한국수출입은행의 공적수출금융지원이 한국의 수출에 미치는 영향 연구

이은재,이서영,이윤관 한국무역연구원 2023 무역연구 Vol.19 No.3

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of official export finance supported by the Export-Import Bank of Korea on Korea's exports. In particular, in order to differentiate from previous studies, the detailed size, as well as the long-term and short-term effects of export financing support on exports, were analyzed. Design/Methodology/Approach – In this analysis, an Export Demand Function Model was introduced. Prior to the empirical analysis, a unit root test and cointegration test were conducted. As a result of the pretest, it was found that the variables included in the analysis were I (1), and the cointegration vector did not exist. Based on these results, a Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model was established. Findings – As a result of estimating the impulse response function, it was found that when an official export finance shock was applied, exports gradually increased from the time of the shock to the third period, and then the increase slowed and converged to zero. As a result of the variance decomposition analysis, the export financing support amount began to show explanatory power in export fluctuations from the second period, and showed about 2.5% explanatory power from the third to the tenth period. Research Implications – It was confirmed that export finance provided to exporting companies plays an important role in helping to promote exports. Therefore, the government and financial institutions should support exporting companies by providing active export financing support, along with export promotion policies.

16세기 조선 대명(對明) 사행무역(使行貿易)의 수출품 구성과 그 추이

구도영 ( Koo Do-young ) 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원 2017 大東文化硏究 Vol.100 No.-

무역은 기본적으로 양 국가 간 재화를 교환하는 활동이다. 따라서 무역 연구에서 양측이 무엇을 교환하고 있었는지 수출입품에 대한 실증적이고 귀납적인 규명이 선행되어야 할 것이지만, 16세기 조선의 대명 수출품은 유독 조명받지 못했다. 본고는 대명무역이 본격적으로 확대되었던 16세기 조선에서 명으로 수출된 물품의 구성과 그 추이를 품목별로 구분하여 살펴봄으로써 조명무역 연구토대의 기반 마련에 일조하고자 하였다. 16세기 조선의 주요 수출품을 크게 4가지 종류로 구분하면, 첫째, 布이다. 15세기에는 麻布가, 16세기에는 綿布(正布)가 주로 수출되었다. 면포는 16세기 동안 줄곧 공무역의 주요 수출품이었다. 사무역 분야에서는 그 수출 비중이 크지 않았지만 확보의 용이성으로 꾸준히 수출되었다. 둘째, 銀이다. 1503년 조선에서 銀 제련 기술이 개발되면서, 국내 端川 등에서 확보한 은이 사무역을 통해 명으로 수출되어 범위를 넓혀갔고, 1539년 무렵 저렴한 일본산 은이 조선으로 유입되자, 은은 사무역의 주요 수출품이 되었다. 은이 사무역에서 주요 수출품이 된 것은 수익성 개선과 국내외 경제적 변화를 능동적으로 대응하는 가운데 일어났으며, 공무역 분야에서도 통사들이 수출입 업무를 용이하게 하기 위해 자의적으로 은을 수출하기도 하였다. 셋째, 사대부가 주로 사용하는 고급 생활용품인 부채(摺扇), 笠帽, 문구류(벼루, 붓, 먹) 등이다. 조선의 수출부채는 摺扇으로, 접었다 폈다가 가능한 실용성과 심미성을 갖추어 명에서 주목받았다. 명대부터 조선이 수출했던 접선은 중국에서 사용되었던 團扇을 대체하여 접선이 보편화되는 데 큰 영향을 주었다. 한편 입모는 비올 때 갓 위에 덮어쓰는 모자형 雨具로, 접선처럼 접을 수 있어 휴대하기 편한 실용적 雨具였다. 조선의 벼루는 부채나 입모보다 고급품으로 인정받는 상품이었다. 이 품목들은 사무역 수출품뿐 아니라, 명 관료에게 주는 예물, 사행단의 왕래시 지출되는 각종 사행경비 지급 등의 목적으로 명에 광범위하게 유통되었다. 禁物의 특성상 공식적으로 기록되기 어려웠던 銀을 제외하면, 부채는 사행록 및 일기류 기록에서 수출빈도가 가장 높은 물건이었다. 넷째, 人蔘이다. 16세기만 해도 인삼의 수출비중은 위에서 언급한 물품에 비해서는 그다지 크지 않았다. 인삼은 조선 조정이 국초부터 사행 지참비용으로 사용할 수 있도록 허가한 물품이었으나, 자연산 채취에 의존해야 하는 한계 등으로 명 관료에게 주는 예물로 활용되다가, 1570년 무렵 선조대에 조선의 사무역 수출품으로 부상하였다. 이 시기 조선인, 중국인, 여진인이 모두 인삼 채취에 뛰어드는 모습이 주목된다. 그밖에 조선의 종이 역시 수출빈도가 높았다. 조선의 종이는 우수한 품질로 정평이 나 있어서 명 관료들의 요구가 잦았다. 주요 수출품이었던 부채와 입모 역시도 종이로 제작된 제품이라는 점에서 수출품으로서 조선 종이가 더욱 주목된다. 또한 분청사기는 비사행무역(불법무역, 민간무역)에서도 수출되었는데, 사행무역을 통해서도 수출되었으며, 자기·각궁 등도 그 품질을 인정받아 명으로 수출되었다. This manuscript has tried to assist in preparing the basis of studying the tributary trade toward Ming by observing the structure of items exported from Choson to Ming and its progress by item separately, when the trade toward Ming had been expanding in earnest in 16th century. To largely classify the main exports as 4 types in the 16th century, the first one is cotton. In the 15th century, hemp cloth was exported, while in the 16th century, cotton cloth was largely exported. Cotton cloth was the main export of public trade during the 16th century. Though the relative importance of export was small in the field of private trade, it was steadily exported. The second one is silver. As the smelt technology of silver in Choson had been developed in 1503, the silver secured in Tanchon of the nation, was widened for the range with being exported to Ming. As the inexpensive silver from Japan was brought into Choson in about 1539, silver became the main exports in the private trade. In positive response to the improvement of profitability as well as domestic & foreign economic change, it happened that silver became the main exports in the private trade. The third one is fans, gat hat, and stationery (including ink-stone, brush, ink stick), which were used mainly by the gentry. The exported fan of Choson amounted to a folded fan, which was attracted from Ming since it was equipped with practicability of being folded & unfolded as well as its beauty. The folding fans which Choson had exported from Ming Dynasty, took the place of a paper fan made in China, which had a great effect on having been universalized by a folded fan. Meanwhile, a standing hat was a type of raincoat in which it covered the gat in a rainy day. It could be folded like a folding fan with portability. The ink-stone of Choson was more recognized as high-quality articles than fans or standing hats. These items were extensively distributed for not only exports of private trade, but also envoys' expenses spent for visiting envoys as well as presents given to government officials of Ming. As the characteristic of prohibited items, except for silver which was not available for being officially recorded, it was the item with the highest exporting frequency from the record of the private chronicle & journals. The fourth one is ginseng. Ginseng had been utilized as presents given to government officials of Ming since it had the limitation of depending on the natural collection, but it began to emerge as the exports of the private trade of Choson in about 1570. It is noted that all the people including Choson people, Chinese people and Jurchen people rushed into collecting ginseng. Besides, Choson paper also used to be in high frequency of export. Choson paper was well-known for high quality, which led the government officials frequently to demand it. Furthermore, Buncheongware, and horn bow were recognized in quality, which resulted in being exported to Ming.

중소 벤처의 조직 내 대리학습이 수출성과에 미치는 영향

오한모,Xuanwen WU 한국유통경영학회 2019 유통경영학회지 Vol.22 No.6

Purpose: It is widely accepted that one of the key drivers of a newborn export-venture’s export performance is informational resources such as its knowledge about how to compete in export marketplaces. Such knowledge is frequently accumulated through direct experience of export marketplaces. Even though many newborn exporters hold little such experience, some of the exporters have attained substantial export performance. Therefore, we aim to investigate what other factors can affect export performance than direct experience. Research design, data, and methodology: Depending significantly on the knowledge-based view, the organizational learning theory, and the late-mover advantage theory, we attempted to develop a model. The mode may explain and predict the effects of vicarious learning from the experience of other firms as well as the effects of organizational direct learning of culture and economy in other countries on newborn exporters’ sales growth in foreign markets. Results: We proposed that (1) organizational direct learning of a certain culture (chief executive officers’ and employees’ knowledge of foreign cultures) is positively related to export sales growth; (2) organizational direct learning of a certain economy (chief executive officers’ and employees’ knowledge of foreign economies) is positively related to export sales growth. In addition, the current study indicated four types of vicarious learning for newborn exporters including learning from local competitors, domestic competitors, global competitors, business partners in export marketplaces. We also proposed that all vicarious learning factors positively moderates the relationships between newborn exporters’ direct learning and the export sales growth, respectively. Conclusions: We suggested an empirically testable model of the effects of direct experience and vicarious learning on export peroformance. Furthermore, the importance of vicarious learning is highlighted in explaining newborn exporters’ sales growth in export marketplaces.

A Study on the Effects of SMVEs Export Modes on Export Amount and Period

Byung-Mo Coo 한국유통과학회 2018 The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business( Vol.9 No.1

Purpose - This present aims to analyze the effect of export modes on initial export amount and time to export by selecting export modes among various success strategies and factors. Research design, data, and methodology - It surveyed 980 small and mid-sized venture enterprises across Korea. The export modes and its impact on exports through frequency analysis and cross analysis, and validated through a PPML(regression analysis applied the enterprise growth model) analysis. Results - Five export modes were investigated : direct export, indirect export, transfer from direct export to indirect export, transfer from direct export to indirect export, and parallel export to indirect export. It was found that SMVEs that exported directly from establishment to initial export had the shortest period, and also had the highest export price Conclusions - From a marketing point of view, it took an average of 1.6 years to switch from export directly to indirect export or directly export, and the reason for the export modes conversion was to supplement export specialists and improve export competitiveness. And the export amount and time period that SMVEs establishes and export is a significant factor in export success strategy and there has been few prior study in export modes.

THE EFFECTS OF MARKETING CAPABILITIES FIT WITH EXPORTING MARKETING STRATEGIES ON HIGH GROWTH FIRMS’ PERFORMANCE: FOCUSING ON MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN KOREA

Kyong Ryul Koo,Kyung Hoon Kim,Seong-jae Moon 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.7

This study examined how fit between marketing capabilities and exporting marketing strategies affects high growth exporting manufacturing firms’ performance. The result indicates that the marketing infrastructure of high growth exporting firms affects marketing capabilities, the selection of exporting marketing strategies, and high performance. High growth exporting firms in this research belong to machinery, steel, vehicles, electronics & electricity industries. High growth firms by the OECD-Eurostat Manual on Business Demography Statistics (2007) achieve annual average sales or employment growth over twenty percent each year, during a three-year period, and to employ ten or more workers from the first observation year. High growth firms can be considered to have more appropriate marketing capabilities fit with efficient exporting marketing strategies. Barbero et al. (2011) indicated that high growth is based on market expansion and innovation, which is highly related to marketing capabilities. Vorhies & Morgan(2003) addressed that marketing organization fit with strategies affects positively marketing performance. Thus the purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between marketing infrastructure and marketing capabilities, to identify the influence of marketing infrastructure on marketing capabilities and the choice of marketing strategies, and to analyze the effect of fit between marketing capabilities and exporting marketing strategies on superior performance. The performance of high growth exporting firms can be obtained in various ways. Marketing capabilities can explain most the selection of strategy for performance (Barbero, Casillas, and Feldman 2011). Morgan, Katsikeas, and Vorhies(2012) addresses that architectural marketing capabilities influence directly export venture financial performance and that specialized marketing capabilities affect directly export venture market performance. The important role of marketing capabilities is positively associated with a more appropriate fit between identifying customers’ needs and implementing marketing strategies to achieve high performance (Barbero, Casillas, and Feldman 2011). Katsikeas et al.(2006) indicate that fit between marketing strategies and marketing infrastructure is a core factor on the performance of exporting firms. Vorhies and Morgan (2003) indicate that marketing capabilities fit with strategy is a vital engine of marketing performance. Although marketing strategy alone is not related to marketing performance (Barbero et al,2011), marketing organization fit with marketing strategy is positively related to marketing performance (Vorhies and Morgan, 2003). Katsikeas, Leonidou, Morgan(2000) analyzed export performance measures based on various primary data and indicated that the interrelation of export performance measures are considered. Vorhies and Morgan (2003) used the concept of ideal marketing organization profile and measured the relationship between fit of marketing capabilities and marketing strategies. Especially Shoham (1998) indicated that sales-related measures can be more reasonable for exporting firms at early stage, while profit-related measures can be more for export-experienced firms. These findings posit that to achieve high performance, high growth exporting firms understand the importance of fit between marketing capabilities and marketing strategies.

수출과 기업 성과의 관계에 대한 연구

김태기(Taegi Kim),최지혜(Jihye Choi) 한국산업경제학회 2017 산업경제연구 Vol.30 No.5

이 논문은 한국 제조업 기업의 자료를 이용하여 수출기업의 특성과 수출이 기업 성과에 미치는 영향을 분석하고 있다. 분석기간은 1984-2015년의 32년간이며, 기업 수는 제조업에 속한 1,063개 기업이다. 분석결과는 수출 기업들은 비수출기업에 비해 기업규모가 크고, 실질임금과 노동생산성이 더 높으며, 자본집약적임을 보여준다. 프로빗 분석결과는 한국의 경우도 다른 해외 연구와 마찬가지로 수출경험이 있는 기업에서 수출가능성이 더 높고, 생산성이 높은 기업이나 규모가 큰 기업, 그리고 인적자본 수준이 높은 기업에서 수출가능성이 높아짐을 보여준다. 수출이 기업 성과에 대한 회귀분석 결과에 따르면, 고용규모, 부가가치, 실질임금, 노동생산성, 영업이익 모두 수출기업에서 비수출기업보다 더 크다. 다만, 총요소생산성지수나 총요소생산성 증가율은 수출기업에서 더 높지는 않다. 그런데 수출기업중에서 수출비중이 큰 기업에서는 생산성 증가율이 높을 수 있는 것으로 나타난다. 이처럼 수출과 총요소생산성과의 관계는 복합적이다. 전체적으로 우수한 기업이 수출시장에 진입하게 되지만, 이들 기업이 수출 활동을 하면서 생산성이 높아지는가에 대해서는 명확하지가 않다. This paper analyzes the characteristics of exporting firms and the effect of exporting on firm performance using data from Korean manufacturing. The period is 32 years from 1984 to 2015, and the number of firms is 1,063 companies. The results show that exporting firms are bigger, have higher real wages and labor productivity, and are more capital intensive than non-exporting firms. The Probit analysis shows that the export possibility is higher in companies, which have previous export experience and higher productivity, and are larger in scale and in human capital. Analysis on export performance shows that employment, value added, real wages, labor productivity, and operating profit are all higher in exporting firms than non-exporting firms. However, the TFP index and TFP growth rates are not higher in exporting firms, but the productivity growth rate can be high in exporting firms with a large share of exports. This shows that the relationship between exports and productivity is complex. Overall, this study shows that firms with higher productivity enter the export market, but it is unclear whether the productivity of these firms increases as a result of export activities.

6대 과일 수출 결정요인 분석

강지인,김상현,문한필 한국식품유통학회 2022 食品流通硏究 Vol.39 No.1

This study identifies export determinants by constructing panel data related to the export of the six major fruits(apples, pears, peaches, grapes, tangerines, sweet persimmons) from 2005 to 2020. To this end, an export equation with export volume by fruit as a dependent variable is set, and recent fruit supply and trade conditions are included in the explanatory variable as the previous studies. As a result of empirical analysis through the fixed-effect model, the relative prices(wholesale price/export price), production, GDP per capita in the exporting country, number of exporting countries, labor cost share, and distribution margin rate have significant impacts on fruit exports. Based on these analysis results, strategies and measures to enhance the export competitiveness of six major fruits are presented. More FTAs to be signed in the future could be an opportunity to increase exports of Korean fruits. In addition, it is important to improve export competitiveness because an increase in fruit exports can lead to an increase in the income of fruit farmers. Therefore, specific empirical research and effective policy support should be continued.

THE EFFECTS OF MARKETING CAPABILITIES FIT WITH EXPORTING MARKETING STRATEGIES ON HIGH GROWTH FIRMS’ PERFORMANCE : FOCUSING ON MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN KOREA

Kyong Ryul Koo,Kyung Hoon Kim,Seong-jae Moon 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.1

This study examined how fit between marketing capabilities and exporting marketing strategies affects high growth exporting manufacturing firms’ performance. The result indicates that the marketing infrastructure of high growth exporting firms affects marketing capabilities, the selection of exporting marketing strategies, and high performance. High growth exporting firms in this research belong to machinery, steel, vehicles, electronics & electricity industries. High growth firms by the OECD-Eurostat Manual on Business Demography Statistics (2007) achieve annual average sales or employment growth over twenty percent each year, during a three-year period, and to employ ten or more workers from the first observation year. High growth firms can be considered to have more appropriate marketing capabilities fit with efficient exporting marketing strategies. Barbero et al. (2011) indicated that high growth is based on market expansion and innovation, which is highly related to marketing capabilities. Vorhies & Morgan(2003) addressed that marketing organization fit with strategies affects positively marketing performance. Thus the purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between marketing infrastructure and marketing capabilities, to identify the influence of marketing infrastructure on marketing capabilities and the choice of marketing strategies, and to analyze the effect of fit between marketing capabilities and exporting marketing strategies on superior performance. The performance of high growth exporting firms can be obtained in various ways. Marketing capabilities can explain most the selection of strategy for performance (Barbero, Casillas, and Feldman 2011). Morgan, Katsikeas, and Vorhies(2012) addresses that architectural marketing capabilities influence directly export venture financial performance and that specialized marketing capabilities affect directly export venture market performance. The important role of marketing capabilities is positively associated with a more appropriate fit between identifying customers’ needs and implementing marketing strategies to achieve high performance (Barbero, Casillas, and Feldman 2011). Katsikeas et al.(2006) indicate that fit between marketing strategies and marketing infrastructure is a core factor on the performance of exporting firms. Vorhies and Morgan (2003) indicate that marketing capabilities fit with strategy is a vital engine of marketing performance. Although marketing strategy alone is not related to marketing performance (Barbero et al,2011), marketing organization fit with marketing strategy is positively related to marketing performance (Vorhies and Morgan, 2003). Katsikeas, Leonidou, Morgan(2000) analyzed export performance measures based on various primary data and indicated that the interrelation of export performance measures are considered. Vorhies and Morgan (2003) used the concept of ideal marketing organization profile and measured the relationship between fit of marketing capabilities and marketing strategies. Especially Shoham (1998) indicated that sales-related measures can be more reasonable for exporting firms at early stage, while profit-related measures can be more for export-experienced firms. These findings posit that to achieve high performance, high growth exporting firms understand the importance of fit between marketing capabilities and marketing strategies.

Relationship between foreign agent operations and performance in SME exporters: Mediating effects of adaptive capability

안세화 한국무역학회 2017 Journal of Korea trade Vol.21 No.4

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of small and medium-sized enterprises’ (SMEs) foreign agent operations on their international performance. This study thus investigates a mechanism in which market information obtained through agents is interpreted, transformed and applied for decision making and presents outcomes. In particular, the study focuses on the mediating role of adaptive capability on the relationship between market information management and export performance. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing upon the theories of knowledge-based view and contingency paradigm, a research model is developed for linking the key constructs of foreign agent operations, information management, adaptive capability and performance. Structural equation modeling is applied for testing the model using data collected from a sample of 152 Korean SME exporters. Findings – The results indicate that a firm’s operation quality of foreign agents strongly affects the quality of market information management which consequently impacts export performance. In the relationship between market information management and export performance, in particular, adaptive capability is found to play a mediating role. This implies that export performance is, for the most part, achieved by the mediation of adaptive capability, although market information leads directly to export performance to some degree. The results also confirm the existence of reciprocal causation between a firm’s export performance and foreign agent operations. The finding suggests that the outcome of SME export performance continues to provide feedback to its operations of foreign agents and consistently influence each other. Originality/value – This study makes an important contribution to the body of export literature by identifying the mediating effects of adaptive capability on the relationship between market information management and export performance. In addition, the results create a recursive model for SME export performance by verifying the reciprocal relationship between export performance and operating with agents. This study thus helps extend understanding of international operations through foreign agents in the SME context.

Antecedents and Outcomes of Market Orientation in Export Relationships: An Examination of Korean High-tech Ventures

오한모 한국무역연구원 2018 무역연구 Vol.14 No.1

High-tech ventures with limited export marketing resources can compete in overseas markets by building relationships with export intermediaries. Although export relationships are strategically important, there is little understanding of the value that these relationships can create. The present study first develops a concept of market orientation in export relationship marketing. Next, depending heavily on the resource-advantage theory of competition, the study develops an empirically testable model that identifies key antecedents and outcomes of market orientation in export relationships. The model was tested with primary data collected from a survey of Korean High-tech ventures’ export marketing activities. The data were analyzed using a structural equation modeling technique. The findings of the study show that export-venture market orientation should be considered an idiosyncratic resource that allows the venture to achieve superior new product performance in export marketplaces, that export relationship competence can positively lead to export-venture market orientation, and that relational characteristics can affect export-venture new product performance. The current study provides several theoretical implications by offering a richer definition of new product performance for export marketing, by identifying key antecedents of export-venture market orientation, and extending R-A theory to the field of export marketing.