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Zhichao Zhang,Wei Wang,Xin Xu,Xi Liu,Yuanling Li,Peng Zhang 한국공업화학회 2022 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.107 No.-
Modified CaCO3@SMA nanoparticles obtained by coordination reaction between poly(styrene-co-maleicanhydride) (SMA) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles were adopted as additive to preparepolyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) flat membrane via thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) methodwith dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as mixed diluent. The CaCO3 nanoparticlesmodified by SMA effectively reduced the adverse agglomeration of nanoparticles and made the additivedisperse evenly in PVDF matrix. The presence of modified CaCO3@SMA changed the membrane morphologyfrom dispersed spherulites with large pores to fuzzy dendrite structures with uniform pore sizes. Themembrane pore sizes, pore size distribution and tensile strength were significantly improved comparedto both virgin membranes and those containing unmodified CaCO3 nanoparticles. After the CaCO3 waspickled, the porosity and the connectivity between membrane pores were greatly enhanced, resultingin a significant increase in pure water flux. At the same time, the amphiphilic SMA fixed in and on themembrane surface improved the hydrophilic and anti-fouling properties demonstrated in a three-cycletest. The present study provided a potential TIPS method for the fabrication of PVDF membrane combinedwith a simple strategy of modified inorganic particle additive.
Yibo Zhang,Xuanlei Zhong,Zhichao Xi,Yang Li,Hongxi Xu The Korean Society of Ginseng 2023 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.47 No.2
Viral infections are known as one of the major factors causing death. Ginseng is a medicinal plant that demonstrated a wide range of antiviral potential, and saponins are the major bioactive ingredients in the genus Panax with vast therapeutic potential. Studies focusing on the antiviral activity of the genus Panax plant-derived agents (extracts and saponins) and their mechanisms were identified and summarized, including contributions mainly from January 2016 until January 2022. P. ginseng, P. notoginseng, and P. quinquefolius were included in the review as valuable medicinal herbs against infections with 14 types of viruses. Reports from 9 extracts and 12 bioactive saponins were included, with 6 types of protopanaxadiol (PPD) ginsenosides and 6 types of protopanaxatriol (PPT) ginsenosides. The mechanisms mainly involved the inhibition of viral attachment and replication, the modulation of immune response by regulating signaling pathways, including the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE)/hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S) pathway, phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1)/ protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/activator protein-1 (AP-1) pathway, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway. This review includes detailed information about the mentioned antiviral effects of the genus Panax extracts and saponins in vitro and in vivo, and in human clinical trials, which provides a scientific basis for ginseng as an adjunctive therapeutic drug or nutraceutical.