Politics or Bureaucratic Failures? Understanding the Dynamics of Policy Failures in Democratic Governance

박상희 서울대학교행정대학원 2021 Journal of Policy Studies Vol.36 No.3

This study seeks to advance our understanding of policy failures as the nexus of politics and bureaucratic failure. In doing so, it presents a typology to illustrate different types of policy failures by the degree of bureaucratic capacities and politics/political incentives involved in a policy problem, and explores two cases of such failures in South Korea. This study claims that policy failures are joint products of political and bureaucratic failures to varying degrees and that the discussion of both sides helps to enhance accountability and avoid political blame games and bureau-bashing. This study reflects on two Korean cases to demonstrate politically-driven and administratively-driven failures in the high- and low-capacity bureaucracy and their consequences. These cases also reveal the dynamic nature of policy failures moving from one category to another during the policy processes. The first case concerns the failure in emergency response of the Korea Coast Guard (KCG) during and after the sinking of the ferry MV Sewol. A low bureaucratic capacity and lack of motivation to fulfill their function may be the direct cause of the failure, which will be the focus of the discussion of bureaucratic failure. Yet, it also reveals aspects of political failures before and after the accident, where politicians have failed to provide a bureaucratic agency with autonomy and stacked the deck against a less salient agency for political or electoral gains. The second case discusses the politics of preliminary feasibility studies (PFS) required for major public projects. This case explores policy failures uniquely manifested in a highly capable bureaucracy, which shows how politics-laden issues plant the seeds of policy failures driven by the prompt implementation of flawed decisions. The discussion section further discusses key arguments and implications drawn from the case studies. The final section offers concluding thoughts and avenues for future research.

Analysis of Treatment Failures in Early Uterine Cervical Cancer

김주영,이규찬,최명선,Kim Joo-Young,Lee Kyu-Chan,Choi Hyung-Sun The Korean Society for Radiation Oncology 1991 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.9 No.2

1981년 1월부터 1988년 12월까지 고려대학교 의과대학 치료방사선과에서 제1기에서 2기초까지의 자궁경부악성종양으로 방사선치료를 받았던 126명의 환자를 수술과 방사선치료의 병행요법군(66)과 단독방사선치료(60)군의 두군으로 나누어 그 치료실패의 양상과 요인을 분석하였다. 총 126명 중 29명인 23$\%$의 환자에서 국소재발이나 원격전이를 보였으며 각 군 사이에 병기별로 의미있는 차이를 보이지는 않았다. 29명 중 25명인 86$\%$의환자에서 치료종결후 18개월이내에 치료실패를 보였으며 원격전이의 평균 시기는 국소적인 재발보다 빨라 약 60$\%$의 원격 전이 가 6개월 이내에 발생되었다. 첫 원격전이의 장소로는 단독방사선군에서는 주로 복부임파절이나 쇄골 상부임파절이 많았던 반면 병행요법군에서는 이를 제외한 원격임파절, 폐, 간 및 골전이가 많았던 것으로 나타났으며 이는 통계학적인 유의성이 있었다. 각 군에서 치료실패에 기여하는 요소를 알아내기 위해 조직병리학적, 또는 임상적인 위험요소들에 대해 다변수 분석을 시행한 결과 병행요법군에서는 불충분한 제거 범위 (p=0.0423) 및 전이 성 골반임파절 (p=0.0060)의 존재가, 단독요법군에서는 치료 종결시 종양의 불완전관해(p=0.0013)가 가장 의미있는 요소로 관찰되었다. One hundred and twenty six patients with early uterine cervical cancer who had been treated at Departmen of Radiation Oncology of Korea University Hospital from Jan.1981 to Dec.1988 were analysed retrospectively by the treatment result and pattern of of failures. All patients had stage Ia to IIa disease and were grouped whether they had combination of operation and postop irradiation or radiation therapy alone. 1) Sixty six patients belonged to the combination treatment group and 60 patients to the radiation alone group. 2) Combination group consisted of $18.1\%$(12/66) stage Ia, $71.2\%$(47/66) stage Ib and $10.6\%$ (7/66) stage IIa patients. There were no stage Ia, 18.8$\%$(l1/60) stage Ib and 81.6$\%$(49/60) stage IIa patients for RT alone gronp. 3) There were total 23$\%$(29/126) treatment failures,13 patients in combination group and 16 patients in RT alone group. In 66 patients of combination group, they were found to have 5 locoregional failures, 7 distant failures and 1 at both sites. In 60 patients of RT alone group, 9 locoreginal failure and 7 distant failures occured. Eighty six percent (25/29) of total failures appeared within 18 month after completion of treatment. About 60$\%$ of the patients with regional recurrences which were located at pelvic side wall or pelvic lymph nodes paesented their recurrent disease after 1 year of completion of treatment, whereas same percent of distant failures appeared within 6 month. 5) In RT alone group, the first sites of distant failure were mostly para-aortic lymph node and/or left supraclavicular lymph node (71.4$\%$,5/7). In combination group, various sites such as inguinal lymph node, mediastinal lymph node, liver, lung and bone appeared first or at the same time with para-aortic and supraclavicular lymph node metastasis. 6) Logistic regression analysis was done for multivariate analysis of the factors contributing to locoregional and distant failures. In combination group, adequacy of the resection margin and the presence of positive pelvic node were found to be the most significant factors (p=0.0423 & 0.0060 respectively). In RT alone group, less than complete regression of the tumor at the end of treatment was the only significant contributing factor for the treatment failures (p=0.0013) with good liklihood ratio.

지적 성장을 위한 창의적 실패교육

김종백(Jong-Baeg Kim) 한국교육심리학회 2017 敎育心理硏究 Vol.31 No.4

학생들의 지적 성장은 학교교육의 오랜 목표이다. 학생들의 지적 성장을 위해 최근에는 학습상황에서 학생들이 경험하는 실패의 교육적 활용가능성에 대해서 연구들이 진행되고 있다. 특히 최근에는 학습실패가 해당 영역에 대한 지식이나 문제해결력 뿐 아니라 학생들의 창의적 역량을 신장하기 위한 중요한 학습도구가 될 수 있다는 문헌들이 제시되고 있다. 본 연구는 학습자가 경험하는 학습실패가 어떻게 창의성 역량의 교육과 연계될 수 있는지 주요 이론과 교수-학습 전략들을 제시하고 있다. 교육분야에서 학습실패 연구는 Clifford(1988)에 의해서 실패내성에 대한 연구에서부터 시작하여 현재 많은 연구들이 학습의 과정에서 학습실패의 중요성에 대해 주목하고 있다. 특히, Kapur(2008)와 같은 연구자는 학습에서 실패경험이 단순히 지식의 습득을 넘어서서 새로운 대안들을 만들어내고 창의적 문제해결 전략들을 찾아내는데 긍정적인 역할을 할 수 있음을 주장하고 있다. 구체적으로 본 연구에서는 학습과정에서 경험하는 실패를 어떻게 교육장면에서 활용할 수 있는 지 그 전략들에 대해 논의하고 그 과정에서 교수자나 학습자의 입장에서 주의해야 할 점들이 무엇인지 논의하였다. 구체적으로 학습자가 실패경험을 통해서 기존의 생각의 틀로 부터 벗어나기, 주어진 교육과정 영역을 넘어서 자유롭게 교육과정 영역을 탐색하도록 허용하기 등과 같은 전략을 제시하였으며 특히, 학습실패가 가져올 수 있는 부정적인 정서와 실패의 누적으로 인한 학습된 무기력을 극복하기 위한 전략으로서 학습 초기과정에서 실패경험의 부정적인 영향을 고려하거나 최소화하기 위한 전략에 대해 서술하고 있다. 그리고 실패의 경험을 결과로 인식하는 것이 아니라 학습과정의 일부로 인식하는 것이 왜 중요한 지 기술하였다. Students’ creative ability has become the one of important educational goals recently. Beliefs that students can grow intellectually is a key principle in creativity education. In recently, researchers have focused on learners’ failure as a way for promoting creativity in schools. They start look into the ways in which learning failures are connected to creativity. Recent studies such as Kapur(2008) demonstrated that learners’ failure experiences enable students to create novel solutions to solve problems to go beyond memorizing facts or knowledge. This paper discussed strategies that students or teachers can utilize learning failures to produce positive educational outcomes and also suggested some caveats when learning failures are introduced to a classroom. Specifically, learners should avoid any pre-existing frames of thoughts to create new alternatives to solve problems. Second, teachers or students should be allowed to explore content areas freely without having any risks of academic punishment. In addition, this paper also discussed possible negative results of early experiencing learning failures regards to negative emotion. Especially, experiencing continuous failures can bring students to learned helplessness. This paper discussed how to avoid this negative consequences. Related with negative emotional effects of failures, teacher or students should be careful in the earlier stage of learning processes to avoid learning failures. Lastly, this paper also suggested that minimizing fears related with learning failures and promoting failure tolerance so that students have motivation to overcome learning failures.

정책실패의 일반론 구축: 환류망의 ‘잃어버린 고리’

김현구 한국행정학회 2022 韓國行政學報 Vol.56 No.2

We expect policies to succeed, but no policy is perfect. Successes inevitably coexist with failures even in the same policy. Organizations and their leaders learn more effectively from policy failures than policy successes. Nonetheless, the area of studies on policy failures remain underdeveloped, whereas policy evaluation studies to investigate policy successes are firmly established in policy science. The trend is uniform in Korean policy science. This implies a lack of generalized knowledge regarding policy failures, resulting from fragmentary case-oriented studies. Without valid support of generalizations, empirical studies of and policy prescriptions for failures may produce blind results and mere makeshift, respectively. This article attempts to construct generalized knowledge of policy failures, drawing on a recent global research trend and performance in the arena. Therefore it systematically defines the concept and grasps working principles of policy failures. Furthermore the article sheds light on the logical ground of failure judgment and the role status of failures in policy science. I hope this essay will contribute to searching for the missing link of feedback networks passing through the entire policy process. 우리는 정책의 성공을 기대하지만 어떤 정책도 완벽할 수는 없다. 동일한 정책에서도 성공과실패의 두 측면은 공존하기 마련이다. 조직이나 리더는 정책성공보다 정책실패에서 더 효과적인 학습 기회를 얻게 된다. 그럼에도 정책학에서 정책성공 일반론을 다루는 평가론의 위상은 확고한 반면, 정책실패 일반론을 탐구하는 실패론은 소외된 분야로 남아 있다. 한국 정책학에서도매한가지이다. 이는 정책실패 연구가 워낙 파편화된 사례 위주로 이루어져 일반화된 지식 축적이 미흡하다는 것을 말해준다. 일반론의 뒷받침이 없는, 정책실패의 경험적 연구는 맹목적이고정책적 처방은 미봉책에 그칠 수 있다. 이 글은 세계 정책학계의 최근 연구 동향과 성과를 참작하여 정책실패의 인과적 일반론도 살피면서 기술적 일반론 구축을 시도한다. 먼저 정책실패의개념을 규정하고 작동 원리를 파악한 다음, 정책실패를 판단하는 논거를 제시한다. 그리고 이러한 정책실패의 정책학적 역할 위상을 논의한다. 이 연구가 정책과정을 관통하는 환류망(還流網) 의 ‘잃어버린 고리’를 찾는 데 기여할 수 있기를 바란다.

Effect of multiple-failure events on accident management strategy for CANDU-6 reactors

YU, Seon Oh,KIM, Manwoong Korean Nuclear Society 2021 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.53 No.10

Lessons learned from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident directed that multiple failures should be considered more seriously rather than single failure in the licensing bases and safety cases because attempts to take accident management measures could be unsuccessful under the high radiation environment aggravated by multiple failures, such as complete loss of electric power, uncontrollable loss of coolant inventory, failure of essential safety function recovery. In the case of the complete loss of electric power called station blackout (SBO), if there is no mitigation action for recovering safety functions, the reactor core would be overheated, and severe fuel damage could be anticipated due to the failure of the active heat sink. In such a transient condition at CANDU-6 plants, the seal failure of the primary heat transport (PHT) pumps can facilitate a consequent increase in the fuel sheath temperature and eventually lead to degradation of the fuel integrity. Therefore, it is necessary to specify the regulatory guidelines for multiple failures on a licensing basis so that licensees should prepare the accident management measures to prevent or mitigate accident conditions. In order to explore the efficiency of implementing accident management strategies for CANDU-6 plants, this study proposed a realistic accident analysis approach on the SBO transient with multiple-failure sequences such as seal failure of PHT pumps without operator's recovery actions. In this regard, a comparative study for two PHT pump seal failure modes with and without coolant seal leakage was conducted using a best-estimate code to precisely investigate the behaviors of thermal-hydraulic parameters during transient conditions. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis for different PHT pump seal leakage rates was also carried out to examine the effect of leakage rate on the system responses. This study is expected to provide the technical bases to the accident management strategy for unmitigated transient conditions with multiple failures.

RAIM algorithm considering simultaneous multiple ramp failures

Yun, Ho,Han, Deokhwa,Kee, Changdon,Lee, Jiyun,Heo, Moon Beom Emerald Group Publishing Limited 2015 Aircraft engineering and aerospace technology Vol.87 No.4

<P><B>Purpose</B></P> <P> – The purpose of this paper is to develop and analyze a new multiple hypothesis receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) algorithm, which can handle simultaneous multiple ramp failures. </P> <P><B>Design/methodology/approach</B></P> <P> – The proposed algorithm uses measurement residuals and satellite observation matrices of several consecutive epochs for failure detection and exclusion. It detects failures by monitoring the error vector rather than a projection of the error vector. The algorithm assumes that magnitude of range errors can vary with time, while the conventional sequential multiple hypothesis RAIM algorithm assumes that range errors are constant biases. </P> <P><B>Findings</B></P> <P> – The algorithm can detect any instance of multiple failures, including failures that cannot be detected by the conventional RAIM algorithm. It can detect multiple failures with magnitudes of several tens of meters, even though the algorithm must solve an ill-conditioned problem. And it can also deal with ramp failures which cannot be detected by conventional sequential multiple hypothesis RAIM algorithm. The detection capability of the proposed algorithm is not dependent on satellite geometry or types of errors. </P> <P><B>Practical implications</B></P> <P> – Implications for the development of the RAIM algorithm for aviation users are included. In particular, it can be a candidate for a future standard architecture in multiple constellations, multiple frequency and satellite-based augmentation system users. </P> <P><B>Originality/value</B></P> <P> – A new multiple hypothesis RAIM algorithm with a relative RAIM concept is proposed. Also presented is a detailed explanation of the algorithms, including rigorous mathematical expressions, and an analysis of differences in detection capability between the conventional multiple hypothesis RAIM algorithm and proposed algorithm.</P>

Development of a Web-based RCM system for the driverless Rubber-Tired K-AGT system

배철호,김현준,손영탁,이호영,한석연,서명원 대한기계학회 2009 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.23 No.4

The Korean Railroad Research Institute (KRRI) developed the rubber-tired AGT system (Model: K-AGT) between 1999 and 2005. The K-AGT is a light rail transit system does not require a driver and generally operates on an elevated railroad for transporting passengers. Accidents caused by driverless vehicles can severely affect social confidence, safety and economy. Therefore, it is very important to minimize the occurrences of such faults, and to accurately perform detailed maintenance tasks and thoroughly investigate the cause of any repeated failures. This research develops the web-based reliability centered maintenance (RCM) system for the K-AGT train system. The framework of the RCM system is based on performing a failure mode and effects analyses (FMEA) procedure on all the sub-systems in the K-AGT system. Out of the devices that have a low reliability, the high failure ranked devices are included high on the list for performing the overall maintenance plans. Through registration of historical failure data and the reliability indexes, the results of the FMEA can be updated. Such a process is repeated continuously and can achieve very accurate predictions for device operational lifetimes and failure rates. Also, the RCM system is designed so that workers can refer to the expert system for the latest procedures to perform the required diagnosis and repair of any failure. The overall RCM system consists of a failure/task management system, a preventive maintenance system, an expert system, a material management system, and an approval system. This research describes the development of the preventive maintenance system and the expert system that have been produced because these are the main functions for the RCM system.

스마트폰 중독과 인지실패의 관계에서 주의통제와 몰입감의 매개효과

박창호 전북대학교 사회과학연구소 2022 지역과 세계 Vol.46 No.2

As smartphone has become a necessity for modern life, there has been increasing interest in negative effects of smartphone addiction (SA). SA could have negative effects on cognitive functions in daily life, resulting in a variety of cognitive failures. Previous studies suggested that SA could also have negative effects on attentional control and flow, while these two variables could have an effect on reducing cognitive failures. The current study proposed and tested a preliminary model that attentional control and flow would play as sequentially mediating variables between SA and cognitive failures. To collect data, 407 college students were surveyed using SA scale, attentional control scale, (trait) flow questionnaire, and cognitive failures questionnaire. Regression analysis and path analysis using Hayes’ PROCESS macro revealed that SA has not only a direct effect on cognitive failures, but also an indirect effect mediated sequentially by attentional control and flow. Finally implications and limitations of this study were discussed around attentional control and flow in reducing negative effects of SA. 스마트폰이 현대 생활에서 필수품이 되면서 스마트폰 중독의 부적 영향에 대한 관심도 커지고 있다. 스마트폰 중독은 일상생활의 인지 기능에도 부적 영향을 주어서 여러 가지 인지실패를 낳을 수 있다. 선행연구에 따르면 스마트폰 중독은 또한 주의통제와 몰입감에도 부적 영향을 주는 반면에, 이 두 변인은 인지실패의 감소에 영향을 주는 것으로 보인다. 이에 본 연구는 스마트폰 중독이 인지실패에 미치는 영향에서 주의통제와 몰입감이 매개변인으로 작용한다는 연구모형을 제안하고 검증하였다. 이를 위해 대학생 407명을 대상으로 스마트폰중독 척도, 주의력 조절 척도, 몰입감 척도, 인지실패 척도를 사용하여 자료를 수집하였다. Hayes의 PROCESS macro를 사용한 경로분석 결과 스마트폰 중독이 인지실패에 직접 영향을 미치는 동시에, 주의통제와 몰입감의 이중 매개를 통한 간접 영향도 미친다는 가설이 지지되었다. 마지막으로 주의통제와 몰입감을 중심으로 스마트폰 중독의 악영향을 줄이는 방안에 본 연구의 함의와 연구의 한계점을 논의하였다.

Multiple-hypothesis RAIM algorithm with an RRAIM concept

Yun, Ho,Kee, Changdon Emerald Group Publishing Limited 2013 Aircraft engineering and aerospace technology Vol.86 No.1

<B>Purpose</B> - This paper aims to develop and analyse a new multiple-hypothesis receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) algorithm. The proposed algorithm can handle simultaneous multiple failures as well as a single failure. <B>Design/methodology/approach</B> - The proposed algorithm uses measurement residuals and satellite observation matrices of several consecutive epochs for failure detection and exclusion. It detects failures by monitoring the error vector itself instead of monitoring the projection of the error vector. The algorithm reduces the minimum detectable bias via the relative receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RRAIM) scheme. <B>Findings</B> - The algorithm is able to detect any instance of multiple failures, including failures that are not detected by the conventional RAIM algorithm. It is able to detect multiple failures with magnitudes of several tens of meters, although the algorithm has to solve an ill-conditioning problem. The detection capability of the proposed algorithm is not dependent on satellite geometry. <B>Research limitations/implications</B> - The algorithm assumes that the error vectors in three consecutive epochs have biases of similar magnitude. As a result, although the algorithm detects occurrences of drifting error, it cannot identify which measurement(s) has the critical error. <B>Practical implications</B> - The paper includes implications for the development of the RAIM algorithm for aviation users. Especially, it can be a candidate for future standard architecture in multiple constellations, multiple frequency satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) users. <B>Originality/value</B> - The paper proposes a new multiple-hypothesis RAIM algorithm with an RRAIM concept. A detailed explanation of the algorithms, including rigorous mathematical expressions, is presented. The paper also includes an analysis of differences in detection capability between conventional algorithm and the proposed algorithm depending on satellite geometry.

한국과 중국외식업체의 서비스 실패와 회복 방안 비교

장미향 ( Mee Hyang Chang ),김대철 ( Dae Cheol Kim ),류설파 ( Xue Bo Liu ) 한국고객만족경영학회 2011 고객만족경영연구 Vol.13 No.2

서비스 실패와 회복에 관한 연구는 주로 한 국가 내에서의 경험을 바탕으로 한 것이 주를 이루고 있다. 많은 국내 외식기업들이 해외시장 특히, 중국시장에서의 기회를 찾고자 하는 노력이 증가되고 있으며 따라서 한국과 중국의 국가 간의 유사점과 차이에 대한 비교평가가 절실히 요구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 외식기업들에게 있어서의 서비스 실패와 회복전략에 대한 두 나라간의 차이를 CIT 기법을 중심으로 비교하고 있다. 424명의 응답자들을 분석한 결과 서비스 실패 및 회복에 대한 노력들이 같은 동양권 국가임에도 불구하고 많은 차이가 발생하였다. 서비스 실패의 경우, 한국 고객들은 음식문제 및 느린 서비스 등 서비스 전달 시스템 상의 문제 및 종업원의 태도 등이 가장 빈번하게 발생한다고 하였다. 그러나 중요도 면에서는 주로 종업원의 태도 등 종업원 자체의 문제로 발생되는 것들과 레스토랑의 불분명한 정책 등으로 발생하는 실패에 더욱 가치를 부여하였다. 반면에 중국의 고객들은 빈도적인 측면이나 중요도 면에서 공통되게 주로 음식자체의 결함에 무게를 두는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 서비스 실패에 대한 외식업체들의 회복노력은 한국의 경우 무반응과 주문 수정 후 음식 다시제공 등이며, 중국은 사과와 무반응 등이었는데, 양 국가 모두 고객들이 원하는 회복방안과 다소 차이가 있었다. 두 나라에서의 이러한 차이점은 Hofstede(2001)의 국가 문화 지수에 근거한 양국의 문화적 특성의 차이와 일치하는 면을 보이고 있다. The line of research on service failure and recovery has tended to emphasize single nation research to date. As most of major Korean service firms continue to seek opportunities in foreign markets, especially in China, much effort needs to focus on assessing Korea`s and China`s similarities and differences so as to develop appropriate strategies. This study compares the effects of failure and recovery strategies in the restaurant sector of two countries with similar but different cultures with the CIT method. Responses of 424 restaurant customers were analyzed. Even if two countries are in same Asian cultures, there are some differences in recovering efforts of services firms on service failures. As of service failures, restaurant customers in Korea highly care about service failures caused by unprompted/unsolicited employee actions including employee attitudes, and unclear policies of the service firms. On the contrary, chinese customers levy more emphasis on failures in foods themselves. In both countries, service firms` service recovery strategies deployed are different from recoveries customers wanted. These differences between two countries are explained in light of Hofstede`s cultures index as well. Overcompensation methods as an service recovery do not appear to influence customer repeat patronage intentions, nor do they have significant influence on the rating of recovery effort. This last finding suggests that restaurants could and should use less expensive recovery methods.