The Evolution of Seaport Competitiveness in Malaysia Seaport System

Zaliani Zainal,Jagan Jeevan 국제이네비해양경제학회 2019 International Journal of e-Navigation and Maritime Vol.12 No.1

Competitiveness of seaport is determined by a range of advantages that was earned by the seaport to attract their respective customers. Competitiveness is essential for seaport to make tactical plans, to maintain and improve their attractiveness among the clients. The imbalance of hinterland connectivity in Malaysian seaports between road and rail affects the efficiency of Malaysian seaports to be at the optimum level of competitiveness. Besides, the increasing of vessel capacity in the world affects the efficiency of seaport operations to accommodate larger container ships. However, nowadays the trends of seaport competitiveness are changing due to the dynamic nature of maritime business. Hence, analysis on the trend on seaport competitiveness is very crucial to plan and execute the operational strategy to achieve optimum benefits from the trade activities. Nevertheless, most of the researches focused on competitiveness trend in the world but no specific research has been conducted at Malaysian seaports in particular. Therefore, this paper aims to analyse the evolution of seaport competitiveness in Malaysian seaport from 1970 to 2019 and propose a competitiveness cluster for Malaysian seaport to ease the policy revisiting procedure for future development. Systematic Literature Review (SLR) has been employed in this paper to develop a comprehensive competitiveness cluster for Malaysian seaports to understand the current trend of competitiveness among Malaysian seaports in comparison to the global trend as a key preparation for future demand. IT application, seaport services, supply chain, government policy, connectivity, availability, hinterland accessibility, inland terminal cost, transportation network, operation efficiency and seaport cost are the key components of competitiveness in Malaysian seaports from 1970 until 2019. Findings revealed that there are three clusters in Malaysian seaport competitiveness which are shipping services, seaport and terminal, and government policy.

국가별 농업경쟁력 평가를 위한 지표개발

이춘수 ( Choon Soo Lee ),이병훈 ( Byeong Hun Lee ),양승룡 ( Seung Ryong Yang ) 한국축산경영학회 2014 농업경영정책연구 Vol.41 No.4

The purpose of this study is to determine and compare Korea’s international competitiveness in agriculture in world markets. For this we develop two competitiveness indices that are based on the result-cause-basis framework: National Agricultural Competitiveness Index (NACI) and Agricultural Commodity Competitiveness Index (ACCI). The NACI measures a country’s aggregate competitiveness of agriculture in world market. The ACCI measures a country’s competitiveness of a specific commodity in the target market. The indices are development based on four principles: comparability, boundedness, mutually exclusiveness, and public availability. The data used are quantitative ones from internationally accredited institutions so that the results are reliable. The national agricultural competitiveness of 34 OECD member countries is measured using the NACI. The results show that the national competitiveness of Korea’s agriculture is ranked in the 21st place although the basis index is in the 3rd place. This implies that the massive inputs into the agricultural sector in Korea are not adequately delivered to the final competitiveness. According to the results of the ACCI of four commodities in the Korean market, Korea is the most competitive in rice followed by red pepper, grapes, and beef. For the four commodities, the price competitiveness is the lowest while the quality competitiveness and the consumer royalty to the domestic products are relatively high.

지방정부 경쟁력의 구성요인에 관한 인식분석

김순은 서울대학교 한국행정연구소 2012 行政論叢 Vol.50 No.3

This study aims to analyze the factors affecting local government competitiveness through Q methodology. Q statements, each of which represents a factor influencing local government competitiveness, are extracted from journals and books discussing those factors. The P sample consists of 40 respondents deeply involved in local government affairs, as professors and researchers, public officials, or representatives of citizen groups. This study produces three factors, each of which stands for a distinct view on the factors affecting local government competitiveness: views of local governance, local administration, and resident autonomy. The analysis supplies a few policy implications. A diversity of perspectives on the factors determining local government competitiveness imply that it is very difficult to decide the relative importance and significance of each factor because the importance of factors affecting local government competitiveness can be perceived differently by the various policy actors. The factors affecting local government competitiveness are dealt with differently according to their personal features. Notwithstanding this lack of consensus, statements in this study can be used as a basis for putting policy weight on each factor affecting local government competitiveness because the respondents are all experts in the affairs of local governments. 본 연구는 지방정부 경쟁력의 구성요소에 관한 인식분석을 위한 것으로서 지방정부의 경쟁력을 구성하는 것으로 판단되는 34개의 진술문을 기존의 문헌과 연구논문 등에서 추출하였다. 진술문을 토대로 지방정부의 경쟁력 요소에 관한 인식분석을 위하여 지방정부와 관련된 연구와 경험을 가진 40명의 교수, 연구원, 공무원, 시민단체 대표를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 본 연구의 분석결과 지방정부의 경쟁력 구성요소는 거버넌스, 지방행정, 주민자치의 관점에서 서로 상이하다는 것이 발견되었다. 연구 대상자의 관점에서 지방정부의 경쟁력을 구성하는 요소들의 중요성이 상이하다는 점이다. 이것은 향후 지방정부의 경쟁력 요소를 최종적으로 확정하는데 다양한 의견이 있음을 시사하고 있다. 연구자의 주관적 관점에 따라 지방정부의 경쟁력의 구성요소가 다소 상이할 수 있다는 점이다. 그럼에도 추출된 관점이 일반적으로 지방정부의 경쟁력 요소라는 거버넌스, 주민자치, 지방행정 중시형이라는 것은 향후 지속될 연구에 커다란 시사점을 주고 있다. 합의된 진술문은 요소들의 추출과 요소간의 가중치를 구상하는데 정책적 함의가 크다. 연구에 참여한 응답자들이 이 분야의 전문가들이라고 할 수 있기 때문에 비록 무작위추출에 의존하지는 않았지만 합의된 진술문은 전문가들의 의견이라고 제안할 수 있다.

대체탄성치를 이용한 수출시장에서의 농산물 통합 경쟁력(Aggregate Competitiveness) 분석

김성용,김윤식,전상곤,남경수 한국농업경제학회 2012 農業經濟硏究 Vol.53 No.3

It is of great importance to analyze the competitiveness of Korea's agricultural products at international markets in that such an analysis provides us with the knowledge on where our agricultural products are and how strong the competition is. The main factors to determine the competitiveness of a product at market is degree of differentiation that reflects the consumers' preferences. Differentiation could be cnsidered a process that makes a product more heterogeneous to its substitutes. In general, the demand of highly differentiated products is hardly affected by the change in price of substitutes. Thus, the degree of substitution can be used as one of the indices of competitiveness. Feenstr suggested a way of measuring substitution elasticities through CES utility function.The elasticities estimated can be interpreted to indicate the competitiveness of a country at world market. Estimated elasticites of substitution of Korea are much larger than those of other countries, which says that agricultural products of Korea are even less competitive at international markets. The US's elasticity of substitution was smallest among the estimates, so the US products have the strongest competitiveness at exporting market. It is of great importance to analyze the competitiveness of Korea's agricultural products at international markets in that such an analysis provides us with the knowledge on where our agricultural products are and how strong the competition is. The main factors to determine the competitiveness of a product at market is degree of differentiation that reflects the consumers' preferences. Differentiation could be cnsidered a process that makes a product more heterogeneous to its substitutes. In general, the demand of highly differentiated products is hardly affected by the change in price of substitutes. Thus, the degree of substitution can be used as one of the indices of competitiveness. Feenstr suggested a way of measuring substitution elasticities through CES utility function.The elasticities estimated can be interpreted to indicate the competitiveness of a country at world market. Estimated elasticites of substitution of Korea are much larger than those of other countries, which says that agricultural products of Korea are even less competitive at international markets. The US's elasticity of substitution was smallest among the estimates, so the US products have the strongest competitiveness at exporting market.

Measurement of Urban Competitiveness Based on Innovation Indicators in Six Metropolitan Cities in Korea

Seongsil Kwon,Joochul Kim,Deog-Seong Oh 세계과학도시연합 2012 World Technopolis Review Vol.1 No.3

In recent years, some experts have shown that urban competitiveness is more important than national competitiveness. They have also argued that innovation will make cities more competitive. The purpose of this paper is to create Korean urban competitiveness index, and to also highlight strategic aspects for enhancement of urban competitiveness of metropolitan cities based on innovation in Korea. First, we will present various factors and indicators of urban competitiveness based on three components for innovation: formation of cluster, human capital, creative economy. Available literature and statistical analyses will be used. Second, scores of urban competitiveness will be developed based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Evaluation of scores with weights will be used for this purpose. The resulting weights are 0.3672 for the formation of cluster, 0.3318 for human capital, and 0.3010 for creative economy, respectively. Finally, we present urban competitiveness using the standardized T-score. The most competitive city based on innovation is Daejeon(1st), followed by Gwangju(2nd) and Daegu(3rd). Three least competitive cities are Incheon (6th), Busan(5th) and Ulsan(4th).

Strengthening Tourism Competitiveness in Cambodia

Choo, Yong Shik 한국문화산업학회 2017 문화산업연구 Vol.17 No.2

In Cambodia, tourism industry has been rapidly growing and made one of the major forces driving up the economy. However, in comparison with other Southeast Asian countries, it is not performing as competently as it seems to be. The prosperity of tourism, in many aspects, is a function of destination competitiveness. The destination competitiveness is determined by the endowment of resources and its management (supply aide) and the attractiveness of the destination as a tourist experience (demand side). This paper analyzes tourism competitiveness in Cambodia with a focus on the culture and heritage tourism of the Siem Reap Area and tries to find away to strengthen it. In order to do it, it refers to the theoretical models, such as the Destination Competitiveness/Sustainability Model, the Integrated Model of Destination Competitiveness, and the Tourist Destination Competitiveness and Attractiveness Model. Based upon the theoretical models and the analysis of Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index and County Brand Rankings in Tourism, this paper approaches the Siem Reap Area case from a supply-side point of view. The reason is that the number of domestic and international visits to the destination has kept rising, which implies that most of factors dampening its competitiveness stem from the supply side, such as the under-use and under-development of attractions and other resources. Definitely, the Siem Reap Area has the potential competitiveness in culture and heritage tourism, such as the abundance of endowed cultural and historic resources, continuously increasing domestic and foreign tourists, co-presence of resources for culture and heritage tourism and ecotourism, geo-economic advantages, and the diversity of the Angkor identity that could enrich a tourist experience. However, limited access transports and under-used cultural resources undermine its potentiality. Therefore, as a way of overcoming the weakness and enhancing the competitiveness of the Siem Reap Area, this paper suggests mega-projects, such as a new culture city building, construction of a new international standard airport, uncovering and cultivation of cultural resources, and (re)construction of national identity based upon the Angkor identity. In Cambodia, tourism industry has been rapidly growing and made one of the major forces driving up the economy. However, in comparison with other Southeast Asian countries, it is not performing as competently as it seems to be. The prosperity of tourism, in many aspects, is a function of destination competitiveness. The destination competitiveness is determined by the endowment of resources and its management (supply aide) and the attractiveness of the destination as a tourist experience (demand side). This paper analyzes tourism competitiveness in Cambodia with a focus on the culture and heritage tourism of the Siem Reap Area and tries to find away to strengthen it. In order to do it, it refers to the theoretical models, such as the Destination Competitiveness/Sustainability Model, the Integrated Model of Destination Competitiveness, and the Tourist Destination Competitiveness and Attractiveness Model. Based upon the theoretical models and the analysis of Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index and County Brand Rankings in Tourism, this paper approaches the Siem Reap Area case from a supply-side point of view. The reason is that the number of domestic and international visits to the destination has kept rising, which implies that most of factors dampening its competitiveness stem from the supply side, such as the under-use and under-development of attractions and other resources. Definitely, the Siem Reap Area has the potential competitiveness in culture and heritage tourism, such as the abundance of endowed cultural and historic resources, continuously increasing domestic and foreign tourists, co-presence of resources for culture and heritage tourism and ecotourism, geo-economic advantages, and the diversity of the Angkor identity that could enrich a tourist experience. However, limited access transports and under-used cultural resources undermine its potentiality. Therefore, as a way of overcoming the weakness and enhancing the competitiveness of the Siem Reap Area, this paper suggests mega-projects, such as a new culture city building, construction of a new international standard airport, uncovering and cultivation of cultural resources, and (re)construction of national identity based upon the Angkor identity.

도시환경정비사업이 도시경쟁력에 미치는 영향 분석 - 서울시 도심부를 중심으로 -

김판섭,남진 한국지역학회 2012 지역연구 Vol.28 No.2

The change from urban development to urban regeneration means the importance of urban competitiveness and city management in the globalization. Therefore, it is important to comprehend the role of urban environmental improvement projects in the urban competitiveness. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect relationship that the planning elements of urban environmental improvement projects affect the indicator of urban competitiveness in downtown of Seoul. As a result, it is explained as the planning elements affect the indicator of urban competitiveness. Concretely, the planning elements of urban environmental improvement projects have positive effect on the economy and industrial competitiveness by enhancing the ability to business and commerce in the downtown. On the other hand, the elements of the urban environmental improvement projects except infrastructure elements have a negative effect on the residential environment competitiveness by reducing the residential and household of the The change from urban development to urban regeneration means the importance of urban competitiveness and city management in the globalization. Therefore, it is important to comprehend the role of urban environmental improvement projects in the urban competitiveness. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect relationship that the planning elements of urban environmental improvement projects affect the indicator of urban competitiveness in downtown of Seoul. As a result, it is explained as the planning elements affect the indicator of urban competitiveness. Concretely, the planning elements of urban environmental improvement projects have positive effect on the economy and industrial competitiveness by enhancing the ability to business and commerce in the downtown. On the other hand, the elements of the urban environmental improvement projects except infrastructure elements have a negative effect on the residential environment competitiveness by reducing the residential and household of the downtown. From these results, it would be necessary to improve residential and infrastructure condition in the urban environmental improvement projects for boosting urban competitiveness in the future. 국내ㆍ외 대도시들은 도시간의 경쟁과 교류가 활발하게 진행되는 세계화속에서 도시경쟁력 제고와 도시관리에 대한 방안을 모색하고 있다. 이러한 시점에서 도시재생정책은 과거의 도시개발로 인한 문제해결과 기성시가지의 경제ㆍ사회ㆍ문화적 활력제고를 위한 방안인 동시에 도시경쟁력의 제고와 도시관리의 대표적인 수단으로 주목받고 있다. 이 연구의 목적은 도시환경정비사업이 도시경쟁력에 미치는 영향관계를 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위한 연구의 범위는 2000년에서 2008년까지 서울시 도심부에서 완료된 31개 도시환경정비사업 지구를 분석대상으로 하며, 연구의 방법은 여러 변수간의 영향관계 추정이 가능한 구조방정식 모형을 활용하였다. 분석결과, 도시환경정비사업의 계획요소는 도시경쟁력 지표에 직·간접적인 영향관계를 나타내고 있다. 구체적으로 살펴보면, 첫째, 도시환경정비사업의 계획요소들은 도시의 경제ㆍ산업 경쟁력을 강화시킨다. 정비사업은 토지이용의 복합화를 통해 도심의 상업, 업무 기능을 확보하고 도심의 일자리, 산업체 확보에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 도시환경정비사업의 기반시설요소를 제외한 계획요소들은 주거환경 경쟁력을 약화시킨다. 정비사업의 토지등소유자 방식 추진과 대형규모의 주거시설 공급은 주택의 가격상승과 동시에 가구 수를 감소시켜 도심의 인구ㆍ주거확보에 문제점을 나타났다. 향후 도시환경정비사업이 도심부의 경쟁력을 보다 제고하기 위해서는 주거와 기반시설의 확보가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

한⋅일 ICT 산업의 대중국 무역 경쟁력 분석

유재선 한일경상학회 2022 韓日經商論集 Vol.96 No.-

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the trade structure and in terms of quality competitiveness of Koreaand Japan’s Information and communications technology(ICT) industry in comparison to that of China. Research design, data, and methodology: Indices such as Revealed Comparative Advantage(RCA) and RevealedSymmetric Comparative Advantage Index(RSCA) are used. Further, an Intra-Industry Trade (IIT) index is used to analyzequalitative changes in Intra-Industry trade of horizontal intra-industry trade, high-quality vertical items and low-qualityvertical items. Results: An analysis of export competitiveness through RSCA analysis showed that the Korean and Japanese ICTindustry’s competitiveness against China is strong, and its competitiveness is gradually improving. By classification, firstof all, in the case of Korea, it was found that parts, broadcasting apparatus, information apparatus, and communicationapparatus were in the order of competitiveness. In addition, the change in competitiveness in 2019 compared to2010 showed that the competitiveness of communication apparatus and information apparatus improved, but thecompetitiveness of broadcasting apparatus and parts weakened. In the case of Japan, the competitiveness of parts,broadcasting apparatus, and communication apparatus was found to be strong, but the competitiveness ofinformation apparatus was weak as they continued to show comparative inferiority. The change in competitiveness in2019 compared to 2010 showed that the competitiveness of information apparatus, communication apparatus, andparts improved, while only broadcasting apparatus weakened. Implications: This study has academic and political implications because it analyzes the changes in ICT tradecompetitiveness between Korea and Japan. However, there is a limitation of this study in that it did not considertrade competitiveness in terms of imports and the factors that determine trade.

국가경쟁력과 국제경쟁력 간 연관분석 -4차 산업혁명시대를 대비한 지식기반경제에서 한국·중국·일본을 중심으로-

한수범 국제e-비즈니스학회 2017 e-비즈니스 연구 Vol.18 No.6

This Study analyze the evaluation results of the national competitiveness analysis framework and the analytical institution, and derives the analysis results using the competitiveness index to analyze the international competitiveness. As a result of the study, Korea ranked 29th in Korea, 18th in China, and 26th in Japan among 63 countries for national competitiveness in the evaluation results through IMD, the result of the WEF evaluation showed 26th place in Korea, 27th place in China, and 9th place in Japan, and the rankings of the target countries were slightly different from the evaluation results. The difference in rankings among the two organizations that publish the ranking of national competitiveness is due to the different analysis variables. However, in terms of international competitiveness, there is a standardized formula for measuring competitiveness. There is no concept of ranking because the variables applied to this formula vary depending on the export / import and the destination country, it will be possible to evaluate the degree of competitiveness. In this study, we analyzed the competitiveness in import and export by inputting Korean, Chinese, and Japanese markets to the world market. It is useful for analyzing competitiveness in detail because it has a smaller range of application variables than national competitiveness. 본 연구는 국가경쟁력 분석틀과 분석기관을 통해 도출된 평가결과를 분석하고, 국제경쟁력을 분석 하기 위해 경쟁력 지수를 활용하여 분석결과를 도출하고자 한다. 분석결과 국가경쟁력측면에서는 IMD를 통한 평가결과에서 총 63개국 중에서 한국 29위, 중국 18위, 일본 26위의 경쟁력을 갖고 있었고, WEF 평가결과에서는 한국 26위, 중국 27위, 일본 9위 등으로 나타났고, 대상 국가들의 순위는 평가결과에서 다소 차이가 발생하는 것으로 분석되었다. 국가경쟁력의 순위를 발표하는 두 기관에서도 순위에서 차이가 발생하는 것은 분석 변수가 각각 다르기 때문이라 판단된다. 그러나 국제경쟁력측면에서는 경쟁력을 측정하는 표준화된 수식이 있고, 이 수식에 적용되는 변수 들은 수출입과 상대국이 어디냐에 따라 결과 값이 달라지기 때문에 순위에 대한 개념은 없지만, 상대 국에서 한국, 중국, 일본의 경쟁력이 얼마나 되는지에 대한 평가는 내릴 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 본 연구에서는 세계시장을 대상으로 한국, 중국, 일본 시장을 투입해서 수출입에서의 경쟁력을 분석하였 는데, 국가경쟁력보다는 적용 변수의 범위가 작으므로 보다 자세하게 경쟁력 분석에 유용하다고 할 수 있겠다.

An Empirical Analysis on Competition Effects and Vietnamese Consumers’Choice Attributes of Korean Automobiles

이제홍(Je-Hong Lee) 한국국제상학회 2019 國際商學 Vol.34 No.3

베트남 시장에서 한국자동차의 경쟁력에 다른 수출성과에 미치는 효과를 검증하기 위해 가격경쟁력, 품질·성능경쟁력, 안전‧승차감 경쟁력, 브랜드·디자인 경쟁력, 서비스 경쟁력으로 구분하여 자동차 구매 만족도와 자동차 충성도에 미치는 영향을 분석하였으며, 그리고 이러한 구매 만족도와 충성도가 베트남 시장에서 경쟁력에 미치는 영향을 검증하였다. 이와 같은 경쟁력 분석을 통하여 한국 자동차의 수출에 미치는 영향을 실증 분석하였다. 이를 통해 한국자동차의 베트남 시장에서의 경쟁력 요인을 도출하여 정책적 시사점을 제시하는데 있다. 분석결과 베트남 소비자의 한국 자동차 만족도는 한국자동차의 품질·성능경쟁력과 안전·승차감경쟁력 그리고 서비스 경쟁력은 유의한 영향을 미치고 있으나 반면 가격경쟁력과 디자인 경쟁력 측면에서는 유의하지 않게 나타났다. 이는 품질 등의 요인에는 대체적으로 만족하나 가격 또는 브랜드·디자인 측면에서 불만족한 것으로 나타났다. 아울러 한국 자동차선호결정요인이 충성도에 미치는 실증분석 결과 가격경쟁력, 품질·성능경쟁력 그리고 브랜드· 디자인 경쟁력에 있어서는 충성도가 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 안전‧승차감경쟁력과 서비스 경쟁력에서는 충성도에 유의하지 않게 나타났다. 베트남의 자동차 시장은 매우 성장성이 매우 높기 때문에 자동차 가격과 브랜드·디자인 측면에서 매우 신중하게 고려해야 할 사안이며, 아울러 구매 충성도 측면의 요인은 안전·승차감 그리고 서비스 측면을 고려해야 재구매할 의지가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 구매하고자 하는 의지와 선택하고자 하는 의지를 나타내는 충성도에 A/S, 안전성 등에 매우 확장적 전략을 수립해야 할 것이다. Purpose : In order to verify the effect of different export performances on the competitiveness of Korean automobiles in the Vietnamese market, the study was divided. The Korean automobile competitiveness factors are divided into price competitiveness, quality and performance competitiveness, safety and ride competitiveness, design and brand competitiveness, and service competitiveness. The impact on competitiveness is verified. Research design, data, methodology : A questionnaire was prepared to analyze the effect of Korean automobiles on purchase satisfaction and loyalty in the Vietnamese market and export performance. The questionnaire was filled out, distributed 500 copies from April 2018 to January 2019, 300 copies were collected, and 233 valid questionnaires were analyzed. For the measurement method, Likert 5-point scale with 5 points of ‘very’ and 1 point of ‘very not’ was used. Results : As a result of the empirical analysis, the determinants of Vietnamese consumer’s Korean automakers’ purchase satisfaction showed that the quality competitiveness, safety and stability competitiveness, and service competitiveness of Korean automobiles had a significant impact, but not in terms of price competitiveness and design competitiveness. This is generally satisfactory for factors such as quality but unsatisfactory in terms of price or design. Conclusions : The empirical analysis of Korean consumer’s determinants of Korean automobile purchase on loyalty shows that loyalty is high in price competitiveness, quality competitiveness, and design competitiveness, and in terms of safety, stability competitiveness, and service competitiveness, loyalty is not significant. In terms of the Korean consumer competitiveness of Vietnam, purchase satisfaction and loyalty were found to be competitive in the Vietnamese market. In the future, Korean automakers should make efforts to use product competitiveness and marketing in consideration of factors of satisfaction and loyalty.