Modelling Rice Competition with Echinochloa crus-galli and Eleocharis kuroguwai in Transplanted Rice Cultivation

Moon, Byeong-Chul,Cho, Seung-Hyun,Kwon, Oh-Do,Lee, Sun-Gye,Lee, Byun-Woo,Kim, Do-Soon 한국작물학회 2010 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.13 No.2

Field experiments were conducted to investigate rice - Echinochloa crus-galli and rice - Eleocharis kuroguwai competition under transplanted rice cultivation in four major rice production areas; Suwon, Daejeon, Iksan, and Naju in Korea. Rice yield data were used to predict rice yield as a function of plant densities of E. crus-galli and E. kuroguwai using a rectangular hyperbola and to determine economic threshold (ET) levels of the weeds. Both weed species significantly reduced number of tillers at early rice growth stage, resulting in significant reduction in number of spikes, and the other yield components such as number of grains, maturity and 1,000-grain weight at later growth stage. The weed competitivity represented by parameter ranged from 0.0145 to 0.0346 for E. crus-galli and from 0.0037 to 0.0187 for E. kuroguwai, indicating that the competition effect of E. crus-galli on rice yield was slightly greater than that of E. kuroguwai. The ET values of E. crus-galli were between 0.298 and 1.078 plants $m^{-2}$, while those of E. kuroguwai were between 0.848 and 5.298 plants $m^{-2}$, depending on weed competitivity and herbicide price. Therefore, our results can be used to support decision-making on herbicide application for E. crus-galli and E. kuroguwai management in transplanted rice cultivation.

온도에 대한 돌피(Echinochloa crus-galli) 종자의 발아반응

이호준,성미선,류병혁 한국생태학회 1994 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.17 No.3

돌피(Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) 종자는 산포 직후 상온에서 휴면상태로 발아가 억제되고 있으나 저장기간이 지나면서 휴면이 타파되어 7~17개월후에 16~40$^{\circ}C$의 온도에서 85~95%의 최대발아율을 나타내었다. 돌피종자가 10~70% 발아하는데 요구되는 적산온도는 539~1,279Kh (degree kelvinXhours)이며 적산온도 분포함수인 F($\theta$)=1-[3D-3($\theta$-m+D)3+1]-1/2와 일치하였고 m과 D의 값은 각각 935Kh와 555kh로 나타났다. 2$^{\circ}C$에서 냉습처리한 후, 16~40$^{\circ}C$의 항온 조건하에 4$^{\circ}C$ 간격으로 처리한 돌피종자는 최종발아율과 발아속도가 대조구에 비해 증가하였다. IT regime에 있어서는 12$^{\circ}C$부터 발아속도가 증가하여 24$^{\circ}C$에서 최종발아율이 80%가 되었으며, DT regime은 24$^{\circ}C$에서 0$^{\circ}C$로 하강하는 동안 12$^{\circ}C$에서부터 발아가 시작되었으며(발아율 10%), 8$^{\circ}C$에서 20%의 최종발아율을 나타내었고 4$^{\circ}C$부터는 2차 휴면이 유도되었다. 돌피종자는 비교적 넓은 발아기능 온도범위를 가지고 있으며 개체군내의 발아시기조절에 의해 다양한 환경변화에서도 잘 적응할 수 있으며 변온과 겨울의 저온에 의해 휴면이 타파되고 봄의 기온상승과 함께 발아하는 봄발아형 종자임을 알 수 있었다. The germination responses of Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. seeds to temperature were examined under the various thermal conditions. While almost all the seeds tested did not germinate immediately after collection, almost of the seeds which were stored for 7, 10, and 17 months showed very high germination percentages (85-95%) at their own constant temperatures between $16^{\circ}C\;and\;40^{\circ}C$. The total thermal time which was required for germination(10-70%) of Echinochloa crus-galli seeds ranged from 539Kh(degree Kelvin X hour) to 1,279Kh in accordance with the distribution function of thermal time, $F({\Theta})=1-[3D^{-3}({\Theta}-m+D)+1]^{-1/2}$, where m is 935Kh and D is 555Kh. Moist chilling treatment at $2^{\circ}C$ for 20 days increased the final germination percentage as well as the germination rate. In the increasing temperature(IT1 regime, E. crus-galli seeds started to germinate at $12^{\circ}C$. and showed greater germination rate with increasing temperatures, with the final germination percentage of 80%. On the other hand, in the decreasing temperature(DT1 regime, the seeds began to germinate at $12^{\circ}C$(10% germination) with the final germination percentage of 20%. An induced dormancy occurred at $4^{\circ}C$ in the DT regime.

Modelling Rice Competition with Echinochloa crus-galli and Eleocharis kuroguwai in Transplanted Rice Cultiva

문병철,이순계,이변우,김도순,조성현,권오도 한국작물학회 2010 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.13 No.2

Field experiments were conducted to investigate rice - Echinochloa crus-galli and rice - Eleocharis kuroguwai competition under transplanted rice cultivation in four major rice production areas; Suwon, Daejeon, Iksan, and Naju in Korea. Rice yield data were used to predict rice yield as a function of plant densities of E. crus-galli and E. kuroguwai using a rectangular hyperbola and to determine economic threshold (ET) levels of the weeds. Both weed species significantly reduced number of tillers at early rice growth stage, resulting in significant reduction in number of spikes, and the other yield components such as number of grains, maturity and 1,000-grain weight at later growth stage. The weed competitivity represented by parameter βranged from 0.0145 to 0.0346 for E. crus-galli and from 0.0037 to 0.0187 for E. kuroguwai, indicating that the competition effect of E. crus-galli on rice yield was slightly greater than that of E. kuroguwai. The ET values of E. crus-galli were between 0.298 and 1.078 plants m-², while those of E. kuroguwai were between 0.848 and 5.298 plants m-², depending on weed competitivity and herbicide price. Therefore, our results can be used to support decision-making on herbicide application for E. crus-galli and E. kuroguwai management in transplanted rice cultivation.

Adaptive Diversity of Echinochloa Species to Osmotic Stress

Park, Seon-Ju,Yu, Hye-Jin,Yook, Min-Jung,Kim, Do-Soon The Korean Society of Weed ScienceThe Turfgrass So 2016 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.5 No.4

Three Echinochloa species inhabit various crop fields with different soil moisture conditions. Therefore, a growthpouch test was conducted to investigate adaptive diversity of six Echinochloa species, three from Korea and three from USA, toosmotic stress by assessing shoot and root growths. Echinochloa crus-galli var. praticola showed the greatest tolerance to osmoticstress in both root ($GR_{50}=1316.3g\;PEG\;L^{-1}$) and shoot ($GR_{50}=212.2g\;PEG\;L^{-1}$) growths, while Korean E. oryzicola was mostsensitive to osmotic stress in both root ($GR_{50}=116g\;PEG\;L^{-1}$) and shoot ($GR_{50}=126.2g\;PEG\;L^{-1}$) growths. Root to shoot (R/S) ratioof Echinochloa crus-galli var. praticola increased with increasing osmotic stress, while that of Korean E. oryzicola decreased, suggestingthat R/S ratio is closely related to osmotic stress tolerance in Echinochloa species. Our results clearly demonstrate that E. crus-galli var.praticola maintains high R/S ratio even under high osmotic stress, which enables this species to well adapt to dry upland condition. Incontrast, while E. oryzicola fails to maintain sufficiently high R/S ratio, resulting in poor adaptability to dry upland condition.

Adaptive Diversity of Echinochloa Species to Osmotic Stress

Seon-Ju Park,Hye-Jin Yu,Min-Jung Yook,Do-Soon Kim 한국잡초학회·한국잔디학회 2016 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.5 No.4

Three Echinochloa species inhabit various crop fields with different soil moisture conditions. Therefore, a growth pouch test was conducted to investigate adaptive diversity of six Echinochloa species, three from Korea and three from USA, to osmotic stress by assessing shoot and root growths. Echinochloa crus-galli var. praticola showed the greatest tolerance to osmotic stress in both root (GR50=1316.3 g PEG L<SUP>−1</SUP>) and shoot (GR50=212.2 g PEG L<SUP>−1</SUP>) growths, while Korean E. oryzicola was most sensitive to osmotic stress in both root (GR50=116 g PEG L<SUP>−1</SUP>) and shoot (GR50=126.2 g PEG L<SUP>−1</SUP>) growths. Root to shoot (R/S) ratio of Echinochloa crus-galli var. praticola increased with increasing osmotic stress, while that of Korean E. oryzicola decreased, suggesting that R/S ratio is closely related to osmotic stress tolerance in Echinochloa species. Our results clearly demonstrate that E. crus-galli var. praticola maintains high R/S ratio even under high osmotic stress, which enables this species to well adapt to dry upland condition. In contrast, while E. oryzicola fails to maintain sufficiently high R/S ratio, resulting in poor adaptability to dry upland condition.

Adaptive Diversity of Echinochloa Species to Osmotic Stress

박선주,유혜진,육민정,김도순 한국잔디학회 2016 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.5 No.4

Three Echinochloa species inhabit various crop fields with different soil moisture conditions. Therefore, a growth pouch test was conducted to investigate adaptive diversity of six Echinochloa species, three from Korea and three from USA, to osmotic stress by assessing shoot and root growths. Echinochloa crus-galli var. praticola showed the greatest tolerance to osmotic stress in both root (GR50=1316.3 g PEG L−1) and shoot (GR50=212.2 g PEG L−1) growths, while Korean E. oryzicola was most sensitive to osmotic stress in both root (GR50=116 g PEG L−1) and shoot (GR50=126.2 g PEG L−1) growths. Root to shoot (R/S) ratio of Echinochloa crus-galli var. praticola increased with increasing osmotic stress, while that of Korean E. oryzicola decreased, suggesting that R/S ratio is closely related to osmotic stress tolerance in Echinochloa species. Our results clearly demonstrate that E. crus-galli var. praticola maintains high R/S ratio even under high osmotic stress, which enables this species to well adapt to dry upland condition. In contrast, while E. oryzicola fails to maintain sufficiently high R/S ratio, resulting in poor adaptability to dry upland condition.

Sensitivities of Echinochloa crus-galli and Monochoria vaginalis populations to pretilachlor and butachlor herbicides in Korea

Umurzokov Mirjalol,Bo Aung Bo,조광민,박인곤,박기웅 한국잔디학회 2023 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.12 No.4

This study examined the sensitivities of Echinochloa crus-galli and Monochoria vaginalis populations to pretilachlor and butachlor herbicides. We estimated the potential risk of developing herbicide resistance in paddy fields in Korea. The seeds of E. crus-galli and M. vaginalis populations were collected from various rice-cultivating sites in Korea, and the experiment involved conducting a whole plant dose-response test. Nonlinear analysis showed that the GR50 (the dose requiring 50% fresh weight reduction) values of E. crus-galli ranged from 33.6 to 55.1 g a.i. ha-1 to butachlor and 10.5 to 22.2 g a.i. ha-1 to pretilachlor, resulting in a baseline sensitivity index (BSI) of 1.64 for butachlor and 2.12 for pretilachlor. In the case of M. vaginalis, the GR50 values ranged from 29.4 to 43.8 g a.i. ha-1 in butachlor applications and 14.9 to 20.1 g a.i. ha-1 in pretilachlor applications. BSI of M. vaginalis was 1.49 for butachlor and 1.35 for pretilachlor. Based on these results, resistant biotypes of E. crus-galli or M. vaginalis to butachlor or pretilachlor herbicides are unlikely to occur in Korea in the short term. However, continuous monitoring and baseline sensitivity studies should be conducted to detect the evolution of the herbicide-resistant weed population.

벼 담수직파에서 피와 너도방동사니의 발생밀도에 따른 쌀 수량, 미질 및 경제적 허용 한계밀도 설정

김상국(Sang-Kuk Kim),김수용(Su-Yong Kim),원종건(Jong-Gun Won),신종희(Jong-Hee Shin),김학윤(Hak Yoon Kim) 韓國雜草學會 2012 Weed&Turfgrass Science Vol.32 No.1

본 시험은 2010년 경상북도 농업기술원 벼 시험재배 포장에서 잡초발생 예찰 시스템 구축의 일환으로 최근 담수 직파답이 늘어나면서 벼 재배시 문제잡초인 피와 너도방동사니를 대상으로 잡초 밀도별 벼와의 경합력을 구명하고 Rectangular hyperbola 모델을 기초로 잡초의 밀도에 따른 쌀 수량 감소를 예측하고 경제적인 방제 필요수준을 구명하고자 본 시험을 실시하게 되었다. 피와 벼와의 밀도 경합에 따른 쌀수량 예측식은 y=507kg/(1+0.001734x), R²=0.867이고, 너도방동사니는 y=560kg/(1+0.001883x), R²=0.933으로 나타났다. 표 6은 재료 및 방법에 제시한 바와 같이 Cousens(1987)에 의해 개발된 계산식(2)을 이용하여 벼와 잡초와의 경합에 있어서 당해연도 경제적 한계 허용밀도를 산출하여 나타내었다. 그 결과, 제초제 구입비용은 ha당 150,280원(2010년)이었고, 제초제를 살포하는데 소요되는 인건비 등은 ha당 99,360원, 쌀의 kg당 가격은 1,605원, 제초제의 방제가는 95%로 적용하였을 때 경제적 한계 허용 밀도는 잡초 완전 방제시 쌀 수량이 5.07톤이고 1본당 수량 감수 정도가 0.001734인 피는 평방미터당 2.3본, 잡초 완전 방제시 쌀 수량이 5.60톤이고 1본당 수량 감수 정도가 0.001883인 너도방동사니는 평방미터당 15.5본이었다. 이와 같은 결과로 볼때 잡초의 벼에 대한 경합력이 높을수록 경제적 한계 허용 밀도의 본수는 줄어들었고, 경합력이 낮았던 잡초는 경제적 한계 허용 밀도의 본수가 증가되는 경향이었다. This study was conducted to predict the rice yield loss and to determine the economic threshold levels for direct-seeding flooded rice cultivation from competition to the most serious perennial weeds, Cyperus serotinus Rottb. and Echinochloa crus-galli L. The rice yield loss model of C. serotinus and E. crus-galli were predicted as Y = 560 kg/(1+0.001883x), r²=0.933, and Y = 507 kg/(1+0.001734x), r²=0.867, respectively. In comparison of the competitiveness represented by parameter β, it was 0.001883 in C. serotinus and 0.001734 in E. crus-galli, respectively. Economic thresholds calculated using Cousens" equation were negatively related with the competitiveness of weed. The economic thresholds of C. serotinus and E. crus-galli were 15.5 and 2.3 plants per ㎡, respectively.

국내에 유입되는 열대피(Echinochloa colona) 동정: DNA 바코드 중심

이정란,김창석,이인용 한국잔디학회 2015 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.4 No.3

Echinochloa colona is one of the most problematic weeds in the paddy fields of the world. In recent years, this species is likely to be introduced in Korea due to global warming, the expansion of international trade including agricultural products, and increasing tourists. We tried to identify the species from Korean Echinochloa crus-galli and E. oryzicola in order to establish the control measures in case of the initial influx. For this study, Echinochloa colona collected from the National Plant Germplasm System, USA were examined and E. crus-galli and E. oryzicola were collected in Korea. It is, however, very difficult to identify for Echinochloa species using morphological characters because of numerous interspecific and intraspecific types found in nature. Thus, we barcoded the species using rbcL, matK, and ITS. All three markers identified E. colona very well from the others. ITS alone may be enough as a DNA barcode for E. colona identification, when considering cost and effectiveness. The barcode sequences were deposited to the National Center for Biotechnology Information database for public use. 열대피와 같은 논농사지역의 악성잡초는 국내에 유입될경우 문제 잡초로 정착될 가능성이 높기 때문에 유입되는초기에 방제가 될수 있도록 정확한 동정이 되어야한다. 그러나 피속 잡초는 형태적으로 연속변이가 많이 존재하여종간 구별이 매우 어려운 잡초이다. 본 연구는 미국 NPGS 에서 분양받은 열대피와 국내에서 채집한 돌피와 논피를고등식물 표준바코드 마커 rbcL과 matK를 이용하여 바코드하고, 추가적으로 핵 DNA ITS 부위를 바코드하여 표준바코드 구간과 ITS 구간의 열대피를 동정할 수 있는 능력과 바코드 활용성을 비교하였다. 바코드 결과, rbcL은 0.36%, matK는 0.29%, ITS는 3.2%의 열대피 특이 염기서열이 조사되었고 Neighbor-joining 계통수에서 종별 유집이 뚜렷하게 나타나 표준바코드 마커와 ITS 모두 쉽고 간편하게 열대피를 국내의 돌피, 논피와 동정할 수 있었다. 특히 ITS는분석구간은 짧지만 열대피를 국내의 논피, 돌피와 정확하게 구분해낼 수 있어서 ITS 단독으로 국내에 유입되는 열대피 동정에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.

Mixing Pyroligneous Acids with Herbicides to Control Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli)

Acenas, Xernan Sebastian,Nunez, John Paolo Panisales,Seo, Pil Dae,Ultra, Venecio Uy Jr.,Lee, Sang Chul The Korean Society of Weed ScienceThe Turfgrass So 2013 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.2 No.2

Alternatives to commercial chemical herbicide are currently being searched and tested due to the numerous adverse effects of commercially available herbicides to the environment. Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli) is an important weed species around the world, especially in paddy rice fields. This study focuses on the favorable effects of mixing pyroligneous acids with commercial liquid herbicides. Seedlings were transplanted and grown under greenhouse conditions. The effect of treatment time or leaf-stage on herbicide-pyroligneous acid efficacies was checked, coupled with isolation and quantification of biochemical compounds. Results revealed that herbicide treatment at early post emergence (2~3 leaf stage) of Echnochloa crus-galli leads to effective control. Both liquid herbicides affected fatty acid, protein, and amino acid syntheses as reflected on their contents. The influence of wood vinegar (WV) or rice vinegar (RV) on these compounds was not thoroughly verified due to lack of information on the pyroligneous products. We observed that mixing WV or RV with BCB (bentazone + cyhalof-butyl) gives more favorable results than BUC (butachlor + clomazone), mixed with WV or RV. The result would indicate the potential of mixing pyroligneous acid in reducing herbicide application rate.