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Predicting and Assessing Cooperation in Multilateral River Basins
Keir Thornburg 한국무역통상학회 2019 무역통상학회지 Vol.19 No.5
This study reexamines a model of cooperation for transboundary waters derived from considerations of transaction costs and international relations. The model of Lee and Lee (2013) is revised and operationalized for quantitative testing. Results are analyzed based on an independently developed index reflecting the principled contents of international fresh water agreements. Fifty-two agreements from four basins were coded for core principles of the 1997 United Nations Watercourses Convention, along with related elements indicating deeper levels of institutionalization, to generate index values. We find support for the model’s predictions regarding the Rhine-Meuse and Mekong basins examined in the initial study; however, extending the model to two further basins is less straightforward. Nonetheless, the model may provide insight into factors affecting the management of shared waters, and considerations of certain qualifying factors regarding its application to the Amazon and Incomati basins lend support to its predictive validity. The index developed here may offer a detailed means of assessing the level of cooperation present within any given multilateral river basin.
Kathy R. Thornburg 한국유아교육학회 2002 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION Vol.8 No.1
Preparing children for school has been a national priority since 1990. Current research indicates that many children are entering school without the essentials they need for success. The U.S. National Educational Goals panel has identified five areas of development that have an impact on children‘s success in school: physical health and development, social and emotional development, approaches to learning, language development, and cognitive development. Research indicates that early experiences make significant contributions to children‘s development. The quality of children‘s early experiences is influenced by their homes, schools and communities. Policy recommendations are presented that support high quality experiences for young children in all of these settings.
Kafer, Chris,Thornburg, Robert 한국식물학회 2002 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.45 No.3
We have cloned the Arabidopsis thaliana uridine 5'-monophosphate synthase (UMP synthase) locus and characterized transcript levels of this gene as well as the transcript encoding a novel F-box protein found upstream of UMP synthase, Skp1-interacting partner 5 (SKIP5). The 3' end of the SKIP5 gene is 405 bp from the 5' end of the UMP synthase gene. To determine whether these proximate genes are coordinately or independently regulated, we have used an RT-PCR method to quantitate the transcript levels of each gene relative to 18S ribosomal RNA. Previous work has demonstrated an up-regulation of the UMP synthase gene in tobacco callus in the presence of compounds such as 5-fluoro-orotate and aminopterin that induce thymine starvation. Here, we present results showing that both the UMP synthase and SKIP5 genes are coordinately up-regulated in the presence of fluoroorotic acid.
Kafer, Chris,Thornburg, Robert W. 한국식물학회 2000 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.43 No.3
Two Expressed Sequence Tagged (EST) clones were identified from the Arabidopsis database as encoding putative cytidine deaminases. Sequence analysis determined that the two clones overlapped and encoded a single cDNA. This cytidine deaminase corresponds to the Arabidopsis thaliana gene, cda1. The deduced amino acid sequence was more closely related to prokaryotic cytidine deaminases than to eukaryotic enzymes. The cDNA shares 44% amino acid identity with the Escherichia coli cytidine deaminase but only 26 and 27% identity with human and yeast enzymes. A unique zinc-binding domain of the E coli enzyme forms the active site. A similar putative zinc-binding domain was identified in the Arabidopsis enzyme based upon primary sequence similarities. These similarities permitted us to model the active site of the Arabidopsis enzyme upon that of the E. coli enzyme. In this model, the active site zinc is coordinated by His^73, Cys^103, Cys^107, and an active site hydroxyl. Additional residues that participate in catalysis, Asn^64, Glu^66, Ala^78, Glu^79, and Pro^102, are conserved between the Arabidopsis and E. coli enzymes suggesting that the Arabidopsis enzyme has a catalytic mechanism similar to the E. coli enzyme. The two overlapping ESTs were used to prepare a single, full-length clone corresponding to the A thaliana cda1 cDNA. This cDNA was subcloned into pProExHtb and expressed as a fusion protein with an N-terminal His_6 tag. Following purification on a Ni-NTA-Agarose column, the protein was analyzed for its kinetic properties. The enzyme utilizes both cytidine (K_m= 226μM) and 2'-deoxycytidine (K_m=49μM) as substrates. The enzyme was unable to deaminate cytosine, CMP or dCMP.
Park, Sang Gyu,Thornburg, Robert W 한국농화학회 1992 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.35 No.4
A potato proteinase inhibitor II gene (pin2T) was isolated and characterized both at molecular and functional levels. The open reading frame as well as the 5′ and 3′ flanking regions were sequenced. The 5′ flanking region of the pin2T is highly homologous (91% identity) with that of pin2K from -767 to +29 relative to the transcription start site of the wound-inducible pin2K. The 5′ flanking region was linked to the reporter genes (chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, CAT; or β-glucuronidase, GUS) coding sequences in constructions that contained the terminator from the wound-inducible pin2K gene. The chimeric genes were transferred to tobacco plants using Asrobacterium tumefaciens. The presence of the constructions in the transgenic plants was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Expression of CAT or GUS activities in transgenic tobacco plants driven by pin2T promoter indicated that pin2T is not a wound-inducible gene. Comparison of pin2T promoter sequence with that of the wound-inducible pin2K indicates that there are four small deletion which are located at -221 to 200, -263 to -254, -523 to -462, and -759 to 708 relative to the transcription start site of pin2K. When these deleted sequences are searched through Genebank, we identified one sequence that is found three times in pin2K and is completely deleted from pin2T. This sequence, 5′-AGTAAA-3′, is found in a wide variety of other wound-inducible genes but is not frequently found in the published promoter sequences of the other plant genes. A third deletion located at -523 to -462 relative to the transcription initiation site of pin2K, was moderately homologous (72% identity) with a putative sucross-responsive element of sucrose-inducible genes. Deletion of this sequence was correlated with a loss of sucross inducibility in the pin2K promoter.
Selection of Wound Minus Mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana Containing pin2-codA Transgene
Park, Sang-Gyu,Thornburg, Robert 대구대학교 생명과학연구소 2002 생명과학연구 Vol.1 No.2
Based on the cytosine deaminase assay in the presence of inducing materials, wounding, sucrose, abscisic acid (ABA), and methyl jasmonate, Tr349#3 was selected. Seeds of Tr349#3 were treated with mutagen and 66,000 plants were plated on selective media containing both fluorocytosine and methyl jasmonate to get wound minus mutant(wnd^(-)) plants. 18 plants survived the second round of screening. Each of these plants was scored for the expression of the wound-inducible cytosine deaminase activity. Four of these plants had lost the wound-inducible pin2-codA expression and they were termed as wnd1, wnd4, wnd6, and wnd7. None of the selected wnd plants could be induced by wounding, methyl jasmonate, sucrose, and ABA. Because exogeneously added methyl jasmonate does not induce the pin2-codA construct, we conclude that the defect in each of the four mutations must occur downstream from methyl jasmonate production. These acquired wound minus mutant plants will be used to find out some factor(s) affecting wound minus expression of pin2-codA in Arabidopsis.