparison to contemporary folk language concerning Mongolian horses the Secret History of Mongols demonstrates various cultural aspects of Mongolian horses. In particular, all sorts of horses in the Mongolian steppe are delicately identified inside the Secret History of Mongols according to colour, age, castration, distinctive body details weights and appearance (fat or slim), particular behaviour, etc. An insight into the world of nomadic culture of the 13th century will be helpful for further diachronic and contemporary research on Mongolian horse culture.

『몽골비사』속에 반영된 몽골의 전통의례(傳統儀禮) 고찰

박환영 ( Hwan Young Park ) 중앙아시아학회 2010 中央아시아硏究 Vol.15 No.-

As one of the most representative historical texts on Mongolia, "The Secret History of the Mongols" also contains folk nomadic culture in 13th century Mongolia and surrounding Inner Asian regions. Recently, interest increased enormously in investigating on "The Secret History of the Mongols" from various approaches, such as family, kinship, food, annual customs, animal symbols, etc. Yet further spheres still remain to be examined. In this respect, traditional Mongolian rituals are one of primary topics to be researched. It is apparent that through the investigation on traditional rituals reflected in "The Secret History of the Mongols" the living culture of Mongolians in the 13th century is clearly projected. Hence, in this article, I try to outline various aspects of folk culture concerning nomadic traditional rituals in 13th century Mongolian society which all can be found inside "The Secret History of the Mongols". By looking into traditional Mongolian rituals from folkloric perspectives, I deal with four major categories of traditional rituals inside "The Secret History of the Mongols". Namely rituals for establishing fictive kinship such as anda relations, some significant rites for one`s lifetime (i.e. rites of passage), religious rituals and rituals for annual customs as well as festivals are those four distinguished rituals inside the 13th century text. In particular, rituals for both establishing anda relationship and making arrangements are relatively fully described in this historical document. In addition, some examples describing rituals for sacred mountains and shamanic performances are given in this written historical text. Lastly, on the surface, the historical documents like "The Secret History of the Mongols" apparently seemed to focus only on the historical development of political matters such as alliance, dispute, campaign, conquest, etc. Nevertheless, in depth, it also contains various cultural elements which are often either symbolically described or highly compressed into several keywords. Therefore, in order to understand systematically the living culture in the past the comprehension of folk cultural elements inside historical texts has to precede. In this sense, some further researches on "The Secret History of the Mongols" from the standpoint of folkloristics are highly in demand.

[중앙아시아] 한국 역사학계의 유라시아 네트워크, 그 성찰과 과제

김성수(Kim, Sung Soo) 역사학회 2016 역사학보 Vol.0 No.231

This paper mainly discussed about major trends and meaningful changes during the last four years, from 2012 to 2015, in the field of Central Asian and Middle Eastern history. In this review the present writer found three significant movements in the field of Central Asian and Middle Eastern history. The first is that the major scholarly activities in the field of Central Asian history has been focused on the history of Mongol Empire during the 12~14<SUP>th</SUP> centuries, including politics, economy, imperial ruling systems, cultural interactions throughout the empire’s trading system and so on. This trend has been supported by the increasing research groups specialized in the Mongol studies and the scholarly activities in the field of history between Koryŏ and Yuan relationship. Nowadays in Korea the Mongol-Yuan historical studies has consisted the mainstream in the field of Central Asian history. The second is the establishment of the study on Central Asian history as a general history covered the entire historical periods from the ancient to the modern era. Even though there’s lots of fields which there’s no specialists, but the Korean scholarly activities at least cover some fields around the Central Asian history on the mongol plateau. The third is the increasing publications on the Central Asian studies. Several prominent scholarly books in English, in Russian or in Japanese and the primary sources written in Mongolian were also translated. Especially recently a few scholars published reference books like as dictionaries and historical maps on the Central Asian history which reflect remarkable development of this field in Korean academic circle.

몽골비사의 보르칸-칼돈(Burkhan Khaldun)고

박원길(Park, Won-Kil) 고조선단군학회 2014 고조선단군학 Vol.30 No.-

The Secret History of the Mongols (Monggol-un Nigucha Tobchiyan) is the literature collecting the thoughts and history of ancient Mongol people. This article aims for identifying where is Burkhan-Khaldun Mountain written on 1st and 9th verse of The Secret History of the Mongols. Burkhan-Khaldun has 4 nam es as Burkhan-Khaldun, Burkhan, Khaldun, and Khaldun-Burkhan in The Secret History of the Mongols, and appears on it 28 tim es. Korean researchers interpret the m eaning of Burkhan-Khaldun as the lightness (Balguem, ?) while Mongol researchers understand it as having relation with willow (Халдун мод = Уд модон бургасан). The author looks upon that Burkhan-Khaldun Mountain as sacred mountain of Mongol has the same meaning in the word"s origin as Bulham san(不咸山, Barkhan Mountain) which means ‘Balguem (the lightness)’. In addition, Burkhan-Khaldun Mountain is thought as having been characterized as the place which is deeply related with ‘underworld’ like other cases such as Red Mountain(赤山) of Ukhan(烏桓), or Black Mountain(黑山) of Kitan(契丹). It is also looked upon that ‘Khaldun’ of Burkhan-Khaldun can have original pronunciation of Godeung(高登) as Jumong god of Goguryeo. In conclusion, Burkhan-Khaldun Mountain as sacred mountain of Mongol has the relation with Yuwha(willow’s flower) or Jumong god of Goguryeo. Burkhan-Khaldun in 1st verse of The Secret History of the Mongols is determined as Burkhan-Khaldun in Barkhujin, where is on northeastern area of Lake Baikal, and Burkhan-Khaldun in 9th verse is identified as Burkhan-Khaldun in Kenti Mountains in Mongolia.