Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Forest Carbon Offset Credit: Evidence from Choice experiment

( Na-young Lee ),( Yongsung Cho ) 한국환경경제학회·한국자원경제학회(구 한국환경경제학회) 2017 한국환경경제학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2017 No.경제학 공동

Under the Kyoto Protocol, a global governmental response to climate change, most countries have been making efforts to cut their greenhouse gas emissions. Korea government has enacted various institutional policies to encourage greenhouse gas reductions. The choice experiment method is used to evaluate Korean consumers’ valuation of Korean forest carbon offset credit. A random utility model is used to evaluate Korean consumers’ valuation of Korean forest carbon offset credit. Results suggest that although consumers value three types of carbon offset, forest carbon offset is valued more than the other way (Domestic ETS, New Renewable Energy, etc.) and the overseas ETS. The results showed that Korean consumers are willing to pay 8,676 KRW/tCO2 (about 7.46 USD/tCO2) for forest carbon offset credits in domestic forest carbon offset projects. Results suggest that although consumers value three types of carbon offset, forest carbon offset is valued more than the other way (Domestic ETS, New Renewable Energy, etc.) and the overseas ETS. The people with higher level of environmental perception’s willingness to pay a premium is much more for the forest carbon offset.

공편익을 고려한 산림탄소상쇄사업 활성화 방안

김대수 ( Daesoo Kim ),손원익 ( Wonik Son ),황인창 ( In Chang Hwang ) 한국환경정책학회 2016 環境政策 Vol.24 No.4

최근 배출권거래제도 시행령 개정으로 산림탄소상쇄사업과 배출권거래제도의 연계가 가능해짐에 따라 그동안 부진했던 산림탄소상쇄사업의 활성화가 기대되고 있다. 그러나 아직까지 산림탄소상쇄사업 참여자 입장에서 사업을 통해 기대할 수 있는 수익이 제한적이라는 점에서 배출권거래제도와의 연계만으로 산림탄소상쇄사업의 활성화를 기대하기는 어렵다. 최근 기후변화 대응과 관련해서 국제적으로 강조되고 있는 공편익(co-benefit)은 국내 산림탄소상쇄사업의 활성화에 중요한 시사점을 제공할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 공편익을 고려한 해외 산림탄소사업 사업들을 살펴보고 국내 산림탄소상쇄사업 활성화를 위한 시사점을 도출하였다. 구체적으로 이 논문에서는 공편익 개념을 정리하고 산림탄소상쇄사업의 공편익을 유형화하였다. 또한 산림분야 탄소상쇄분에 관한 국제 인증표준에서 공편익이 어떻게 반영되고 있는지를 살펴본 후, 공편익에 따른 시장 거래가격 차이를 분석하였다. 주요 연구결과로서 공편익이 반영될 경우 탄소상쇄분의 시장 가격이 큰 폭으로 상승할 수 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 이번 논문에서는 향후 산림탄소상쇄사업과 배출권거래제도를 연계할 때 공편익에 대한 프리미엄을 반영하기 위한 방안을 제시하였다. The concept of co-benefits is playing a significant role in forest carbon-offsetting programmes, which aim to achieve carbon sequestration through market mechanisms. However, there is little research investigating the implications of co-benefits for forest carbon-offsetting in Korea. In particular, this paper investigates how co-benefits can be categorized and integrated into the carbon-offsetting standards, as well as examining whether or not there is a premium in the market for a project with co-benefits. One of the main findings is that market price increases when forest carbon projects are tagged with extra co-benefit standards. The results of this study have implications for future forest carbon-offsetting programmes in Korea. Co-benefits should be taken into account in the process of developing carbon offsetting standards. In addition, appropriate incentives should be designed to internalize the benefits of forest carbon-offsetting which are not reflected in the market price (positive externality).

지방자치단체의 외부사업 추진 시 문제점 및 개선방안 연구

김재경,이승훈 한국기후변화학회 2019 한국기후변화학회지 Vol.10 No.4

A carbon offset system enabling transfer of mitigated greenhouse gas emissions out of boundaries to emission rights has been used to make emission trade more flexible in emission trading schemes (ETSs). Environmental infrastructure in local governments falls under ETSs and credits can be bought with local governments’ budgets. Local governments operate various greenhouse gas mitigation projects to reduce the cost of credits. Mitigation projects can be used as credits when the methodology is registered as a carbon offset system. However, the methodologies can only be registered as a carbon offset system under strict conditions. Lack of expertise among government employees makes it harder to register a mitigation project as a carbon offset. Based on four studies that analyzed carbon offset systems among local governments, this study analyzed types of carbon offset systems and major mitigation projects among local governments and derived a problem related to carrying carbon offset systems, and developed a decision‐making tree to solve this problem.

마을단위 산림탄소 거래를 위한 임야 소유권과 분리된 탄소권 설정의 행정법적 고찰

엄단비 강원대학교 비교법학연구소 2020 환경법과 정책 Vol.25 No.-

If forestry carbon offset projects are conducted without consultation with local residents currently standing in the project area, the safety and permanency of the carbon credits will have significant limitations. However, it takes a long time for individual companies seeking to secure emission rights to establish a reliable cooperative structure for the carbon offset projects with local residents. This study was conducted with the purpose of linking regional forest area occupied by local residents with carbon transactions by configuring a carbon right separate from forestry land ownership. Therefore, in order to secure the procedural legitimacy of carbon projects that impose restrictions on the land ownership, this article suggests that granting carbon rights to community-wide resident associations that traditionally exist in forestry villages could be a realistic alternative to conduct carbon transactions at individual village unit. The results of this study will help to resolve the legal conflicts of two opposing parties involved (forest land owner not living locally and local forest occupant) in forest carbon trading by overcoming the instability arising from not accepting carbon rights for local residents of forest owners encountered in commercial transactions of forest carbon. This study is of the greatest significance in that it derives the procedural legitimacy to carry out forestry carbon transactions at the mountain village level by granting the carbon rights separate from the property rights to local residents who currently occupy forest carbon in South Korea. 산림을 기반으로 하는 탄소상쇄 사업이 해당 지역의 현지 주민들과 협의 없이 진행될 경우 탄소 크레딧의 안전성과 영속성이 상당한 한계를 가지게 된다. 그러나 배출권을 확보하려고 하는 기업이 지역 주민들과 유대관계를 형성하고 협업구조를 마련하는 데까지 장기간이 소요된다. 본 연구는 산림의 소유권과 분리된 탄소권을 창설하여 현지 주민이 점유하고 있는 산지를 탄소 거래와 연계하는 목적을 가지고 수행되었다. 따라서 소유권에 제한을 부여하는 탄소 사업의 절차적인 합법성을 확보하기 위해 산촌에 존재하는 산림계에 탄소권을 부여하여 마을단위 별로 성공사례를 확보하는 방안이 실현 가능한 대안으로 제시되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 그간 산림 탄소의 상업적 거래에서 직면한 사유림 소유권자의 현지 주민에 대한 탄소권의 수용 여건 불비로 인한 불안정성을 극복하여 상호 이익이 도출되는 탄소 거래의 동력을 확보하는 데 일조할 것이다. 본 연구는 우리나라에서 산림 탄소를 점유하고 있는 현지 주민에게 탄소에 대한 재산권에 상응하는 권리를 부여하여 산촌 단위의 탄소 거래를 시행할 수 있는 절차적인 합법성을 도출한 점에서 가장 큰 의의가 있다고 할 것이다.

원격탐사 기술의 산림탄소 축적량 추정적용에 있어서의 도전

박주원,Park, Joowon 경북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 2013 慶北大農學誌 Vol.31 No.2

The carbon-offset mechanism based on forest management has been recognized as a meaningful tool to sequestrate carbons already existing in the atmosphere. Thus, with an emphasis on the forest-originated carbon-offset mechanism, the accurate measurement of the carbon stock in forests has become important, as carbon credits should be issued proportionally with forest carbon stocks. Various remote sensing techniques have already been developed for measuring forest carbon stocks. Yet, despite the efficiency of remote sensing techniques, the final accuracy of their carbon stock estimations is disputable. Therefore, minimizing the uncertainty embedded in the application of remote sensing techniques is important to prevent questions over the carbon stock evaluation for issuing carbon credits. Accordingly, this study reviews the overall procedures of carbon stock evaluation-related remote sensing techniques and identifies the problematic technical issues when measuring the carbon stock. The procedures are sub-divided into four stages: the characteristics of the remote sensing sensor, data preparation, data analysis, and evaluation. Depending on the choice of technique, there are many disputable issues in each stage, resulting in quite different results for the final carbon stock evaluation. Thus, the establishment of detailed standards for each stageis urgently needed. From a policy-making perspective, the top priority should be given to establishinga standard sampling technique and enhancing the statistical analysis tools.

원격탐사 기술의 산림탄소 축적량 추정적용에 있어서의 도전

박주원 경북대학교 농업생명과학대학 2013 Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences Vol.31 No.2

The carbon-offset mechanism based on forest management has been recognized as a meaningful tool to sequestrate carbons already existing in the atmosphere. Thus, with an emphasis on the forest-originated carbon-offset mechanism, the accurate measurement of the carbon stock in forests has become important, as carbon credits should be issued proportionally with forest carbon stocks. Various remote sensing techniques have already been developed for measuring forest carbon stocks. Yet, despite the efficiency of remote sensing techniques, the final accuracy of their carbon stock estimations is disputable. Therefore, minimizing the uncertainty embedded in the application of remote sensing techniques is important to prevent questions over the carbon stock evaluation for issuing carbon credits. Accordingly, this study reviews the overall procedures of carbon stock evaluation-related remote sensing techniques and identifies the problematic technical issues when measuring the carbon stock. The procedures are sub-divided into four stages: the characteristics of the remote sensing sensor, data preparation, data analysis, and evaluation. Depending on the choice of technique, there are many disputable issues in each stage, resulting in quite different results for the final carbon stock evaluation. Thus, the establishment of detailed standards for each stageis urgently needed. From a policy-making perspective, the top priority should be given to establishinga standard sampling technique and enhancing the statistical analysis tools.

산림관리에 따른 기초지자체 규모의 탄소중립 가능성 평가 - 파주시와 고성군을 대상으로 -

이도형,최혜영,김주영,정유경,길승호,Lee, Do-Hyung,Choe, Hye-Yeong,Kim, Joo-Young,Cheong, Yu-Kyong,Kil, Sung-Ho 한국환경복원기술학회 2022 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.25 No.3

We evaluated the effect of CO₂ offsetting by estimating changes in carbon uptake under various forest management scenarios and proposed forest management strategies to achieve carbon neutrality. Paju and Goseong, which have relatively large forest areas but different industrial characteristics, were selected for the study sites. The current state of forest distribution was analyzed using forest type maps and aerial photographs, and the amount of carbon uptake was calculated using the equation presented by the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the national emission/absorption coefficients from the Korea National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report. As of 2015, the forest carbon absorption in Paju and Goseong was 49,931 t/yr and 94,225 t/yr, respectively, and the annual carbon absorption per unit area was 2.28 t/ha/yr and 2.16 t/ha/yr. Under the forest management scenarios, the annual maximum carbon absorption per unit area is estimated to increase to 5.68 t/ha/yr in Paju and 4.22 t/ha/yr in Goseong, and this absorption would increase further if urban forests were additionally created. Even if the current forests of Paju and Goseong are maintained as they are, emissions from electricity use can be sufficiently offset. However, by applying appropriate forest management strategies, emissions from sectors other than electricity use could be offset. This study can be applied to the establishment of carbon absorption strategies in the forest sector to achieve carbon neutrality.

충남 기후변화대응 전략개발을 위한 산림탄소상쇄 사업 활용

표정기(Jungkee Pyo),이상신(Sangsin Lee),최진하(Jinha Choi) 한국에너지기후변화학회 2016 에너지기후변화학회지 Vol.11 No.2

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential for activating forest carbon offset in Chungnam province. In order to propose the strategy, this study plan for short, long-term strategy on forest carbon offset. The forest carbon offset is composed of six types. The major contributor of offset project is owner of mountain, enterpriser, provincial government and the consumer was assigned enterprise of korean allowance units. It is necessary to actively cope with different motivations and institution of emission trading. So, to estimate the potential offset projects and analyzing the consumer and contributor proposed a consideration. Through thirty-year of offset project, it can be calculated 12,868 tCO₂/30yr, 3,510 tCO₂/yr carbon sequestration in forest in chungnam province. It is 0.031% of the GHG emission (41,036,591 tCO₂-eq) in Chungnam. The ration of carbon emission was showed that the afforestation/reforestation was up to 83.7% (12,868 tCO₂/yr) and forest recovery was 16%. Since the offset conducted by project basis, the results of this study can be used in potential assessment. And, it is possible to take advantage of the promotion.

자발적 탄소시장의 무결성 확보에 관한 검토

임현종 한국환경법학회 2023 環境法 硏究 Vol.45 No.2

자발적 탄소시장은 현재 새롭게 주목받는 제도로서 그 잠재력이 크지만, 하지만, 아직 시장 형성의 초기단계로, 현재로서는 규제적 탄소시장의 보충적인 역할을 수행한다고 보고 신중한 접근이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 자발적 탄소시장의 배출권이 탄소중립에 진정으로 기여하기 위해서는 배출권이 높은 무결성을 가져야 한다. 이를 위해서는 행위자는 탄소배출권을 자체 배출량을 줄이려는 노력을 대체하는 것이 아니라 보완하기 위해서만 사용해야 하며 목표, 배출 및 탄소배출권 사용에 대해 투명성을 가져야 한다. 그리고 자발적 탄소시장이 활성화되기 위해서는 배출권 거래 시장 또한 활성화되고, 안정적인 정착이 필요한데, 우리나라의 경우 아직 가격통제가 필요할 만큼 시장의 안정성이 부족하며, 적극적인 감축량 설정이 이루어지지 못하고 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 보다 적극적인 감축량 설정 및 탄소중립사회로의 이행을 위한 정책수립을 통해 배출권 거래제도가 활성화 될 필요성이 있다. 또한 인증기관의 역량 또한 전문화되며, 더 높고, 확실한 탄소감축수단에 인센티브를 부여하는 정책적 노력이 필요하다. 이 과정에서는 정부, 그리고 기업들의 검증체계가 얼마나 작동하는지가 중요한 관건이 될 것이며 그것이 고도화될수록 이상적인 탄소중립의 이행수단으로 자리잡을 수 있을 것이다. 마지막으로, 자발적 탄소시장 기준 강화 및 기준 강화 논의에 적극적 참여하는 자세가 필요하다. 북유럽의 경우 다양한 이해관계자들의 참여와 협력을 통하여 자발적 탄소시장의 원칙과 기준을 고도화하고, 이를 안정적으로 정착시키려는 노력을 보이고 있다. 우리나라에서도 직접당사자인 기업 뿐만 아니라 시민사회 등이 주도적으로 참여하며 국제적인 기준에 부합하도록 활발한 국제 교류와 적극적인 협력체계를 구축할 필요가 있다. The voluntary carbon market is currently a newly attracting system and has great potential, but it is still in the early stages of market formation, and it is believed that it plays a supplementary role in the regulatory carbon market and requires a careful approach is needed. In order for emission rights in the voluntary carbon market to truly contribute to carbon neutrality, emission rights must have high integrity. To this end, actors should only use carbon credits to complement, not replace, efforts to reduce their own emissions, and be transparent about their goals, emissions, and use of them. In order for the voluntary carbon market to be activated, the emission trading market also needs to be activated and stable, but in Korea, the stability of the market is still insufficient enough to require price control, and active reduction has not been set. In order to solve this problem, the emission trading system needs to be activated through more active reduction volume setting and policy establishment for transition to a carbon-neutral society. In addition, the capabilities of certification agencies are also specialized, and policy efforts are needed to incentivize higher and more reliable means of carbon reduction. In this process, how much the government and companies' verification systems work will be an important key, and the more advanced it is, the more it will become an ideal means of implementing carbon neutrality. Finally, it is necessary to actively participate in discussions on strengthening voluntary carbon market standards and strengthening standards. In the case of Northern Europe, efforts are being made to upgrade the principles and standards of the voluntary carbon market through the participation and cooperation of various stakeholders and to establish them stably. In Korea, it is necessary to establish an active international exchange and active cooperation system to meet international standards, with not only companies that are directly involved but also civil society taking the lead.

탈황석고를 이용한 광물탄산화 기술의 온실가스 감축 방법론 연구

안진주 한국에너지기후변화학회 2023 에너지기후변화학회지 Vol.18 No.2

Carbon dioxide capture and utilization (CCU) technologies are considered key strategies for achieving carbon neutrality as they can reduce CO2 emissions while producing useful materials. However, the high technical complexityand the intricacies of greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction accounting have posed obstacles to the early adoption and widespread implementation of these technologies into companies. Approved methodologies are essential for companiesto be authorized to perform various GHG reduction activities and to obtain certification for GHG emission reduction within emissions trading schemes, which is crucial for the economic viability of investments. However, these methodologies are still lacking. This study, for the first time, proposes a detailed methodology for mineral carbonation technology that utilizes wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) byproducts, gypsum, and CO2 from flue gas to produce calcium carbonate. The calcium carbonate can replace limestone, a raw material in wet FGD processes, thereby reducing GHG emissions associated with limestone usage. Given the energy consumption and other GHG emissions associated with mineral carbonation facilities, the development and application of rigorous methodologies are deemed critical for this technology.