Diversification and enrichment of clinical biomaterials inspired by Darwinian evolution

Green, D.W.,Watson, G.S.,Watson, J.A.,Lee, D.J.,Lee, J.M.,Jung, H.S. Elsevier BV 2016 ACTA BIOMATERIALIA Vol.42 No.-

Regenerative medicine and biomaterials design are driven by biomimicry. There is the essential requirement to emulate human cell, tissue, organ and physiological complexity to ensure long-lasting clinical success. Biomimicry projects for biomaterials innovation can be re-invigorated with evolutionary insights and perspectives, since Darwinian evolution is the original dynamic process for biological organisation and complexity. Many existing human inspired regenerative biomaterials (defined as a nature generated, nature derived and nature mimicking structure, produced within a biological system, which can deputise for, or replace human tissues for which it closely matches) are without important elements of biological complexity such as, hierarchy and autonomous actions. It is possible to engineer these essential elements into clinical biomaterials via bioinspired implementation of concepts, processes and mechanisms played out during Darwinian evolution; mechanisms such as, directed, computational, accelerated evolutions and artificial selection contrived in the laboratory. These dynamos for innovation can be used during biomaterials fabrication, but also to choose optimal designs in the regeneration process. Further evolutionary information can help at the design stage; gleaned from the historical evolution of material adaptations compared across phylogenies to changes in their environment and habitats. Taken together, harnessing evolutionary mechanisms and evolutionary pathways, leading to ideal adaptations, will eventually provide a new class of Darwinian and evolutionary biomaterials. This will provide bioengineers with a more diversified and more efficient innovation tool for biomaterial design, synthesis and function than currently achieved with synthetic materials chemistry programmes and rational based materials design approach, which require reasoned logic. It will also inject further creativity, diversity and richness into the biomedical technologies that we make. All of which are based on biological principles. Such evolution-inspired biomaterials have the potential to generate innovative solutions, which match with existing bioengineering problems, in vital areas of clinical materials translation that include tissue engineering, gene delivery, drug delivery, immunity modulation, and scar-less wound healing. Statement of Significance: Evolution by natural selection is a powerful generator of innovations in molecular, materials and structures. Man has influenced evolution for thousands of years, to create new breeds of farm animals and crop plants, but now molecular and materials can be molded in the same way. Biological molecules and simple structures can be evolved, literally in the laboratory. Furthermore, they are re-designed via lessons learnt from evolutionary history. Through a 3-step process to (1) create variants in material building blocks, (2) screen the variants with beneficial traits/properties and (3) select and support their self-assembly into usable materials, improvements in design and performance can emerge. By introducing biological molecules and small organisms into this process, it is possible to make increasingly diversified, sophisticated and clinically relevant materials for multiple roles in biomedicine.

A Study on Possibility of Biomaterial in Fashion Product Design -focusing on experiment of fruit peels-

장고만월,이광선 한국기초조형학회 2023 기초조형학연구 Vol.24 No.5

In recent years, biomaterials, as a new type of material, have been recognized as an effective solution to the environmental challenges facing the fashion industry due to their non-polluting and biodegradable properties. While many biomaterials are now in commercial production, they are difficult to access by small studios or individuals. This is mainly due to undisclosed commercial formulations and high production costs. Moreover, there is little documentation on biomaterial production processes, limited to a few personal blogs or specific open source websites. Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide a concise and practical methodology for studio-scale experiments so that biomaterials can be fabricated on a personal level. In terms of research methodology, the definition and scope of biomaterials were first investigated, and examples of bio-based and peel-based materials were analyzed to determine their characteristics and limitations. Next, experiments were conducted using fruit peels and materials readily available in daily life, and the test product were directly fabricated to investigate their potential as biomaterial. The experiment has two main directions: Firstly, the effects of binders, glycerol and preservatives (salt, lemon) were explored. Secondly, the effect of the original color of the fruit peel on the material color was experimented, and the visual effect of varying the thickness and the particle size of the material. In addition, drying experiments were conducted to observe the effect of the drying process on the material properties. Finally, four different designs of pouches and a garments were made based on the experimental results, demonstrating the potential of fruit peels as biomaterials. It is hoped that this study can lead to more active research on biomaterials and expand their uses, further promoting the integration and application of biomaterials in daily life.

Evaluating polymeric biomaterials to improve next generation wound dressing design

Jacob G. Hodge,David S. Zamierowski,Jennifer L. Robinson,Adam J. Mellott 한국생체재료학회 2022 생체재료학회지 Vol.26 No.4

Wound healing is a dynamic series of interconnected events with the ultimate goal of promoting neotissue formation and restoration of anatomical function. Yet, the omplexity of wound healing can often result in development of complex, chronic wounds, which currently results in a significant strain and burden to our healthcare system. The advancement of new and effective wound care therapies remains a critical issue, with the current therapeutic modalities often remaining inadequate. Notably, the field of issue engineering has grown significantly in the last several years, in part, due to the diverse properties and applications of polymeric biomaterials. The interdisciplinary cohesion of the chemical, biological, physical, and material sciences is pertinent to advancing our current understanding of biomaterials and generating new wound care modalities. However, there is still room for closing the gap between the clinical and material science realms in order to more effectively develop novel wound care therapies that aid in the treatment of complex wounds. Thus, in this review, we discuss key material science principles in the context of polymeric biomaterials, provide a clinical breadth to discuss how these properties affect wound dressing design, and the role of polymeric biomaterials in the innovation and design of the next generation of wound dressings.

Biomaterials control of pluripotent stem cell fate for regenerative therapy

Perez, Roman A.,Choi, Seong-Jun,Han, Cheol-Min,Kim, Jung-Ju,Shim, Hosup,Leong, Kam W.,Kim, Hae-Won Elsevier 2016 Progress in materials science Vol.82 No.-

<P>Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) derived from either the embryo or reprogramming processes have the capacity to self-renew and differentiate into various cells in the body, thereby offering a valuable cell source for regenerative therapy of intractable disease and serious tissue damage. Traditionally, methods to expand and differentiate PSCs have been confined to 2D culture through the use of biochemical signals; the use of biomaterials beyond the commercially available culture dish has not been widespread. Nevertheless, biomaterials with tailored physical, chemical, and geometrical cues can mimic the native stem cell niche to tune the microenvironmental conditions for PSCs to preserve their self-renewal capacity or to switch their phenotype, a status ultimately needed to gain regenerative functions ex vivo and in vivo. Recently efforts to explore biomaterials to regulate PSC behavior have accelerated. The biomaterials properties investigated include surface chemistry, immobilized ligand, nano-/micro-topography, matrix stiffness, geometrical complexity, 3D configuration, and combinations thereof. This review aims to cover the current advances of biomaterials-based control over PSCs, particularly for the preservation of self-renewal capacity as well as for their differentiation into target cells. Furthermore, it aims to suggest future research directions that would facilitate the eventual translation of these advances. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>

Immunomodulatory Biomaterials and Emerging Analytical Techniques for Probing the Immune Micro-Environment

Bian Nanyan,Chu Chenyu,Rung Shengan,Huangphattarakul Vicha,Huangphattarakul Vicha,Huangphattarakul Vicha,Hu Chen 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2023 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.20 No.1

After implantation of a biomaterial, both the host immune system and properties of the material determine the local immune response. Through triggering or modulating the local immune response, materials can be designed towards a desired direction of promoting tissue repair or regeneration. High-throughput sequencing technologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) emerging as a powerful tool for dissecting the immune micro-environment around biomaterials, have not been fully utilized in the field of soft tissue regeneration. In this review, we first discussed the procedures of foreign body reaction in brief. Then, we summarized the influences that physical and chemical modulation of biomaterials have on cell behaviors in the micro-environment. Finally, we discussed the application of scRNA-seq in probing the scaffold immune micro-environment and provided some reference to designing immunomodulatory biomaterials. The foreign body response consists of a series of biological reactions. Immunomodulatory materials regulate immune cell activation and polarization, mediate divergent local immune micro-environments and possess different tissue engineering functions. The manipulation of physical and chemical properties of scaffolds can modulate local immune responses, resulting in different outcomes of fibrosis or tissue regeneration. With the advancement of technology, emerging techniques such as scRNA-seq provide an unprecedented understanding of immune cell heterogeneity and plasticity in a scaffold-induced immune micro-environment at high resolution. The in-depth understanding of the interaction between scaffolds and the host immune system helps to provide clues for the design of biomaterials to optimize regeneration and promote a pro-regenerative local immune micro-environment.

Immunomodulatory biomaterials for implant-associated infections: from conventional to advanced therapeutic strategies

Dong Jiale,Wang Wenzhi,Zhou Wei,Zhang Siming,Li Meng,Li Ning,Pan Guoqing,Zhang Xianzuo,Bai Jiaxiang,Zhu Chen 한국생체재료학회 2023 생체재료학회지 Vol.27 No.00

Implant-associated infection (IAI) is increasingly emerging as a serious threat with the massive application of biomaterials. Bacteria attached to the surface of implants are often difficult to remove and exhibit high resistance to bactericides. In the quest for novel antimicrobial strategies, conventional antimicrobial materials often fail to exert their function because they tend to focus on direct bactericidal activity while neglecting the modulation of immune systems. The inflammatory response induced by host immune cells was thought to be a detrimental force impeding wound healing. However, the immune system has recently received increasing attention as a vital player in the host’s defense against infection. Anti-infective strategies based on the modulation of host immune defenses are emerging as a field of interest. This review explains the importance of the immune system in combating infections and describes current advanced immune-enhanced anti-infection strategies. First, the characteristics of traditional/conventional implant biomaterials and the reasons for the difficulty of bacterial clearance in IAI were reviewed. Second, the importance of immune cells in the battle against bacteria is elucidated. Then, we discuss how to design biomaterials that activate the defense function of immune cells to enhance the antimicrobial potential. Based on the key premise of restoring proper host-protective immunity, varying advanced immune-enhanced antimicrobial strategies were discussed. Finally, current issues and perspectives in this field were offered. This review will provide scientific guidance to enhance the development of advanced anti-infective biomaterials.

Polymeric biomaterial-inspired cell surface modulation for the development of novel anticancer therapeutics

Ashok Kumar Jangid,Sungjun Kim,김교범 한국생체재료학회 2023 생체재료학회지 Vol.27 No.00

Immune cell-based therapies are a rapidly emerging class of new medicines that directly treat and prevent targeted cancer. However multiple biological barriers impede the activity of live immune cells, and therefore necessitate the use of surface-modifed immune cells for cancer prevention. Synthetic and/or natural biomaterials represent the leading approach for immune cell surface modulation. Diferent types of biomaterials can be applied to cell surface membranes through hydrophobic insertion, layer-by-layer attachment, and covalent conjugations to acquire surface modifcation in mammalian cells. These biomaterials generate reciprocity to enable cell–cell interactions. In this review, we highlight the diferent biomaterials (lipidic and polymeric)-based advanced applications for cell–surface modulation, a few cell recognition moieties, and how their interplay in cell–cell interaction. We discuss the cancerkilling efcacy of NK cells, followed by their surface engineering for cancer treatment. Ultimately, this review connects biomaterials and biologically active NK cells that play key roles in cancer immunotherapy applications.

고분자필름과 금속막 의료소재에 대한 생체적합성 및 독성 평가를 위한 새로운 세포배양시스템의 개발 및 적용

곽문화(Moon Hwa Kwak),윤우빈(Woo Bin Yun),김지은(Ji Eun Kim),성지은(Ji Eun Sung),이현아(Hyun Ah Lee),서은지(Eun Ji Seo),남국일(Gug Il Nam),정영진(Young Jin Jung),황대연(Dae Youn Hwang) 한국생명과학회 2016 생명과학회지 Vol.26 No.6

고분자(polymer), 금속(metal), 세라믹(ceramic), 합성물(composite) 등과 같은 바이오소소재(Biomaterials)는 그들의 물리화학적 성질 때문에 의료용섬유(medical fibers), 인공혈관(artificial blood vessels), 인공관절(artificial joints), 임플란트(implants), 연조직(soft tissue), 인공성형물(plastic surgery materials) 등 의료용으로 많이 사용되며, 개발연구도 활발히 진행되고 있다. 그러나, 필름(film)이나 판(plate)형태의 바이오소재에 대한 생체적합성(biocompatibility) 이나 독성(toxicity)을 포유동물세포를 이용하여 평가하는 것은 적절한 평가용 장치가 없기 때문에 매우 어려운 상황이다. 따라서 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서, 본 연구에서는 고분자필름이나 금속판에 유용하게 적용할 수 있는 실리콘링, 상판(top panel), 하판(bottom panel)으로 구성된 새로운 포유동물배양시스템을 개발하고, 이를 실제 적용하고자 하였다. 개발된 시스템은 평가하고자 하는 시료를 상판과 하판사이에 조립하는 샌드위치시스템을 기반으로 한다. 세포배양장치의 조립 후, SK-MEL-2세포를 3가지 시료; Styela Clava Tunic (SCT)- PF, NaHCO₃-added SCT (SCTN)-PF, magnesium MP (MMP)에 적용하고 37°C 이산화탄소 배양기에서 24시간과 48시간 동안 배양하였다. MTT분석결과에서, 세포생존율(cell viability)은 24시간과 48시간 동안 SCT-PF배양그룹에서 정상적으로 유지되었지만 48시간 동안 SCTN-PF배양그룹에서는 급격하게 감소되었다. 더불어, MMP배양그룹에서 세포생존율은 24시간과 48시간 배양 후에 대조군과 유사하게 유지되었다. 이러한 결과는 본 연구에서 새롭게 개발된 샌드위치형태의 포유동물세포배양장치는 고분자필름이나 금속판형태의 바이오소재에 대한 독성이나 생체적합성을 평가하기 위한 우수한 잠재력을 보유하고 있음을 제시하고 있다. Biomaterials including polymer, metal, ceramic, and composite have been widely applied for medical uses as medical fibers, artificial blood vessels, artificial joints, implants, soft tissue, and plastic surgery materials owing to their physicochemical properties. However, the biocompatibility and toxicity for film- and plate-form biomaterials is difficult to measure in mammalian cells because there is no appropriate incubation system. To solve these problems, we developed a novel mammalian cell culture system consisting of a silicone ring, top panel, and bottom panel and we applied two polymer films (PF) and one metal plate (MP). This system was based on the principal of sandwiching a test sample between the top panel and the bottom panel. Following the assembly of the culture system, SK-MEL-2 cells were seeded onto Styela Clava Tunic (SCT)-PF, NaHCO₃-added SCT (SCTN)-PF, and magnesium MP (MMP) and incubated at 37°C for 24 hr and 48 hr. An MTT assay revealed that cell viability was maintained at a normal level in the SCT-PF culture group at 24 or 48 hr, although it rapidly decreased in the SCTN-PF culture group at 48 hr. Furthermore, the cell viability in the MMP culture group was very similar to that of the control group after incubation for 24 hr and 48 hr. Together, these results suggest the sandwich-type mammalian culture system developed here has the potential for the evaluation of the biocompatibility and toxicity of cells against PF- and MP-form biomaterials.

Establishment of Validation Methods to Test the Biocompatibility of Titanium Dioxide

Mi-Ju Kim,임희정,Byung Gun Lee,김종훈,최진섭,강희규 대한화학회 2013 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.34 No.6

Most of biomaterials come in direct contact with the body, making standardized methods of evaluation and validation of biocompatibility an important aspect to biomaterial development. However, biomaterial validation guidelines have not been fully established, until now. This study was to compare the in vitro behavior of osteoblasts cultured on nanomaterial TiO2 surfaces to osteoblast behavior on culture plates. Comparisons were also made to cells grown in conditioned media (CM) that creates an environment similar to the in vivo environment. Comparisons were made between the different growth conditions for osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and functionality. We found that the in vivo-like system of growing cells in concentrated CM provided a good validation method for biomaterial development and in vivo implant therapy. The TiO2 materials were biocompatible, showing similar behavior to that observed in vivo. This study provided valuable information that would aid in the creation of guidelines into standardization and evaluation of biocompatibility in TiO2 biomaterials.

Biomaterials for the Treatment of Tendon Injury

김성은,Jae Gyoon Kim,Kyeongsoon Park 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2019 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.16 No.6

BACKGROUND: Most tendon injuries are occurring from a gradual wearing and tearing of the tendon tissues from overuse. Such injuries are usually seen in sports, exercising, or daily activities that involve a high mechanical load and weight bearing. However, owing to the lack of both cellularity and blood vessels in tendons, the process of tendon repair is slow and inefficient. Although various conservative (non-surgical) and surgical management options are conducted by the clinicians, a gold standard of these approaches does not exist. In this regard, the treatment of tendon injuries is challenging. METHOD: Here, we describe the recent advances of biomaterial-based approaches for the treatment of injured tendons. RESULTS: Regenerative medicine is an emerging multidisciplinary research that specializes in the repair of damaged tendon tissues through the delivery of regenerative factors by biomaterials. CONCLUSION: Although current biomaterial-based treatment strategies have shown their potential for tendon healing, future research and clinical applications should focused on finding the optimum combinations of regenerative factors with ideal biomaterials for the repair of tendons.