글로벌 제품표준화 전략의 실행 가능성 연구

박용석(Yong Suhk Pak),나원찬(Won Chan Ra),이지원(Ji Won Lee) 한국경영학회 2012 經營學硏究 Vol.41 No.3

The necessity of global product standardization asserted by Levitt (1983) is still an open research subject in the area of internationalmarketing strategy, and there aremany arguments both for and against it. The very recent introduction of smart phones in the world market has provided a new approach to exploring the effectiveness of Levitt`s logic. One of the biggest advantages for companies pursuing a global or standardization strategy lies in their ability to take advantage of economies of scale, as local market conditions converge worldwide due to increases in technology development. Another advantage of having a standardization strategy is increased visibility and consistency for the global brand image of the company. However, a counter argument is also well presented: The marketing strategy of an international company should reflect local diverse tastes and preferences stemming from a long history of culture, customs, and institutions. Many scholars on this side of logic criticize Levitt`s argument as naive without solid evidence. Under this circumstance, the introduction of smart phones, especially under the strategic approach of Apple, has shed additional light on this conventional dispute over a global marketing approach once again. We are captivated with the standardization marketing strategy implemented by Apple all over the world. How can they supply exactly the same product worldwide and will that be accepted by global consumers? What makes their global strategy successful? We paid an attention to an intriguing marketing tool, personalization, as a lens to understand the global/ standardization strategy of smart phone producers. We analyzed consumer satisfaction of smart phone users who have personalized their smart phones through application use, focusing on the strategy of smart phone makers. Even while they provide identical products worldwide, which is an obvious standardization strategy, customers with different cultural, institutional, geographic, and economic backgrounds accept them. Therefore, we hypothesized that standardization strategy for smart phones can be a feasible option via personalization through which process consumers/smart phone users worldwide derive a high level of satisfaction. Through the process of personalization, which provides a chance to use a diverse set of applications, customers around the world can increase the level of fit between the product offering and their demand condition or taste: Through applications they could increase the fit which will lead to a higher the level of satisfaction with their smart phones. We conducted a questionnaire survey of domestic and international exchange students attending a university in Korea and collected 456 responses. We divided the sample into three groups of students from Asia (N=177), Europe (N=142), and North America (N=137) in order to compare and test their level of satisfaction with smart phones measured by the perceived utility. The results show that personalization through application use satisfied the individual needs and that standardized global products - smart phones - provided a higher level of product utility perceived by consumers in all three groups. These results provide the possibility that product personalization through application use enables firms to implement a global product standardization strategy.

국제카르텔 제재의 국제적 수렴현상

이세인 梨花女子大學校 法學硏究所 2013 法學論集 Vol.17 No.3

Competition law regulates anti-competitive activities such as cartel, illegal mergers, and abuse of market power. Global Convergence in competition law area means that the competition laws of different countries change and move to similar direction. The reason that we can see significant global convergence in competition law area during the last twenty years is that countries cooperate in legislating and enforcing their competition laws. Countries cooperate through bilateral relationship between two countries, or they cooperate through international organizations such as OECD and UN to discuss current topics on competition law and to suggest some relevant policies in the area. Actually, during the last twenty years, the United States and the European Union have been major players in leading bilateral cooperation as well as multilateral movement for global convergence in competition law area. In relation to enforcement against international cartel, many countries including the United States, the European Union, Japan, China, and Korea have recently developed its competition tools in similar direction. First of all, they increased level of criminal or administrative penalties against the companies and individuals who engage in international cartels. Some countries even greatly increased maximum number of years of imprisonment for individuals up to ten years. Second, many countries adopted leniency policy for the purpose of expediting investigation process, and actually increasing number of companies and individuals are using the leniency policy to be exempted from fines and imprisonment. Third, many countries now apply their competition laws to the activities carried on outside of their countries under the theory of extraterritorial application. Although different countries use various legal doctrines for extraterritorial application of their competition laws, Korea, the US, the EU, and many countries use “Effect Doctrine”, which mean that if the anti-competitive activities carried out outside the country brings effect to the country, the competition law of the country should be applied to such activities. In sum, countries in the world have developed their competition laws to strongly enforce anti-cartel regulations and punish severly against the law-breakers during the last twenty years. Strong anti-cartel regulation may help to stabilize world market by stimulating competition. However, it also means greater risk of violating competition laws of foreign countries for Korean multinational companies, whose main activity is making sales in different countries. Under this circumstance, global convergence can work positively for these companies because they now have an expectation on how the law may be in other countries, or how it would develop. I am in the opinion that Korean competition authority, legal community, and academics should cooperate in researching and educating fast-changing competition environment of the world to the actual players in the corporations so our corporations carry out its business under the global standard of competition. 국제화 시대를 맞아 여러 나라들의 교류를 통해 다양한 법 분야에서 수렴현상이 일어나고 있다. 이 중 한 분야가 경쟁법 분야인데, 특히 국제카르텔 제재와 관련한 부분에서 수렴현상이 두드러지게 나타나고 있다. 이 분야에서 주요하게 나타나는 수렴현상은 과징금 및 형사처벌의 강화, 자진신고제도의 도입 및 활용의 증대, 관련 경쟁법 규정의 역외적용이다. 첫째, 과징금 및 형사처벌의 강화와 관련하여서는, 미국과 유럽연합의 경우 2000년대 중반에 카르텔 가담자에 대한 형사처벌 및 과징금 부과 규정을 강화시켰고, 한국과 일본의 경우도 국제카르텔에 대한 형사 및 행정제재의 수위를 높여 최근 적발된 국제카르텔에 대해 거액의 벌금 및 과징금을 부과한 바 있다. 둘째, 자진신고제도의 도입 및 활용의 증대와 관련하여서는, 한국, 미국, 유럽연합, 호주, 일본이 현재 모두 자진신고제도를 운영하고 있다. 또한 증가하는 과징금 및 벌금에 대해 부담감을 느끼는 기업과 개인들이 자진신고제도를 보다 많이 활용하고 있다. 셋째, 경쟁법의 역외적용과 관련하여서는, 많은 국가들이 자국 영토 밖에서 행해진 카르텔 행위라고 하더라도 자국 내 시장에 영향을 미쳤을 경우에는 이를 처벌하는 법률을 제정하거나, 판례로서 법리를 구성하여 해당 카르텔 가담자들을 처벌하고 있다. 국제카르텔 제재부분의 수렴현상을 주도한 가장 대표적인 주체는 미국과 유럽연합이라고 할 수 있다. 이들은 1991년에 반독점협력협정을 맺고 다양한 경쟁법 분야에서의 협력을 꾀하여 왔다. 그러나 2000년대에 들어서는 국제기구 및 네트워크를 중심으로 세계 여러 나라가 경쟁법의 발전과 수렴에 역할을 담당하였다고 할 수 있다. 우리나라의 입장에서 볼 때, 위의 세 가지 현상을 포함한 국제카르텔 분야의 수렴현상은 몇 가지 의미가 있다고 할 수 있다. 첫째, 국제카르텔에 대한 제재 강화 및 역외적용은 수출에 의존하는 우리 기업들이 타국의 경쟁법 체재에 노출될 위험이 증대되는 것이라고 할 수 있다. 그러나 둘째로는 이미 경쟁법 관련 국제기구 및 단체에서 활발하게 활동하고 있는 우리 경쟁당국과 법조인 및 학자를 통해 변화하는 경쟁법 수렴 환경을 빠르게 파악하여 국내 기업들을 교육할 수 있는 환경에 있다는 것을 의미하기도 한다. 즉, 기업들이 처하게 될 경쟁 환경은 제재가 강화된다 할지라도, 이를 사전에 파악하고 충분히 대처하여 우리 기업들의 경쟁 활동이 글로벌 스탠다드에 맞도록 할 수 있다는 것이다. 셋째, 세계 무역의 상당 부분에 관여하고 있는 우리나라가 국제적인 수렴현상을 주도적으로 이끌 기회를 얻을 수 있다고 본다. 현재 각국에서 국제카르텔에 대한 제재 강화현상이 두드러지고 있으나, 아직까지 하나의 행위에 대해 여러 나라에서 처벌될 수 있는 위험성을 어떻게 해결할 지의 문제, 각국의 손해배상 산정법이 다른 경우 발생하는 공정성의 문제 등에 대해 거시적으로 제안을 한 경우는 없었다. 이는 다국적으로 활동하는 우리 기업들에게 현실적으로 다가오는 문제인 만큼, 앞으로 이러한 부분에 대한 연구도 더 심도 있게 진행되기를 기대해 본다.

GPS 기반 추천 서비스를 제공하는 사진 구도 애플리케이션

김규리(Gyu-Ri Kim),백지연(Ji-Yeon Baek),소정은(Jeong-Eun So) 한국정보기술학회 2017 Proceedings of KIIT Conference Vol.2017 No.6

스마트폰 카메라의 진화와 함께 ‘카메라 애플리케이션’에 대한 사용자들의 관심도 커지고 있으며, 이용률도 빠르게 증가하고 있다. 또한 스마트폰 카메라의 발전은 애플리케이션 콘텐츠 시장에서 수많은 카메라 애플리케이션이 만들어지는 환경을 조성하였다. 이러한 추세에 맞추어 본 연구에서는 기존의 수많은 카메라 애플리케이션과는 달리 사용자들에게 사진 구도 가이드라인을 카메라 화면에 보여주고, 지도에서 자신의 현재 위치주변에 있는 포토스팟(사진을 촬영하기에 좋은 장소) 확인 및 직접 포토스팟을 등록할 수 있는 기능을 가진 애플리케이션을 개발하여 사용자가 참여 · 공유 · 소통할 수 있도록 한다. The users’ interest in the ‘camera application’ is getting bigger with the evolution of the smart phone camera and the utility rate is increasing quickly as well. Also, the development of the smart phone camera has created an environment that a number of camera applications are made in the application contents market. In accordance with this trend, this study will show the Photographic Composition guideline in the camera screen for the users unlike a host of existing camera applications, and develop the application having a function to confirm the photo spot(nice place to take a picture) near the users’ current position on the map and to register the photo spot in person for users to participate, share, and communicate.

한국의 녹색건축인증제도 G-SEED 국제화와 적용사례 및 현황 연구

장서연(Jang, Seo-Yeon),김석경(Kim, Suk-Kyung) 한국실내디자인학회 2021 한국실내디자인학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.23 No.1

The purpose of this study is to conduct case studies of G-SEED certification projects in other countries. This paper reviews the current status of green building certification in Korea and its globalization, and to analyzed and identified the actual cases and problems. Various countries are introducing their own green building certification system globally. G-SEED has been in constant application since its first implementation in 2002 and continues to work on improvements. From 2016 to the present, a total of two cases have been identified in which domestic designers and construction companies have applied G-SEED to overseas projects. To apply G-SEED to foreign buildings, they followed the process such as, comparing each countrys green architectural certification and Koreas G-SEED certification items through mapping studies, analyzing their applicability, and developing a global platform to establish a process for developing regional certification standards. Although there are various efforts to globalize G-SEED, its application in overseas still needs some improvements in standards and the process.

Estimation of Methane Emission by Water Management and Rice Straw Application in Paddy Soil in Korea

신용광,윤성호,박무언,Shin, Yong-Kwang,Yun, Seong-Ho,Park, Moo-Eon 한국토양비료학회 1995 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.28 No.3

Methane flux from a rice paddy in Korea was measured to study the effects of water management and rice straw application on methane emission under different water managements ; flooding and intermittent irrigation, and with or without rice straw application. Methane emission ranged from 0.066 to $0.455g\;CH_4m^{-2}d^{-1}$. Intermittent irrigation has shown a mitigation effect of methane emission, 70% in NPK plot and 47% in NPK plus rice straw plot, relative to that of flooding. Methane emission from Korean paddy was estimated as 399,590tons per year assuming that paddy fields were managed under intermittent irrigation and rice straw application. This estimation was lower than that of OECD's by 56%, Neue's by 51%, and Matthew's by 62%, while higher than that of Taylor's by 118%. 논토양에서 물관리 및 볏짚시용이 메탄배출에 미치는 영향을 알기 위하여 물관리로는 상시담수와 간단관개의 2처리로 하고 각각에 삼요소를 대조로 하여 볏짚의 시용효과를 조사하였다. 메탄배출량은 $0.066g\;CH_4m^{-2}d^{-1}{\sim}0.455g\;CH_4 m^{-2}d^{-1}$의 범위였다. 상시담수보다 간단관개의 NPK구에서는 70%, NPK+볏짚시용구에서는 47%의 메탄 배출저감효과가 인정되었다. 간단관개조건에서 볏짚을 전량 작토에 환원한다고 가정할 때 우리나라 메탄 총배출량은 399,590톤/년으로 추정된다. 이 양은 OECD의 참고값 대비 56%, Neue와는 51%, Matthew와는 62%로 낮고 Taylor와는 118%로 높다.

글로벌 경영전략에 있어서 정보기술을 활용한 SCM 도입사례에 관한 연구

김창봉 대한경영학회 2003 大韓經營學會誌 Vol.16 No.2

Under the borderless competition, the globalization of the management system is one of the key issues to survive. Especially, the wide utilization of internet brought the most of global companies with the advent of global supply chain management (Global SCM). Preceding studies on the SCM reveals the four categories of paradigm to introduce the global SCM. They are process integration, IT infra, integration of applied solution packages such as ERP, CRM, KMS, etc, and the strategic alliances. Among these, the basic factors for the successful implementation of SCM could be the IT infra and application integration as the hardware and software of SCM. The paper analyzes these paradigms and the key factors for the successful implementation of global SCM, based on the case studies of domestic as well as the global enterprises. The paper concludes wi the five benchmarking strategies from the case studies in practical as well as theoretical terms. Most of important conclusion from the study tells that the mind revolution and the enterprise cultural innovation should be preceded before the strategy for global SCM be implemented.

글로벌경쟁정책과 무역 이슈의 최근 동향

주진열 법무부 2011 통상법률 Vol.- No.101

오늘날 경쟁법의 집행문제는 본질적으로 국내 관할 사항임은 이론의 여지가 없다. 그러나 역사적 사례에서 알 수 있듯이 개별 국가가 자국 경쟁법을 일방적으로 역외적용하거나 또는 과잉․과소 집행할 경우, 이로 인해 외교·통상 마찰이 발생할 수 있다. 이러한 점에서 국내 경쟁법 집행 문제는 더 이상 국내법적 차원에 국한되는 것이 아니라 글로벌 경제 거버넌스 차원에서 접근할 필요가 있다. 최근 국내 경쟁법의 일방적 역외적용 문제는 경쟁법․정책 집행 관련 양자 협력을 통하여 상당 부분 해소되었고, 최근에는 ICN과 같은 경쟁당국자 간의 국제포럼, 또는 MOU나 FTA를 통하여 국가 간의 경쟁 이슈를 다루는 현상이 목격되고 있다. 현재로서는 많은 국가들이 자국 경쟁법의 독자적인 집행을 포기함으로써 발생하는 유․무형의 비용을 타국 경쟁법의 과잉집행 또는 과소집행을 억제함으로써 얻을 수 있는 자국 기업의 시장접근 보장이라는 편익보다 훨씬 크게 인식하고 있어, 가까운 장래에 경쟁 이슈를 포괄적으로 다루는 글로벌 경쟁법의 탄생은 상당히 힘들 것으로 보인다. 다자조약에 근거한 글로벌경쟁법 탄생의 여건이 성숙되기 전까지는, 주로 국제카르텔 조사나 경쟁법 집행의 절차적 협력과 같이 일부 제한된 경쟁 이슈에 국한하여 양자 또는 지역협정을 통해 글로벌 경쟁 이슈에 대한 논의가 이루어질 것으로 전망된다. In the era of globalized market the enforcement of national competition law may have adverse effects on foreign firms and/or other countries. For this reason, while competition law remains essentially a matter of domestic jurisdiction, competition issues contain international or global characteristics. Compared with other global issues, however, competition issues is not enough mature to be codified to form any multilateral treaty law. Given complex competition matters and deep differences in national competition laws, it is not surprising that all attempts to create global competition law since 1920s have been failed. Although there is no empirical study about cost-benefit analysis on global competition law, the continuous failures to achieve global competition law from 1920s to 2000s well show that most countries consider that the benefit of global competition law is trivially small or zero, but the cost of global competition law is incredibly huge. So it can be estimated that the cost of global competition law is larger than the benefit. In this sense, global competition law is not an efficient way to correct negative externality. Moreover there is a possibility that multilateral-treaty-based competition law would not work better than national competition laws, and be free from over/under enforcement problem. For these reasons, it is unrealistic to expect that international community can establish any comprehensive international treaty law on every competition issues in the foreseeable future. Given this situation, it seems that bilateral or regional agreements on selected competition matters (e.g., international price-fixing cartel, co-operation of enforcement) might be an efficient way to correct negative externality.

Particle Swarm Optimization 구현을 위한 안드로이드 애플리케이션 개발

최낙윤(Nakyoon Choi),최영림(Younglim Choi),윤재훈(Jaehun Yun),박규영(Gyuyoung Park),김종욱(Jong-Wook Kim) 한국정보기술학회 2013 한국정보기술학회논문지 Vol.11 No.1

In this paper, particle swarm optimization (PSO) acknowledged as the fast global optimization method has been implemented with an Android application to perform global optimization on smartphone. For the performance validation of the PSO application, the average function evaluation numbers and the run times are measured for the period to search the global minima for the four benchmark functions. The measurement have been executed for a desktop PC and a smartphone respectively for the performance comparison. In addition, it is verified that the proposed PSO application can locate the global minima of the benchmark functions within 1.2 milliseconds in maximum, which implies the capability of the proposed application to solve general engineering problems nearly real-time on the smartphone.

Development of Global Fishing Application to Build Big Data on Fish Resources

피수영,이정아,양재혁 한국디지털정책학회 2022 디지털융복합연구 Vol.20 No.3

Despite rapidly increasing demand for fishing, there is a lack of studies and information related to fishing, and there is a limit to obtaining the data on the global distribution of fish resources. Since the existing method of investigating fish resource distribution is designed to collect the fish resource information by visiting the investigation area using a throwing net, it is almost impossible to collect nation-wide data, such as streams, rivers, and seas. In addition, the existing method of measuring the length of fish used a tape measure, but in this study, a FishingTAG's smart measure was developed. When recording a picture using a FishingTAG's smart measure, the length of the fish and the environmental data when the fish was caught are automatically collected, and there is no need to carry a tape measure, so the user's convenience can be increased. With the development of a global fishing application using a FishingTAG’s smart measure, first, it is possible to collect fish resource samples in a wide area around the world continuously on a real time basis. Second, it is possible to reduce the enormous cost for collecting fish resource data and to monitor the distribution and expansion of the alien fish species disturbing the ecosystem. Third, by visualizing global fish resource information through the Google Maps, users can obtain the information on fish resources according to their location. Since it provides the fish resource data collected on a real time basis, it is expected to of great help to various studies and the establishment of policies.

Comparing Learners’ Perception Gap on PBL Applied ‘Global Citizenship Course’

이은진 학습자중심교과교육학회 2022 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.22 No.17

Objectives This study intends to investigate the perception gap on problem based learning (PBL) applied global citizenship course. Specifically, it compares two groups of learners with different majors, health science and engineering. Methods For analysis, Q-methodology was employed, which is useful for exploring people’s subjectivity on a specific subject. Particularly, this method was useful in this research for analyzing and comparing how different or similar perspectives learners had on PBL applied global citizenship course, and further being able to provide deeper insights into the future PBL applied class. Results The total of 30 statements was selected and 54 respondents, 27 in each group, participating in the PBL applied global citizenship course at K University, expressed their perspectives on the statements. Based on the results of the factor analysis using PQ-Method, three distinctive types in each group appeared to be significant: ‘Teamwork & Learning Materials Centered,’ ‘Motivation & Interest Centered,’ and ‘Confidence & Teamwork Centered’ in the group A; ‘Learning Materials & Textbook Centered,’ ‘Familiarity & Learning Process Centered,’ and ‘Familiarity & Individual Task Centered’ in the group B. Even though there is no statement both groups agreed or disagreed with, considering the distinctive types from the results and important points to be considered in PBL applied global citizenship course, there were implications: motivation or confidence, teamwork and learning materials. Conclusions The findings of this research can be meaningful in identifying different attitudes towards PBL applied global citizenship class. Furthermore, it can contribute to providing right directions for the future PBL applied global citizenship course.