Heat, vapor, and CO₂ transportation caused by airflow in high-rise residential buildings

Song, Doosam,Yoon, Sungmin,Jeong, Chanwoul,Kim, Joowook,Lim, Hyunwoo Elsevier 2019 Building and environment Vol.160 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Vertical and horizontal airflow occurs in high-rise buildings caused by wind pressure and temperature differences (thermal buoyancy), and heat, water vapor, and contaminants are transported along the air movement in high-rise buildings. To characterize transportation of the heat, water vapor, and contaminants with the airflow in a high-rise building, long-term measurements were taken in a high-rise residential building in Seoul, Korea, during the winter season. The analyzed building has 31 floors above ground and 5 floors underground and the height is approximately 110 m. The temperature, water vapor, and CO<SUB>2</SUB> levels were measured at the elevator hall of the 7th floor, 13th floor, and 29th floor of the analyzed building.</P> <P>The measurement results indicated that the concentrations of heat, humidity, and contaminants (CO<SUB>2</SUB>) on the upper floors were all high compared to the lower floors because the outdoor air flows into the lower floors, moves upward through vertical shafts, such as the elevator core and staircases, and flows into the upper floors. This is due to the movement of heat, water vapor, and contaminants along the vertical air movement in high-rise buildings. In addition, the concentrations of heat, humidity, and CO<SUB>2</SUB> in the high-rise residential building were the highest at the neutral pressure level (NPL, 13th floor) of the analyzed building. This is attributed to the poor ventilation performance at the NPL in high-rise buildings<I>.</I> As a result, the people who live on upper floors could be exposed to higher temperatures, humidity, and contaminants compared to those living on the lower floors in high-rise residential buildings.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Heat, water vapor and contaminants are transported along with the vertical air movement in high-rise buildings. </LI> <LI> The temperature, humidity, and CO2 level on the lower, neutral and a top floor were measured by long-term measurement. </LI> <LI> The temperature, humidity, and CO2 level showed the highest at the neutral pressure level. </LI> <LI> The temperature, humidity, and CO2 level were all higher at the upper floors than the lower floors in high-rise building. </LI> </UL> </P>

초고층 공간계획의 디자인 요소와 구축에 관한 연구

조종수(Cho, Jong-Soo) 한국실내디자인학회 2010 한국실내디자인학회논문집 Vol.19 No.1

The high-rise building is a dramatic phenomenon and a powerful expression of architecture in the modern civilization. The architecture of these high-rise buildings has been developed with mutual contributions of architectural aesthetic form and advanced technologies. Architecturally the significant evolution of tall buildings from some religious symbols to a commercial concept that has aesthetically become acceptable with the changing of modern society and culture driven by a technological evolution. Generally, this commercial function in the evolution of high-rise building is office where high-rise working style is simply a necessity to meet quantitative market demands since this style in major cities around world has been changed from low-rise to high-rise during the last several decades in influenced of the modern industrial society. To achieve optimum spaces with architectural aesthetics in the high-rise building, the design has become collaborative, requiring the input of architects, engineers, economists, and other consultants. Hence, architects must deeply understand the basic planning theories of high-rise buildings and try to find optimum planning between architectural aesthetics and other issues. For the approach, we can firstly start with measurement and analysis of the planning use situation for major planning issues of high-rise buildings in practice. Therefore, this study is to analysis Design Elements and to find commonly used planning strategies, tectonic, of high-rise building in practice. It will give a chance to confirm commonly used planning and then becomes the starting point of the planning development of high-rise buildings based on practical planning issues.

초고층 건물의 풍력발전시스템 적용방안에 관한 연구

전현도(Jun Hyun-Do),박진철(Park Jin-Chul),이언구(Rhee Eon-Ku) 대한건축학회 2010 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.26 No.8

The research was conducted for the application of wind generator systems in high-rise buildings, and drew out elements to consider for the application of wind generation in high-rise buildings, especially, by providing a design process for application to high-rise buildings. Also, basic data for applying the wind generation system in high-rise buildings has been provided by case analysis and CFD simulation. The research results are summarized as follows; In an urban wind environment, the volatility of wind speeds become more severe as it gets closer to the surface of the earth, but because wind speeds become stronger with the rise in altitude, applying a wind generation system to a high-rise building is possible, even in an urban setting. That is, the average wind speeds on 200m high-rise buildings were 5.7~7.4㎧, while they were 6.6~8.0㎧ on 500m buildings. Among the many methods of applying wind generation to high-rise buildings, installation on the highest floor or to the side of buildings presented most advantageous in Korea because the average wind direction changes from season to season. In the simulation following the wind generation application process (72 floor mixed-use high-rise residential building), high wind speeds were able to be secured due to the high elevation of the building, and installation to both the roof section of the highest floor and parts of the side were feasible. In particular, the installed wind generation system was able to sufficiently cover a part of the total energy consumption of the high-rise building.

Research on the Enhancement Trend of the Urbanity of High-rise Buildings

Huiqiong Tian,Jiaqi Qu,Zhendong Wang Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat Korea 2023 International journal of high-rise buildings Vol.12 No.1

The urbanity of high-rise buildings does not simply reference their physical characteristics but also encompasses their impact on the overall urban environment and the daily lives of citizens. This involves the economic benefits, social development, urban culture and public activities that high-rise buildings bring to a city. High-rise buildings are an important aspect of urban development and play a crucial role in providing public services in high-density urban habitats. However, to ensure that their contribution to the city is positive, it is essential to take into account their impact on surrounding buildings and the built environment. This paper analyzes their urban attributes and value system and summarizes their current development status. In short, as the demand for public services continues to evolve, it is necessary for high-rise buildings to keep up with these changes by continuously enhancing their urbanity.

Control of wind-induced motion in high-rise buildings with hybrid TM/MR dampers

Aly, Aly Mousaad Techno-Press 2015 Wind and Structures, An International Journal (WAS Vol.21 No.5

In recent years, high-rise buildings received a renewed interest as a means by which technical and economic advantages can be achieved, especially in areas of high population density. Taller and taller buildings are being built worldwide. These types of buildings present an asset and typically are built not to fail under wind loadings. The increase in a building's height results in increased flexibility, which can lead to significant vibrations, especially at top floors. Such oscillations can magnify the overall loads and can be annoying to the top floors' occupants. This paper shows that increased stiffness in high-rise buildings may not be a feasible solution and may not be used for the design for comfort and serviceability. High-rise buildings are unique, and a vibration control system for a certain building may not be suitable for another. Even for the same building, its behavior in the two lateral directions can be different. For this reason, the current study addresses the application of hybrid tuned mass and magneto-rheological (TM/MR) dampers that can work for such types of buildings. The proposed control scheme shows its effectiveness in reducing floors' accelerations for both comfort and serviceability concerns. Also, a dissipative analysis carried out shows that the MR dampers are working within the possible range of optimum performance. In addition, the design loads are dramatically reduced, creating more resilient and sustainable buildings. The purpose of this paper is to stimulate, shape, and communicate ideas for emerging control technologies that are essential for solving wind related problems in high-rise buildings, with the objective to build the more resilient and sustainable infrastructure and to optimally retrofit existing structures.

Control of wind-induced motion in high-rise buildings with hybrid TM/MR dampers

Aly Mousaad Aly 한국풍공학회 2015 Wind and Structures, An International Journal (WAS Vol.21 No.5

In recent years, high-rise buildings received a renewed interest as a means by which technical and economic advantages can be achieved, especially in areas of high population density. Taller and taller buildings are being built worldwide. These types of buildings present an asset and typically are built not to fail under wind loadings. The increase in a building\'s height results in increased flexibility, which can lead to significant vibrations, especially at top floors. Such oscillations can magnify the overall loads and can be annoying to the top floors\' occupants. This paper shows that increased stiffness in high-rise buildings may not be a feasible solution and may not be used for the design for comfort and serviceability. High-rise buildings are unique, and a vibration control system for a certain building may not be suitable for another. Even for the same building, its behavior in the two lateral directions can be different. For this reason, the current study addresses the application of hybrid tuned mass and magneto-rheological (TM/MR) dampers that can work for such types of buildings. The proposed control scheme shows its effectiveness in reducing floors\' accelerations for both comfort and serviceability concerns. Also, a dissipative analysis carried out shows that the MR dampers are working within the possible range of optimum performance. In addition, the design loads are dramatically reduced, creating more resilient and sustainable buildings. The purpose of this paper is to stimulate, shape, and communicate ideas for emerging control technologies that are essential for solving wind related problems in high-rise buildings, with the objective to build the more resilient and sustainable infrastructure and to optimally retrofit existing structures.

A Study on the Regional Aesthetics of Asian High-rise Buildings

Jongwook Kwon 대한건축학회 2015 Architectural research Vol.17 No.2

For more than 100 years, American skyscrapers got along with the change of Modern architecture. However, high-rise building can not be regarded anymore as a monopoly of America. The purpose of this study is to clarify the aesthetic characteristics of Asian high-rise buildings. Basic concepts on the aesthetic and artistic expression of high-rise building have been discussed, emphasizing the importance of artistic characteristic. A brief introduction on the rise of Asian high-rise buildings also summarized in terms of changing trends for decades from 1970s. Among the 75 buildings in Asian countries out of 100 tallest buildings in the world, 10 buildings are selected to clarify the artistic characteristics which can be presented as an Asian trend in 21st century. The results can be summarized as follows; It was from 1990s that the Asian high-rise buildings began to express a specific regional aesthetics as a trend of post-modernism. Conventional ideas, traditional objects, and regional shapes and patterns are good instruments to successfully represent their national prides. Religions in Chinese and Islamic culture are popular motifs in Asian countries as well as feng shui and conventional idea of five primary elements. Traditional objects like pagoda and minaret are good precedents that can provide friendly recognized vertical objects. Many other interesting cases can be found referring to the traditional shapes and patterns like Chinese character, geometric pattern, Islamic sign, etc.

Overview of Seismic Loads and Application of Local Code Provisions for Tall Buildings in Baku, Azerbaijan

Choi, Hi Sun,Sze, James,Ihtiyar, Onur,Joseph, Leonard Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat Korea 2014 International journal of high-rise buildings Vol.3 No.1

Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, has seen a boom in construction in recent years. The old Baku city has been rapidly transforming into a new hub of high-rise buildings and lively cultural centers hosting the Euro Vision Song Contest in 2012 and European Games in 2015. A major population shift to Baku from its suburbs and the countryside has resulted in the doubling of Baku's population in the 4 years between 2009 and 2013. As of January 2013, Baku's population reached four million people, 43% of the citizens in Azerbaijan according to The State Statistical Committee of Azerbaijan. With this trend, the city needs more high-rise buildings to accommodate rapidly increasing demands for more housing and business space. Until the Azerbaijan Seismic Building Code was published in 2010 and became effective, many different seismic criteria, in terms of building codes and seismic intensities, were used for all new high-rise projects in Baku. Some designers used the SNIP (Russian) code with seismic level 9 or level 8 with 1 point penalty. Others used the Turkish code with Seismic Zone 1, UBC 97 with Zone 2 through 4, or IBC with Sa = 0.75 g through 1.0 g. The seismic intensity is now clarified with the Azerbaijan Seismic Building Code. However, the Azerbaijan Seismic Building Code is appropriate for low-rise buildings applications but may be inappropriate for high-rise project applications. This is because the code-defined response spectrum yields unrealistically conservative seismic forces for high-rise buildings with long periods, as compared to those determined by other internationally accepted building codes. This paper provides observations and recommendations for code-based seismic load assessment of high-rise buildings in the Baku area.

Comparative Study on the Development Trends of High-rise Buildings Above 200 Meters in China, the USA and the UAE

Qu, Jiaqi,Wang, Zhendong,Du, Peng Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat Korea 2021 International journal of high-rise buildings Vol.10 No.1

Since 2006, the number of completed high-rise buildings over 200 meters have increased rapidly. Although there were some short-term cyclical troughs, the overall trend has still been growing. No longer constrained by technological limits, the development of high-rise buildings now depends on cooperation and compromise between social, economic, and political factors. This article extracts statistical data from the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) to focus on the completion of high-rise buildings of 200 meters and above over the past 20 years from 2000 to 2019. Similarities and differences in the number, distribution, and function of high-rise buildings are analyzed, The paper also compares the impact of different political and economic environments on the development trends of high-rise buildings in China, the United States and the UAE.

고층빌딩에서 옥외피난계단의 효용성에 관한 연구

최규출 한국화재소방학회 2009 한국화재소방학회논문지 Vol.23 No.1

Article 36 of the Building Code Enforcement Ordinance requires that an exterior evacuation stairs be installed for the buildings of three stories and over with cultural facilities or gathering places which have over 1,000 m2 floor area of public performance halls or recreational facilities. The concentration of population together with the increase of high-rise buildings in cities call for various precautionary measures to be taken against human disasters. For the past ten years high-rise buildings showed 85% of increase, marking a steep rise. This increase of high-rise buildings may lead to human disasters in urban areas and, in case of fire breakout, may cause great loss of human lives and property damages. The most difficult fire-fighting activities in high-rise building fires are those of evacuation. Because smoke spreads through the upper floors, the securement of evacuation route in high-rise buildings may be the only way to minimize loss of lives. In high-rise buildings exterior escape stairs are necessary because it is difficult to secure evacuation route with only direct stairs or interior stairs. The Building Code now in force provides insignificant coverage on the exterior evacuation route installment and therefore becomes an inadequate means for evacuation route securement in high-rise building fires. To compensate for this inadequacy the Building Code should be revised to include a mandatory clause that an exterior evacuation stairs be established for the buildings of ten stories and over which can be categorized into high-rise building group. 건축법 시행령 제36조에는 3층 이상의 건축물로 문화 및 집회시설 중 공연장이나 위락시설로 바닥면적 이 1천 m2 이상인 건축물은 옥외피난계단을 설치하도록 하고 있다. 도시의 인구집중화와 함께 고층빌딩의 증가는 인적재난에 대한 다양한 대비책을 요구하고 있다. 최근 10년 동안 고층빌딩 증가율은 85%로 급등 하였다. 이러한 고층빌딩의 증가는 도시지역의 인적재난으로 이어져 화재발생 시 많은 인명피해와 재산피 해를 동반한다. 고층빌딩에서 화재가 발생하였을 때 가장 어려운 소방활동이 피난활동이다. 상층으로 확산 되는 연기 때문에 고층빌딩에서의 피난로 확보는 인명피해를 최소화 시키는 유일한 방법이다. 고층빌딩에 서 직통계단이나 옥내계단으로는 피난로 확보가 어려워 고층빌딩 일수록 옥외피난계단이 필요하다. 옥외 피난계단 설치에 관한 현행 법규는 너무 미미(微微)하여 고층빌딩의 피난로 확보대책으로는 적당치 못하 다. 고층빌딩의 피난로 확보를 위하여 고층빌딩군(群)의 분류에 해당되는 10층 이상의 건축물에는 옥외피 난계단 설치를 의무화하도록 관련법을 개정토록 하여야 한다.