몽골 제국과 포스트 몽골 시기 중앙아시아와 킵차크 초원에서의 투르크 정체성

이주엽 ( Joo-yup Lee ) 중앙아시아학회 2021 中央아시아硏究 Vol.26 No.1

내륙아시아 세계의 모든 투르크어 사용 유목민이 6세기 중반 돌궐(突厥) 제국의 부상과 함께 처음 출현한 투르크 정체성을 공유한 것은 아니었다. 최초의 투르크계 유목 제국을 세운 돌궐인들은 ‘튀르크’(Türk)라는 명칭을 자칭으로만 사용했다. 돌궐인의 뒤를 이어 몽골 고원을 지배한 위구르나 (예니세이) 키르기즈인은 튀르크인이라 자칭하지 않았다. 그 결과 8세기 중반 돌궐 제국이 붕괴한 뒤 투르크 정체성은 몽골 초원의 비돌궐 집단들 사이에서 존속되지 못했다. 투르크라는 정체성이 더 너른 의미를 얻은 곳은 이슬람 세계였다. 무슬림 저자들은 ‘투르크’[Turk, 복수형은 ‘아트라크’(Atrāk)]라는 용어를 투르크어를 사용하는 집단과 그렇지 않은 집단 모두를 포함한 내륙아시아 유목민을 지칭하는 데 사용함으로서 이 개념을 널리 퍼뜨렸다. 마찬가지로 몽골인들이 이슬람 세계에 진출한 뒤에 무슬림 저자들은 일반적으로 몽골인을 투르크인이라 불렀다. 일칸국의 몽골인들과 중앙아시아의 몽골 후계 국가(티무르조, 모굴 칸국, 시반조 우즈베크인) 모두 투르크인을 내륙아시아 유목민으로 정의한 무슬림적 시각을 받아들였고, 자신들을 투르크의 가장 명망 높은 분파로 여겼다. (본고에서 중앙아시아는 서쪽으로는 카스피해부터 동쪽으로는 중국 신장까지 내륙지역을 가리킨다. 내륙아시아는 초원지대를 지칭한다) 본질적으로 이들의 투르크 관념은 비타지크(非Tajik), 내륙아시아 유목민 정체성이었지, 비몽골(非Mongol) 정체성 혹은 돌궐 제국과 연관된 정체성이 아니었다. 오히려 몽골 정체성을 포괄하는 관념이었다. 일칸국과 중앙아시아의 몽골 후계 국가들에서 작성된 사서와 문서류에서 언급되는 투르크, 즉 (유목민과 정주민의 통칭이었던) ‘투르크인과 타지크인’이라는 문구의 투르크와 칭기스조와 티무르조가 작성한 다양한 계보 속의 투르크는 일차적으로 몽골인을 의미했다. 그러나 이러한 중앙아시아적 투르크 정체성은 몽골 제국기와 포스트 몽골 시기 킵차크 초원에서는 아예 존재하지 않았다. (몽골 제국 이전 시기에도) 킵차크 초원에서는 ‘투르크’라는 용어가 킵차크와 같은 킵차크 초원의 비돌궐계 유목민 집단들의 자칭으로 사용되지 않았다. 당연히 킵차크 초원의 몽골 후예들(우즈베크, 카자크, 타타르) 또한 스스로를 투르크인이라 여기거나 부르지 않았다. 당대 중앙아시아의 몽골 후예들과 마찬가지로, 이들은 몽골인의 후예를 자처했다.

한국에서 중앙(中央)유라시아사(史) 연구의 회고와 전망 -(사)중앙아시아학회 『중앙(中央)아시아연구(硏究)』를 중심으로-

김장구 ( Jang Goo Kim ) 중앙아시아학회 2015 中央아시아硏究 Vol.20 No.2

Established in October, 12, 1996, The Korean Association for Central Asian Studies published the first number of Central Asian Studies in 16, December the same year. For two decades, broad public attention to and highly qualified research achievements for central eurasian history and culture have been increased phenomenally. In addition, outstanding research achievements of ‘History of North Asia’ by precedent researchers after the middle of 20th century have still its academic value even to this day. The Korean Association for Central Asian Studies developed from Association for Central Asian Studies of Korea, which was established in 1993. It issued Newsletter of the Association for central Asian Studies of Korea from 1st issue to 5th issue. Research achievements through ‘Association for Central Asian Studies of Korea,’ show the main stream of regional studies on Central Asia, based on history, language, archaeology, art history, costume, musicology and so forth. Especially, focusing on field surveys and experience on site and collecting historical materials, fundamental studies has been carried out till now. Considering the situation that we could not help accepting the ‘The Chinese World Order’ in past, research achievements in this field can be regarded as remarkable progress. Nevertheless, some problems as below still remain. First, nowadays researchers are negligent in quoting research findings by precedent researchers. Furthermore, it is true that constructive and academic criticism are also not enough. Second, translation of basic historical materials and note for them are insufficient. The researchers with great affection for central eurasian history and culture have to try harder in this field. Third, the lack of translation of academic works is also a serious problem. Fourth, academic terminology varies scholar to scholar. Last, studies of a certain period and region are insufficient. The reason for above situation is, first of all, absolute lack of researchers and social indifference. Therefore, not only should awareness of the importance of studies in this field be raised but also researchers should give more efforts in order to understand its history and culture in objective and balanced way. Henceforth, centering the association, the systematic and long-term supports, such as discovering and supporting rising talents and providing relevant resources and study opportunity, are very important for the future.

한국에서의 중앙아시아 언어 연구 -1996년 이후의 사례를 중심으로-

이용성 ( Yong Song Li ) 중앙아시아학회 2015 中央아시아硏究 Vol.20 No.2

The Korean Association for Central Asian Studies was founded as a formal society in 1996. Its forerunner was the Central Asian Study group which had met since 1992. The journal of the Korean Association for Central Asian Studies is Central Asian Studies [中央아시아硏究] which have been published since 1996 and became one of the registered journals of Korea. Central Asian Studies is a representative expert journal for Central Asian studies in Korea. Focusing on cases since 1996, this paper makes a general survey of Central Asian studies in Korea. The basic data for this paper was collected from the following sources: (1) the journal of Central Asian Studies [中央아시아硏究] of the Korean Association for Central Asian Studies, (2) the journal of Mongolian Studies [몽골학] of the Korean Association for Mongolian Studies, (3) the journal of Altai Hakpo [알타이학보] of the Altaic Society of Korea, (4) the master’s/doctoral theses, the other journals, and books searched in the search box of the National Assembly Library. All the papers or theses on the following languages are the subjects of study: (1) the Turkic languages spoken in Central Asia, (2) all the Mongolic languages, (3) the Sibe language from the Tungusic languages, (4) the other languages in Central Asia. The following points were verified as the result of this survey, although it remained on the statistical level: (1) In connection with the “Altaic languages”, the Mongolic languages are most actively studied in Korea. (2) In connection with the “Altaic languages”, the Turkic languages are poorly studied in Korea. (3) The comparison with the Korean language is playing a significant role. (4) The journal of Central Asian Studies seems to be at the level of a journal in Korea. (5) The journal of Mongolian Studies seems to get out of the level of a journal in Korea. However, the subjects are specialized for the Mongolic languages. Most foreign authors are Mongols. (6) The journal of Altai Hakpo also seems to get out of the level of a journal in Korea. The papers of the foreign researchers of various nationalities are published in this journal. However, the foreign languages used in this journal are mostly limited to English or Chinese. (7) There is a very limited number of researchers who specialized in the “Altaic languages”. It is the case for the Turkic languages in particular.

통계로 본 『중앙(中央)아시아연구(硏究)』 20년(1996∼2015)

정재훈 ( Jae Hun Jeong ) 중앙아시아학회 2015 中央아시아硏究 Vol.20 No.2

In this paper, I want to look back the achievement of Central Asian Studies becoming a center of the lasted development Korean Central Asia research since it was first published in 1996. I try to do a statistical look at the development and change processes, such as configure and organize the contents of the journal in the meantime and further prospects and the direction of future research in Central Asia. This journal has been published since the first issue in December 1996 and total 23 volumes are issued. It was published per a yeat till 2011 and two times after 2012. The article is published in this Journal all 205 pieces. It is composed of 15 reviews and 188 academic papers. The average deviation of 8.9 was published a year. The author of all are 102 people, foreign author are 21 and Korean are 81. For duplication, articles of Korean scholars are 187 and foreign scholars are 21. In this journal, Central Asian art history, folklore, fashion, linguistics, history, musicology, political science, the study of the various disciplines, such as the field of religious studies were published. This is a good indication of the fact that this journal has been a Central Asian integration research where it directed. Since its inception the qualitative development of such a journal, there was a small number of limited side, it was the result of the dedicated efforts of the officers. This journal, Central Asian Studies, has been a great development during 20 years at the center of the Korean Association of Central Studies. This has been also many difficulties, it will continue to strive for great development in the future. It will be apparent that this is to be the important foundation for future development of Central Asia Studies in Korea.

중앙아시아미술사 연구(1996∼2015)의 회고와 전망 -『중앙(中央)아시아연구(硏究)』 수록 논문을 중심으로-

김혜원 ( Hae Won Kim ) 중앙아시아학회 2015 中央아시아硏究 Vol.20 No.2

The year 2015 marks the twentieth anniversary of Chung’ang Asia Yon’gu (Central Asian Studies) published by the Korean Association for Central Asian Studies. This paper looks back on the studies on Central Asian art history in Korea during the last twenty years focusing on the articles published in Chung’ang Asia Yon’gu. Approximately forty articles are discussed under three themes, which are Buddhist art, funerary art, and craftwork & others. While most of the articles from the earlier period discussed Central Asian art in relation to Korean art, the interest in Central Asian art per se increased from 1990s, when the specialists on specific regions such as Gandhara, Xinjiang started their academic careers. Discussions on the transformation of certain iconographies and motifs across India, Central Asia, and East Asia continued; yet more studies on particular sites and objects were published in the later period. Another notable fact is that the studies on Buddhist art dominate the field, as the relevant articles add up to more than twenty in total. Needless to say, the subject and theme need to be diversified for a comprehensive understanding of Central Asian art. At the same time, taking advantage of the strong tradition of Buddhist art studies in Korean academia, it would also be possible to encourage more intense and stimulating studies on Central Asian Buddhist art.

중앙아시아 고대 암각화와 고구려 고분벽화의 주제 및 양식 비교 연구

장석호 ( Seog Ho Jang ) 중앙아시아학회 2010 中央아시아硏究 Vol.15 No.-

The writer found out, in carrying out field investigation of the petroglyph in Central Asia in prehistory and ancient period(B.C. 2C~A.D. 8C) so far, that some figures are similar to the ancient tomb mural in Koguryo in terms of theme and style. In the ancient petroglyph in Central Asia, hunting drawing, carriage drawing and armed soldiers and battle drawing, which have been drawn traditionally since the Bronze Age, are produced based on a new aesthetic view. However, in the ancient tomb mural in Koguryo produced in the same period, horse-riding hunt drawing, cow and horse pulling carriage, armed-horse warrior and horse-riding battle drawing can also be seen. Review of the feature of these drawings one by one revealed the difference with the previous age and the homogeneity with the contemporary age. The differences are that the viewpoint to capture objects in respect of material interpretation is changed from multi-viewpoint to single-viewpoint, that the spatial concept like up and down and left and right is established based on horizontal line, and that unprecedented new theme appears. Homogeneity is that the lifestyle of hunters and nomadic people, the world of material culture like living apparatus and the content to be able to investigate the international relations and social situations become the theme. The homogeneity available in both styles is that the sense of speed is realized in each form, that the space is composed based on the horizontal line and that the story is introduced in the screen. These very features are the universality of antient arts in central Asia and show that the ancient tomb mural in early Koguryo and the arts in Northern region are the same linage. In other words, the hunt drawing, the carriage drawing, armed-horse soldiers and battle drawing in the ancient tomb mural in Koguryo are not the mid-land lineage, but assume the elements of hunting and nomadic people`s culture heavily.

논문 : 중앙아시아 튀르크 제어의 형성과 발전

김효정 ( Hyo Joung Kim ) 중앙아시아학회 1996 中央아시아硏究 Vol.1 No.-

서평 : 『실크로드 미술 -중앙아시아에서 한국까지-』: 권영필(權寧弼) 저 열화당(悅話堂), 1997, B5판 318페이지

민병훈 중앙아시아학회 1997 中央아시아硏究 Vol.2 No.-

한국의 중앙아시아 복식연구 성과

김용문 ( Yong Mun Kim ) 중앙아시아학회 2015 中央아시아硏究 Vol.20 No.2

This study aims to explore the characteristics and trends of the studies on Central Asia costumes by analyzing Korean studies on them, a total of 178 studies that were published from 1980 to 2015. The results of analyzing 85 studies of Central Asia costumes by region show there are 19 of Western Turkestan, 17 of Xingjiang/Dunhuang, 30 of China, and 19 of Mongol/Tibet. In addition, as a results of analyzing 93 studies of Central Asia costumes by subject it was found that ‘exchange of costume culture between the East and the West’ includes 31, the most; ‘costume’ 24; ‘textile & pattern’ 17; ‘design & clothing behavior’ 11; and ‘religious costume’ 10. Studies on Central Asia costumes included 5 in 1980s, and 58 in 1990s with the subjects of ‘costumes excavated from Xinjiang’, ‘costumes found on mural paintings in Dunhuang Cave’, and ‘Hufu (胡服) in China’. In the 2000s, outcomes of studies on costumes were the most as 86 studies were published with diverse subjects such as ‘costumes in the Central Eurasia’ and ‘textile and pattern’. After 2010, outcomes of Korean studies on Central Asia costumes have decreased. The findings of this study are summarized as follows: future development of studies on Central Asia costumes will require ‘active involvement of more Central Asia costume majors,’ ‘verification of excavated artifacts and displayed materials through on-site survey’, ‘multidisciplinary studies related to Central Asian history and culture’, and ‘communications with majors in the Central Asia by foreign/domestic majors’.

서역불교미술에서의 鳥翼冠과 冠帶― 서아시아, 간다라, 서역 간의 교류를 중심으로 ―

임영애 중앙아시아학회 2006 中央아시아硏究 Vol.11 No.-