Molecular genetic diversity and population structure of a selected core set in garlic and its relatives using novel SSR markers

Zhao, W.&#x2010,G.,Chung, J.&#x2010,W.,Lee, G.&#x2010,A.,Ma, K.&#x2010,H.,Kim, H.&#x2010,H.,Kim, K.&#x2010,T.,Chung, I.&#x2010,M.,Lee, J.&#x2010,K.,Kim, N.&#x2010,S.,Kim, S.&#x2010,M.,Park, Y.&#x2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 Plant breeding Vol.130 No.1

<P> <I>With 7 figures and 6 tables</I> </P><P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Garlic is widely consumed for its culinary and medical benefits. Six hundred and thirteen accessions of garlic and its relatives with diverse origin were evaluated for genetic diversity at eight recently novel simple sequence repeat loci in this study. A total of 113 alleles were detected, the average allelic richness was 14.1 alleles per locus. Using a heuristic approach, a core set of 95 accessions was successfully developed, which showed 100% coverage of alleles with minimum redundancy. The model‐based structure analysis here revealed the presence of four subpopulations in the selected core set, which was basically consistent with clustering based on the genetic distance. The analysis of molecular variance based on this core set showed that between‐population component of genetic variance is <15.6% in contrast to 84.4% for the within population component. Overall <I>F</I><SUB>ST</SUB> value was 0.1560, indicating a moderate differentiation among the four groups. These results will provide an effective aid for future allele mining, association genetics, mapping and cloning gene(s), germplasm conservation, and improvement programs.</P>

Sulfur‐Infiltrated Micro‐ and Mesoporous Silicon Carbide‐Derived Carbon Cathode for High‐Performance Lithium Sulfur Batteries

Lee, Jung Tae,Zhao, Youyang,Thieme, Sö,ren,Kim, Hyea,Oschatz, Martin,Borchardt, Lars,Magasinski, Alexandre,Cho, Won&#x2010,Il,Kaskel, Stefan,Yushin, Gleb WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2013 ADVANCED MATERIALS Vol.25 No.33

<P><B>Novel nanostructured sulfur (S)–carbide derived carbon (CDC) composites</B> with ordered mesopores and high S content are successfully prepared for lithium sulfur batteries. The tunable pore‐size distribution and high pore volume of CDC allow for an excellent electrochemical performance of the composites at high current densities. A higher electrolyte molarity is found to enhance the capacity utilization dramatically and reduce S dissolution in S‐CDC composite cathodes during cycling.</P>

Grazing Incidence X - ray Diffraction (GIXRD) Studies of the Structure of Si₁_xGex / Si Surface Alloy

Y. Shi,R. Zhao,C. Z. Jiang,X. J. Fan 한국진공학회(ASCT) 2002 Journal of Korean Vacuum Science & Technology Vol.6 No.2

The Si_(1-x)Ge_x/Si surface alloy (x = 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5), which are prepared by solid source MBE and have the SiGe epilayer thickness of 50Å, are annealed with different parameters. The surface structure analyses of the heterostructure samples are made on a triple-axis X-ray diffractometer in grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) geometry. It has been found that with different annealing time (1.5h, 18h, 64h) and annealing temperature (550℃, 750℃), the SiGe epilayer experienced different strain relaxation process, which was deduced from the GIXRD measurements of the in-plane (220) diffraction peak of Si(001) substrate and the relevant (220) surface diffraction of SiGe epilayer. The results show that the stress relieving and the lateral strain relaxation in the SiGe/Si heterostructure can be promoted by correct annealing, which is very helpful for the preparation of SiGe/Si strained superlattice with fine strain crystallization.

<i>OsASR5</i> enhances drought tolerance through a stomatal closure pathway associated with ABA and H ₂ O ₂ signalling in rice

Li, Jinjie,Li, Yang,Yin, Zhigang,Jiang, Jihong,Zhang, Minghui,Guo, Xiao,Ye, Zhujia,Zhao, Yan,Xiong, Haiyan,Zhang, Zhanying,Shao, Yujie,Jiang, Conghui,Zhang, Hongliang,An, Gynheung,Paek, Nam&#x2010,Cho John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2017 Plant biotechnology journal Vol.15 No.2

<P><B>Summary</B></P><P>Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses that directly implicate plant growth and crop productivity. Although many genes in response to drought stress have been identified, genetic improvement to drought resistance especially in food crops is showing relatively slow progress worldwide. Here, we reported the isolation of <I>abscisic acid</I>,<I> stress</I> and <I>ripening</I> (<I>ASR</I>) genes from upland rice variety, IRAT109 (<I>Oryza sativa</I> L. ssp. <I>japonica</I>), and demonstrated that overexpression of <I>OsASR5</I> enhanced osmotic tolerance in <I>Escherichia coli</I> and drought tolerance in <I>Arabidopsis</I> and rice by regulating leaf water status under drought stress conditions. Moreover, overexpression of <I>OsASR5</I> in rice increased endogenous ABA level and showed hypersensitive to exogenous ABA treatment at both germination and postgermination stages. The production of H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>, a second messenger for the induction of stomatal closure in response to ABA, was activated in overexpression plants under drought stress conditions, consequently, increased stomatal closure and decreased stomatal conductance. In contrast, the loss‐of‐function mutant, <I>osasr5</I>, showed sensitivity to drought stress with lower relative water content under drought stress conditions. Further studies demonstrated that OsASR5 functioned as chaperone‐like protein and interacted with stress‐related HSP40 and 2OG‐Fe (II) oxygenase domain containing proteins in yeast and plants. Taken together, we suggest that <I>OsASR5</I> plays multiple roles in response to drought stress by regulating ABA biosynthesis, promoting stomatal closure, as well as acting as chaperone‐like protein that possibly prevents drought stress‐related proteins from inactivation.</P>

Efficacy and safety of avanafil for treating erectile dysfunction: results of a multicentre, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial

Zhao, Chen,Kim, Sae Woong,Yang, Dae Yul,Kim, Je Jong,Park, Nam Cheol,Lee, Sung Won,Paick, Jae Seung,Ahn, Tai Young,Moon, Ki Hak,Chung, Woo Sik,Min, Kweon Sik,Suh, Jun&#x2010,Kyu,Hyun, Jae Seog,Park, K Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2012 BJU INTERNATIONAL Vol.110 No.11

<P>Study Type – Therapy (RCT)</P><P>Level of Evidence 1b</P><P><B>What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?</B></P><P>Avanafil is a potent selective phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor newly developed for treating erectile dysfunction (ED). Preclinical and clinical phase I studies showed that avanafil had enhanced selectivity, faster onset of action and a favourable side‐effect profile relative to currently available PDE5 inhibitors.</P><P>As the result of phase III clinical trial for the efficacy and safety of avanafil treatment (100 and 200 mg), taken as needed over a period of 12 weeks, in Korean patients with ED, avanafil is an effective and well‐tolerated therapy for ED of broad‐spectrum aetiology and severity.</P><P><B>OBJECTIVE</B></P><P><P>To evaluate the efficacy and safety of avanafil, a new potent selective phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED).</P></P><P><B>PATIENTS AND METHODS</B></P><P><P>The present study was a multicentre, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, fix‐dosed phase three clinical trial involving 200 patients with ED.</P><P>The subjects were treated with placebo or avanafil (100 or 200 mg) for 12 weeks and were asked to complete the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), the Sexual Encounter Profile (SEP) diary, and the Global Assessment Questionnaire (GAQ).</P><P>The primary outcome variable was the change from baseline for IIEF erectile function domain (EFD) score.</P><P>The secondary outcome variables were SEP Q2 and Q3, the shift to normal rate (EFD ≥ 26), and response to the GAQ.</P></P><P><B>RESULTS</B></P><P><P>Compared with placebo, patients who took 100 or 200 mg of avanafil had significantly improved IIEF‐EFD score.</P><P>There were similar results when comparing Q2 and Q3 in the SEP diary and the GAQ.</P><P>Flushing was the most common treatment‐related adverse event.</P><P>Most adverse events were transient and mild or moderate in severity.</P></P><P><B>CONCLUSION</B></P><P><P>Avanafil is an effective and well‐tolerated therapy for ED of broad‐spectrum aetiology and severity.</P></P>

Direct in situ observations of single Fe atom catalytic processes and anomalous diffusion at graphene edges

Zhao, Jiong,Deng, Qingming,Avdoshenko, Stanislav M.,Fu, Lei,Eckert, Ju&#x308,rgen,Ru&#x308,u&#x308,mmeli, Mark H. National Academy of Sciences 2014 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.111 No.44

<P><B>Significance</B></P><P>The single metal atom has been proposed to be a catalyst during the growth of carbon nanotubes; however, this hypothesis is still not confirmed. Our direct in situ transmission EM observation of the restructuring of the graphene edges interacting with an Fe atom directly revealed the intermediate states: pentagon and hexagon structures. In particular, our experiments and simulations show that the single Fe atom behaves differently on the graphene zigzag and armchair edges, giving insights to the growth mechanisms of various sp<SUP>2</SUP> carbon structures.</P><P>Single-atom catalysts are of great interest because of their high efficiency. In the case of chemically deposited sp<SUP>2</SUP> carbon, the implementation of a single transition metal atom for growth can provide crucial insight into the formation mechanisms of graphene and carbon nanotubes. This knowledge is particularly important if we are to overcome fabrication difficulties in these materials and fully take advantage of their distinct band structures and physical properties. In this work, we present atomically resolved transmission EM in situ investigations of single Fe atoms at graphene edges. Our in situ observations show individual iron atoms diffusing along an edge either removing or adding carbon atoms (viz., catalytic action). The experimental observations of the catalytic behavior of a single Fe atom are in excellent agreement with supporting theoretical studies. In addition, the kinetics of Fe atoms at graphene edges are shown to exhibit anomalous diffusion, which again, is in agreement with our theoretical investigations.</P>

Dependence of the properties of hydrothermally grown ZnO on precursor concentration

Zhao, X.,Lee, J.Y.,Kim, C.-R.,Heo, J.,Shin, C.M.,Leem, J.-Y.,Ryu, H.,Chang, J.-H.,Lee, H.C.,Jung, W.-G.,Son, C.-S.,Shin, B.C.,Lee, W.-J.,Tan, S.T.,Zhao, J.,Sun, X. North-Holland 2009 Physica E, Low-dimensional systems & nanostructure Vol.41 No.8

This study evaluated the effects of precursor concentration ranging from 0.06 to 1.5M on the properties of hydrothermally grown ZnO on annealed ZnO buffered Si substrates. At relatively low concentrations (no more than 0.5M), well-aligned ZnO arrays were grown on ZnO/Si(100) due to heterogeneous nucleation. As the concentration was increased to 1.0M, the morphologies changed to randomly accumulated particles as a result of homogeneous nucleation. The crystal and optical properties of the materials were investigated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and photoluminescence (PL) measurement, respectively. It was found that the best crystal and optical properties were obtained with concentrations of 0.5 and 0.3M, respectively. These properties were observed to degrade when the concentration was raised to more than 1.0M.

A 3.5 V Lithium–Iodine Hybrid Redox Battery with Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Current Collector

Zhao, Yu,Hong, Misun,Bonnet Mercier, Nade&#x300,ge,Yu, Guihua,Choi, Hee Cheul,Byon, Hye Ryung American Chemical Society 2014 NANO LETTERS Vol.14 No.2

<P>A lithium–iodine (Li–I<SUB>2</SUB>) cell using the triiodide/iodide (I<SUB>3</SUB><SUP>–</SUP>/I<SUP>–</SUP>) redox couple in an aqueous cathode has superior gravimetric and volumetric energy densities (∼ 330 W h kg<SUP>–1</SUP> and ∼650 W h L<SUP>–1</SUP>, respectively, from saturated I<SUB>2</SUB> in an aqueous cathode) to the reported aqueous Li-ion batteries and aqueous cathode-type batteries, which provides an opportunity to construct cost-effective and high-performance energy storage. To apply this I<SUB>3</SUB><SUP>–</SUP>/I<SUP>–</SUP> aqueous cathode for a portable and compact 3.5 V battery, unlike for grid-scale storage as general target of redox flow batteries, we use a three-dimensional and millimeter thick carbon nanotube current collector for the I<SUB>3</SUB><SUP>–</SUP>/I<SUP>–</SUP> redox reaction, which can shorten the diffusion length of the redox couple and provide rapid electron transport. These endeavors allow the Li–I<SUB>2</SUB> battery to enlarge its specific capacity, cycling retention, and maintain a stable potential, thereby demonstrating a promising candidate for an environmentally benign and reusable portable battery.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/nalefd/2014/nalefd.2014.14.issue-2/nl404784d/production/images/medium/nl-2013-04784d_0008.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nl404784d'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Influences of the Irradiation of Intense Pulsed Ion Beam (IPIB) on the Surface of Ni₃Al Base Alloy IC6

X. Y. Le,S. Yan,W. J. Zhao,B. H. Han,Y. G. Wang,J. M. Xue,H. T. Zhang 한국진공학회(ASCT) 2002 Journal of Korean Vacuum Science & Technology Vol.6 No.2

In this paper, we treated the Ni₃Al based alloy samples with intense pulsed ion beams (IPIB) at the beam parameters of 250KV acceleration voltage, 100 - 200 A/㎤ current density and 60 ㎱ pulse duration. We simulated the thermal-mechanical process near the surface of Ni₃Al based alloy with our STEIPIB codes. The surface morphology and the cross-section microstructures of samples were observed with SEM, the composition of the sample surface layer was determined by X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (XEDS) and the microstructure on the surface was observed by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The results show that heating rate increases with the current density of IPIB and cooling rate reached highest value less than 150 A/㎤. The irradiation of IPIB induced the segregation of Mo and adequate beam parameter can improve anti-oxidation property of IC6 alloy. Some craters come from extraneous debris and liquid droplets, and some maybe due to the melting of the intersection region of interphase. Increasing the pulse number enlarges average size of craters and decreases number density of craters.

Local Atomic and Electronic Structure of Boron Chemical Doping in Monolayer Graphene

Zhao, Liuyan,Levendorf, Mark,Goncher, Scott,Schiros, Theanne,Pa&#x301,lova&#x301,, Lucia,Zabet-Khosousi, Amir,Rim, Kwang Taeg,Gutie&#x301,rrez, Christopher,Nordlund, Dennis,Jaye, Cherno,Hybertsen, Mar American Chemical Society 2013 Nano letters Vol.13 No.10

<P>We use scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy to characterize the atomic and electronic structure of boron-doped and nitrogen-doped graphene created by chemical vapor deposition on copper substrates. Microscopic measurements show that boron, like nitrogen, incorporates into the carbon lattice primarily in the graphitic form and contributes ∼0.5 carriers into the graphene sheet per dopant. Density functional theory calculations indicate that boron dopants interact strongly with the underlying copper substrate while nitrogen dopants do not. The local bonding differences between graphitic boron and nitrogen dopants lead to large scale differences in dopant distribution. The distribution of dopants is observed to be completely random in the case of boron, while nitrogen displays strong sublattice clustering. Structurally, nitrogen-doped graphene is relatively defect-free while boron-doped graphene films show a large number of Stone-Wales defects. These defects create local electronic resonances and cause electronic scattering, but do not electronically dope the graphene film.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/nalefd/2013/nalefd.2013.13.issue-10/nl401781d/production/images/medium/nl-2013-01781d_0005.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nl401781d'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>