A Study on the Influence of Navigational Environment on Mariner's Behavior for Collision Avoidance

박정선,예병덕 한국항해항만학회 2008 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.32 No.2

The safety degree of navigation for collision avoidance is closely related with the combination between mariner's behavior and navigational environment. The condition of navigational environment is mainly decided by navigable waters, ship traffic, rule of road, sea state, weather and so on. Especially, the condition of navigable waters and ship traffic in navigational environment are ones of the important factors to attain safe navigation when mariners are underway and crossing, head on or overtaking situation. Thus this paper is to analyze the characteristics of mariner's behavior for collision avoidance caused by ship traffic and navigable waters by analyzing the contents of questionnaire and the results of international collaborative research. As a result, it can be concluded that the density of ship traffic and the area of navigable waters affect mariner's ship handling for collision avoidance. The safety degree of navigation for collision avoidance is closely related with the combination between mariner's behavior and navigational environment. The condition of navigational environment is mainly decided by navigable waters, ship traffic, rule of road, sea state, weather and so on. Especially, the condition of navigable waters and ship traffic in navigational environment are ones of the important factors to attain safe navigation when mariners are underway and crossing, head on or overtaking situation. Thus this paper is to analyze the characteristics of mariner's behavior for collision avoidance caused by ship traffic and navigable waters by analyzing the contents of questionnaire and the results of international collaborative research. As a result, it can be concluded that the density of ship traffic and the area of navigable waters affect mariner's ship handling for collision avoidance.

A Study on Mariners' Standard Behavior for Collision Avoidance (3) : Modeling of the execution process of an avoiding action based on human factors

Jung-Sun Park,HiroakiKobayashi,Byeon-Beokeok Yea 한국항해항만학회 2008 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.32 No.5

We have proposed modeling methods of mariners' standard behavior for collision avoidance by analY2ing mariners' recognition process in a previous study. As a subsequent study, the aim of this study is to build a model of mariners' execution process which is one of six processes in the condition of collision avoidance. In this study, thus, the structure of mariners' information processing on the process of taking avoiding actions is described and the relation between mariners' behavior and necessary factors in the process is α1illY2ed. And then we have built a model of mariners' standard behavior for execution process based on the characteristics of mariners in ship-handling, which are obtained from the intemational collaborative research on human factors. It is tried to dζfine the contents of execution process based on the standard behavior of mariners for collision avoidance and to formulate information processing of mariners.

A Study on Mariners' Standard Behavior for Collision Avoidance (3) - Modeling of the execution process of an avoiding action based on human factors -

Park, Jung-Sun,Kobayashi, Hiroaki,Yea, Byeong-Deok Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research 2008 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.32 No.4

We have proposed modeling methods of mariners' standard behavior for collision avoidance by analyzing mariners' recognition process in a previous study. As a subsequent study, the aim of this study is to build a model of mariners' execution process which is one of six processes in the condition of collision avoidance. In this study, thus, the structure of mariners' information processing on the process of taking avoiding actions is described and the relation between mariners' behavior and necessary factors in the process is analyzed. And then we have built a model of mariners' standard behavior for execution process based on the characteristics of mariners in ship-handling, which are obtained from the international collaborative research on human factors. It is tried to define the contents of execution process based on the standard behavior of mariners for collision avoidance and to formulate information processing of mariners.

A Study on Mariners' Standard Behavior for Collision Avoidance - Modeling of the execution process of an avoiding action based on human factors -

박정선,고바야시 히로아키,예병덕 한국항해항만학회 2008 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.32 No.4

We have proposed modeling methods of mariners' standard behavior for collision avoidance by analyzing mariners' recognition process in a previous study. As a subsequent study, the aim of this study is to build a model of mariners' execution process which is one of six processes in the condition of collision avoidance. In this study, thus, the structure of mariners' information processing on the process of taking avoiding actions is described and the relation between mariners' behavior and necessary factors in the process is analyzed. And then we have built a model of mariners' standard behavior for execution process based on the characteristics of mariners in ship-handling, which are obtained from the international collaborative research on human factors. It is tried to define the contents of execution process based on the standard behavior of mariners for collision avoidance and to formulate information processing of mariners.

누에에서의 Mariner 유사 전이인자유전자의 동정

이진성,황재삼,김용성,서동상,권오유,Lee, Jin-Sung,Hwang, Jae-Sam,Kim, Yong-Sung,Suh, Dong-Sang,Kwon, O-Yu 한국생명과학회 1998 생명과학회지 Vol.8 No.3

We have cloned an internal fragment of the putative transoisase gene of MLE in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, using PCR method with degenerative oligonucleotide primers designed to represent regions of amino acids encoding transposase. The resulting PCR clone, designed as BmoMAR, cords a partial ORF(152 a.a.) of MLE in which interrupted by five stop codons, and the sequence of its deduced amino acids showed 37% homology with Mos1, an active mariner, from Drosophila mauritiana. Furthermore, the BmoMAR exhibits nucleotide and amino acid homology with 59% and 37% from Apis mellifera and D. mauritiana 7.9 clone, respectively. This result strongly that a MLE is present in the genome of B. mori. 이미 밝혀져 있는 mariner 전이인자의 전이효소를 암호화하는 부위에 대하여 퇴화성 primer를 사용하여 PCR 방법에 의해 누에(Bombyx mori)에서 ariner 유사 전이닌자의 잠정적인 전이효소 부위를 클로닝 하였다. BmoMAR로 망명된 이 PCR 클론으로부터 추론된 아미노산은 152개로 다섯 개의 종결코돈이 삽입되어 있었으며, Drosophila mauritiana의 active Mos 1에 37%의 아미노산 상동성을 보였다. 또한, 기존의 곤충들에서 밝혀진 mariner-like element에 대한 상동성은 DNA 수주에서는 Apis mellifera에 59% 그리고 아미노산 수준에서는 D. mauritiana 7.9 clone에 37% 상동성을 보였다. 이 결과는 mariner-like element가 B. mori에도 존재하고 있지만. 이들 전이인자의 전이효소를 암호화하는 부위에 종결코돈이 발견되는 것으로 보아서 비활성 전이인자 혹은 일존의 selenoprotein으로 추정된다.

A Study on Mariners' Standard Behavior for Collision Avoidance 2 : A proposal of modeling method for collision avoidance based on human factors

박정선(Jung-Sun Park),Hiroaki Kobayashi,예병덕(Byeong-Deok Yea) 한국항해항만학회 2007 한국항해항만학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.1 No.춘계

We've investigated mariner's characteristics in the condition of avoiding collision using ship handling simulator and considered that it's necessary to model the standard avoiding behavior of mariners in ship handling in order to apply the obtained results more widely and effectively. Thus we proposed the concept to model mariner's avoiding behavior based on human factors in a previous study. As a following study, in this paper, we intended to propose the method of modeling on standard behavior for avoiding collision by analyzing mariner's information processing works and related factors using regression analysis. As a result, we confirmed the influence of relating factors to avoiding behavior in mariner's deciding decisions and proposed the modeling method on mariners' standard behavior for collision avoidance.

Coleridge`s “The Rime of The Ancient Mariner”

Lee, Chung-Eun 신영어영문학회 2016 신영어영문학 Vol.64 No.-

Coleridge’s “The Rime of The Ancient Mariner” is greatly related to Christian message, and it appears to have an autobiographical aspect. It is possible to interpret this poem about undergoing the religious pilgrimage in that the Mariner, the surrogacy of Coleridge, is coming to be redeemed by the truth of God. Moreover, Coleridge equates the process of writing imaginative poems with his redemptive voyage, because his fragmented imagination caused by the opium can be restored by the religious pilgrimage. Coleridge’s imaginative powers and concentration were literally destroyed by the drug: his intellectual capacity was fearfully eroded: His sense of truth hopelessly distorted. Under this circumstance, one crucial way to relieve himself from the degenerative quandary was to write his personal guilt in his poems like “The Rime of The Ancient Mariner.” It is through the poet’s employment of the biblical images that Coleridge tries subconsciously to overcome his irrationality and ultimately to reach the state of redemption.

『노수부의 노래』: 말, 주체, 그리고 트라우마의 사후성

윤일환(Yoon, Ilhwan) 새한영어영문학회 2014 새한영어영문학 Vol.56 No.1

In light of trauma theory, this article reads Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner as a traumatic narrative mirroring the shame-ridden experiences of a trauma survivor. In the beginning of the poem, the Mariner is ignorant of who he is, unable to recognize his fears and desires as his own or distinguish himself from his surroundings. It is the killing of the albatross that first enables him to identify himself, and it is his bloodsucking, to speak. But what follows his self-determining, self-inaugural act is, paradoxically, the presence of otherness and occurrence of the trauma. The trauma the Mariner suffers is the retroactive effect of converging two factors in order to cope with the impasse of his meaningless universe: the killing of the albatross and the curse in the dead mariners’ eye. The killing becomes a trauma by deferred action only in later connection with the curse so as not to sink in nothingness. After his seven days of deep suffering, the breaking of the curse begins when the Mariner blesses and puts into a different meaning the beauty of water-snakes with its rich attire well joined with the death-fires. That blessing is a moment of his first step toward self-abreaction, and the albatross falls off his neck. But the Mariner is not free; he is yet to fully put his story of trauma, the mystery of the shooting of the albatross and all that follows, into his sense of self and the world. His telling of the tale postpones abreaction of the trauma indefinitely, each telling postponing it yet again. The Mariner is now subject to traumatic repetition of his experience, because his traumatic event has been met with no corresponding and proportionate discharge of affect into words. At an uncertain hour when his agony returns, he is doomed to retell his ghastly tale repetitively in order to bring about the revival of the affect which was originally attached to the trauma.

The Question of Guilt in “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”

( Sung Won Lee ) 영미문학연구회 2010 영미문학연구 Vol.19 No.-

It is the tendency of recent criticisms to try to read historical and political dimensions into “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.” The Mariner’s guilt, in New Historicist readings, is sometimes understood as representing the collective guilt of the Europeans related with slave trade, or sometimes understood in the more immediate political context of Britain in the aftermath of the French Revolution. With no intention to attack the interpretive mode of the New Historicism per se, this paper will argue that it would be finally insufficient and incorrect to try to explain the question of guilt in Coleridge by recourse to the immediate political context of the 1790s and the social and collective guilt ascribable to his generation. This paper will argue instead that “The Ancient Mariner” is better understood in terms of Coleridge’s life-long moral and theological questionings about man as a free being. It will argue that the poem is about man’s introjection of evil into himself only to become guilt-stricken, which to Coleridge was the “origin of evil.” The theme of “Redemption” is, therefore, never simple in this poem, for it can only be sought in the Mariner’s inexorable repetition of the telling and re-telling of his story, which is in a sense the re-enactment of the extremely contingent act of the shooting of the albatross. Both are understood as “the return of the repressed.”

항해용 콤파스에 관한 A.v.훔볼트 테제 비판

김성준 호남사학회 2017 역사학연구 Vol.66 No.-

알렉산더 폰 훔볼트는 1847년 출판된 『코스모스』(Cosmos) 제2권에서 ‘중국에서 발명된 지남기(compass)가 아랍을 경유하여 유럽으로 전해졌다’는 설을 정식화하였다. 이 논문은 콤파스에 관한 이른바 ‘훔볼트 테제’의 사실성을 비판적으로 재검토한 것이다. 훔볼트는 콤파스가 “인도양과 페르시아와 아라비아 해안 전역에 걸쳐 일반화되고 난 뒤에 동양에서 유럽으로 도입되었다”고 밝혔다. 그가 이렇게 주장하게 된 데는 클라프로스(Klaproth)의 보고서의 오류와 그 자신의 오독이 중첩적으로 상호작용하였다. 한자를 해독하지 못했던 훔볼트는 일본 전문가인 클라프로스에게 중국 콤파스의 역사에 대해 조사해 달라고 의뢰하였고, 클라프로스는 1834년에 보고서를 제출하였다. 클라프로스는 ‘3~4세기의 晉代에 중국인들이 지남기구를 이용하여 인도양까지 항해했다’는『패문운부』의 기록을 인용하고 있다. 그러나 이 과정에서 클라프로스는 “晉(265~419) 왕조 하에서 『패문운부』 대사전에 (이 사실이) 언급되어있다”라고 적었다. 이를 오독한 훔볼트는 『패문운부』가 진대에 간행된 것으로 오해하였다. 결과적으로 훔볼트는 ‘중국 배들이 3~4세기에 지남침을 이용하여 인도양까지 항해하였다’고 단정하였다. 하지만 『패문운부』는 청대인 1711년에 간행되었을뿐만 아니라, 그 책에 ‘진대에 자석을 이용하여 남쪽으로 항해한 배들이 있었다’는 내용 자체가 없다. 나아가 클라프로스는 지남거(Char magnétique), 지남귀(Tchi Nan Kiu), 수부침(boussole à eau)을 각각 구별할 수 있었던 것과는 달리, 훔볼트는 south-pointing needle(사남) = compass(콤파스) = mariner's compass(항해용 콤파스)가 동일한 것으로 혼동하였다. 훔볼트의 이전 유럽에서는 콤파스의 중국 기원설, 게르만 기원설, 유럽 항해용 콤파스의 중국 유입설 등의 주장이 제기되었고, ‘콤파스가 중국에서 발명되어 아랍인을 경유하여 유럽에 전해졌다’는 훔볼트 테제는 그렇게 일반적인 것이 아니었다. 하지만 훔볼트의 명성과 영향력에 힘입어 ‘중국의 콤파스가 아랍을 경유하여 유럽에 전해졌다’는 주장이 널리 퍼지게 되었다. 이상의 논의를 통해 훔볼트의 주장에 다수의 오류가 내포되어 있다는 점과 항해에 지남부침을 사용한 시기가 중국 1100년 전후, 유럽 1187년, 아랍 1282년이라는 점을 고려하면 ‘중국의 지남기가 아랍을 경유하여 유럽에 전해졌다’는 주장은 역사적 사실에 부합되지 않는다고 할 수 있다. Alexander von Humboldt stated that the ‘compass’ invented by the Chinese was introduced to Europe by Arabic people in his great book Cosmos, A Sketch of A Physical Description of the Universe in 1847. This paper critically reviews the validity of Humboldt’s opinion. Humboldt argued that ‘the compass was introduced to Europe from the East after its use had become general throughout the Indian Seas and the coasts of Persia and Arabia’ in his book Cosmos, Book II. In his argument, the error of M.J. Klaproth’s personal report of Lettre a M.A. de Humboldt, sur l'Invention de la Boussole(1834) and his own misreadings overlapped. Humboldt asked M.J. Klaproth, an expert on Japanese history, to investigate the history of the Chinese compass, and Klaproth submitted the report to Humboldt in 1834. Klaproth cited a record of the Poei Wen Yun Fou(佩文韻府), a grand encyclopaedia, stating that “the Chinese sailed to the Indian Ocean under the Tsin(晋) dynasty(265-419).” Humboldt, however, misinterpreted this sentence and misunderstood that the "Poei Wen Yun Fou(佩文韻府)" was in fact published in the Tsin dynasty. As a result, Humboldt asserted that ‘the Chinese ships had sailed to the Indian ocean by using mariner’s compass throughout the 3rd and 4th centuries. However, not only was the Poei Wen Yun Fou(佩文韻府) published in 1711, but also in the book, there is no reference to the description that ‘the Chinese ships sailed South by using magnets.’ Furthermore, M.J. Klaproth was able to distinguish between Char magnétique(指南車), Tchi Nan Kiu(指南龜), and floating needle(boussole à eau, 水浮針), while Humboldt had confused a south-pointing needle(司南) with a compass or a mariner's compass. Before the period of Humboldt in Europe, there were several claims about the origin of the compass from China, Germany and about the European mariner’s compass transmission to China, but the claim that 'the compass was invented in China and transmitted to Europe via the Arabs' was not so common. However, thanks to Humboldt's reputation and academic influence, the claim that "the Chinese compass was transmitted to Europe via the Arabs" became widespread. Considering the facts that the floating needle, a kind of compass, was used for sailing around 1100 in China, 1187 in Europe, and 1282 in Arabic world respectively, and many mistakes were implied in Humboldt's claim, the view that the Chinese invented compass was introduced to Europe through Arabic people is not in accordance with the historical facts.