Factors associated with critical thinking cognitive skills among students studying in associate degree in health-related study prior to admission to nursing programs

S.Y. Ng,K. Cheung,H.L. Cheng 한국간호과학회 2021 한국간호과학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.10

The importance of fostering critical thinking (CT) in nursing education is highly recognized worldwide. Despite this, CT studies of Asian nursing students are limited, particularly for students studying associate degree (AD) in health-related studies, with whom majority would continue their studies in nursing after graduation. Aim(s): To investigate CT abilities and dispositions among these AD students and to determine the associated factors with their CT cognitive skills. Method(s): A convenience sample of 80 health-related AD students from a community college in Hong Kong were recruited in this cross-sectional study. The valid and reliable study questionnaire included the California Critical Thinking Skills Test (CCTST), the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI), and students’ profiles. Correlation analysis was performed by using SPSS 26.0. Result(s): The mean age of the students was 19.38±0.97, with 67.5% (n=54) were female. The mean CCTST scores was 17.93±4.23 and the five subscales: induction, deduction, analysis, inference and evaluation were all in moderate level. The mean CCTDI score was 277.76±20.78 and positive disposition towards CT was shown in only four subscales: open-mindedness, analyticity, confidence in reasoning and inquisitiveness. There was a significant moderate correlation between students’ overall CCTST scores and other variables including university admission examination total score (r=0.260, p<0.001), Chinese score (r=0.136, p=0.049), GPA (r=0.166, p=0.016), CT subject grade point (r=0.226, p=0.001) and CCTDI subscales: truth seeking (r=0.251, p<0.001), analyticity (r=0.208, p=0.003), inquisitiveness (r=0.200, p=0.004) and maturity of judgement (r=0.249, p<0.001). Conclusion(s): This is probably the first study to investigate the CT among AD students studying in health-related studies. The results showed that the factors associated with their CT cognitive skills were multifactorial. Strategies tackling these factors should be developed to strengthen their CT. Future studies should also involve more community colleges.

豫算改革에 관한 硏究

朴昇植 동국대학교 대학원 1988 연구논집 Vol.18 No.-

켄투리아會의 改編

許勝一 建國大學校 人文科學硏究所 1978 인문과학논총 Vol.11 No.-

This paper aims at showing how the centuriate assembly was reformed, and what was the motive for, or the purpose of the reform. The conclusions reached here can be summarized as follows. The old view, based on the analysis of Pantagato, that there were in the reformed centuriate assembly 373 centuries, so that the majority could be feached with the third class of pedites has been more or less abandoned. It is now almost generally held that the reformed assembly continued to contain 193 voting units as before, though there were 373 censuscenturies. The reform also briught a change in the order of voting. The really important change was the substitution, for the centures of knights, of acentury of the first class to serve as a praerogativa. But the reform of the centuriate assembly was never an outcome of the Struggle of the to have been introduced by the nobility. They want to profit from the centuries of the depopulated old rural tribes as well as of the urban tribes by make them respectively "rottention of these political reasons, they probably reorganized the centuriate assembly in the third centurty B.C

흰쥐 악하선 세포에서 gap junction 봉쇄제인 octanol이 타액분비 및 세포내 Ca²+ 농도 조절에 미치는 영향

이승일,서정택,이종갑,이주석,손흥규 大韓小兒齒科學會 1999 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.26 No.2

세포내 유리칼슘(free calcium. Ca²+)은 세균에서 고등동물에 이르기까지 거의 모든 세포에서 세포 고유작용을 조절하는 중요한 세포내 신호전달체계(signal transduction system)의 매개체이다. 타액선 세포에서 부교감 신경 자극으로 타액분비가 증가될 때에도 세포내 Ca²+ 농도 증가가 가장 중요한 역할을 한다. 그러나 췌장(pancreas)의 경우 세포내 Ca²+ 이외에도 인접세포를 전기적, 화학적으로 연결해주는 gap junction이 외분비 기능을 직접적으로 조절할 가능설이 제시되었다. 타액선 세포에서도 세포막에 고농도의 gap junction이 존재하고 있으며, gap junction을 통해 인접세포들이 전기적, 화학적으로 연계되어 있어 gap junction이 타액선 세포의 기능을 직접적으로 조절할 가능성을 내포하고 있다. 따라서 gap junction이 타액선의 타액분비 작용에도 중요한 역할을 하며 이러한 작용이 세포내Ca²+ 농도를 조절하여 이루어질 것이라는 가정하에 이를 확인하는 실험을 시행하였다. 흰쥐 악하선에서 유리되는 타액양을 측정하기 위해서 악하선으로 혈액을 공급하는 동맥에 가는 관을 삽입하여 생리 식염수를 관류하면서 타액선관을 통해 타액을 채취하였다. 세포내Ca²+ 농도는 분리한 악하선 acini 내에Ca²+ 농도 변화에 민감하게 반응하는 형광물질인 fura-2를 축적시키고 형광 분석기를 사용하여 형광강도를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. CCh 투여로 타액 분비가 증가하였을 때 gap junction을 봉쇄하는 약물인 octanol(1 mM)을 투여하면 타액분비가 봉쇄되었으며 이는 가역적 반응이었다. 2. CCh 투여로 세포내 Ca²+ 농도가 증가하였을 때 1mM octanol을 투여하면 세포내 Ca²+농 도가 CCh 투여전의 상태로 감소되었다. 3. Octanol은 CCh에 의하여 유발된 초기Ca²+ 증가를 억제하지는 못한 반면에 후기 vvvvv 농도를 감소시켰다. 4. 세포막 Ca²+ 통로를 열어주는 약물인 thapsigarain(1μM)을 투여하여 세포내Ca²+ 농도를 증가시킨 후 1mM octanol을 투여하면 세포내 Ca²+ 농도가 thapsigarain 투여 전의 상태로 감소하였다. 5. 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1, 4-benzohydroquinone (TBQ)의 투여로 세포막을 통한 Ca²+농도의 주기적 변동인Ca²+ 의 oscillation이 유발되었는데, 이때 1mM octanol을 투여한 경우에 Ca²+ 농도의 oscillation이 정지하여 역시 gap juncion을 봉쇄하면 TBQ에 의해서 유발된 세포내 Ca²+ 농도의 주기적 변동이 사라지고 Ca²+ 농도의 감소가 나타남을 확인하였다. 6. Gap junction을 봉쇄하는 또 다른 약물인 glycyrrhetinic acid(100μM)도 CCh 자극으로 인한 타액분비를 억제하였다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 gap junction은 흰쥐 악하선 세포로부터의 타액분비 조절에 중요한 역할을 하는 이는 gap junction이 세포막 Ca²+ 통로를 조절함으로써 수용체 자극으로 유발된 세포내 농도 변화에 영향을 미친 결과인 것으로 추측된다. From bacteria to mammalian cells, one of the most important mediators of intracellular signal transduction mechanisms which regulate a variety of intracellular processes is free calcium. In salivary acinar cells, elevation of intracellular calcium concentration ( 〔Ca²+〕 ) is essential for the salivary secretion induced by parasympathetic stimulation. However, in addition to〔Ca²+〕, gap junctions which couple individual cells electrically and chemically have also been reported to regulate enzyme secretion in pancreatic acinar cells. Since the plasma membrane of salivary acinar cells has a high density of gap junctions, and these cells are electrically and chemically coupled with each other, gap junctions may modulate the secretory function of salivary glands. In this reapect, I planned to investigate the role of gap junctions in the modulation of salivary secretion and 〔Ca²+〕 using mandibular salivary glands of rats. In order to measure the salivary flow rate, fluid was collected from the cannulated duct of the isolated perfused rat mandibular glands at 2 min intervals.〔Ca²+〕 was measured form the cells loaded with fura-2 by spectrofluorometry. The results obtained were as follows : 1. CCh-induced salivary secretion was reversibly inhibited by 1 mM octanol, a gap junction blocker. 2. CCh-induced increase in 〔Ca²+ 〕was also reversed by the applocation of 1 mM octanol. 3. Octanol did not block the initial increase in 〔Ca²+〕 caused by CCh, which suggested that the reduction of〔Ca²+〕 caused by gap junction blockade was not resulted from the inhibition of Ca²+ release from intracellular Ca²+ stores. 4. Addition of octanol during stimulation with 1μM thapsigargin, a potent microsomal ATPase inhibitor, reduced 〔Ca²+ 〕to the basal level. This suggested that inhibition of gap junction permeability closed plasma membrane Ca²+ channels. 5. 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1, 4-benzohydroquinone (TBQ) generated 〔Ca²+ 〕oscillations resulting from periodic influx of Ca²+ via plasma membrane. The TBQ-induced〔Ca²+ 〕 oscillations were stopped by the application of 1mM octanol which implicated that gap junctions modulate the permeability of plasma membrane Ca²+ channels. 6. Glycyrrhetinic acid, another well known gap junction blocker, also inhibited CCh-induced salivary secretion from rat mandibular glands. These results suggested that gap junctions play an important role in the modulation of fluid secretion from the fat mandibular glands and this was probably due to the inhibition ofCa²+ influx through the plasma membrane Ca²+ channels.

의미체험과 의미구현의 터전으로서 예술

신승환 가톨릭대학교 인간학연구소 2000 인간연구 Vol.- No.1

펄스 간격ㆍ폭 변조 SYSTEM의 신호대 잡음비에 대한 고찰

林承雨 忠州大學校 1986 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.20 No.1

Pulse analog modulation system such as Pulse Interval Width Modulation (PIWM) is being developed optical communication. Pulse analog modulation needs wide transmission bandwidth, so this method needs to narrow a bandwidth. In this study, signal to noise ratio of the first PIWM is analyzed and analysis model of transmission system is indicated.

豫算改革에 관한 硏究

朴昇植 동국대학교 대학원 1988 大學院硏究論集-東國大學校 大學院 Vol.18 No.-

This study is primarily aimed at examining at public budget system, the budget decision theory, the meaning, problems and directions of budget reform. It is common knowledge that all the activities of a nation and the implementation of its policy always call for financial resources, and that what secures such financial resources is the budget. Because of this, the budget can be compared to the blood of government, and it is also considered to be a financial reflection of what the goverment wishes to achieve or intends. As the budget is generally a scheduled caIculation of revenue and expenditure necessary for the activities of government for a given period of time, the National Assemb1y grants 1ts f1nancial power to the government. It is true that the budget was Introduced with the formation of parliamentary system, its conception has much changed. Traditiona1 budget system is considered as a means by which the National Assembly controls the administration. However, the need for the effective operation of public budget and the economic function of government have come to place greater emphasis on the administrative control, financial policy, and the al1ocation of financia1 resources. With this change, the function of public budget has become diversified, and the budget system has been reformed and improved. It is to be noted that the budget essentially seeks both politicaland economic values. It must be understood, however, that provided that the function of a political system is to decide national goals and seek the way to attain them, it is almost impossible for the budget to get out of a political character. But when financial resources are extremely limited, the need for rational budget decision will be more acutely fe1t. The method of budget decision can be classified into pure rational approach, incrementalism, and limited rational approach. The standard budget reform accounts for a budget decision made by pure rational approach, an approach designed to correct the defects caused by the conventional budget system. The budget reform is aimed to make a desirable budget decision, and it is also an improvement enabling the budget preparation by government and the budget approval by the National Assembly to achieve the government's established goals and at the same time win the support from the people. The most effective and desirable budget decision can be made through such combination of factors as reliable and adequate information, timely and accurate reporting, careful record-keeping, the ability to forecast costs and trends, and skilled staff. However, as the information necessary for a desirable budget decision is closely related with environmental features, it is often very hard to expect any good budget reform without extensive environmental changes the budget hopes for. In this study I wish to suggest the directions for an effective and practicable budget reform, though the budget reform calls for an improvement in the method of budget decision. 1) The budget reform should be planned on the basis of historical, political, and administrative circumstances. Its efforts should be made to develop means of budgeting which are not simple copies of those used in developed countries. 2) To rationalize the budget decision, as the essence of budget reform, an effort should be made to materialize the result of budget. 3) Under the budget system cornro1led and operated by staff, the responsibility on the part of staff will be e1evate, while his ability should be properly estlmated. 4) Importance should be attached to eliminating any waste or misuse of the course of executing the budget. 5) The settlement of accounts should be stressed, and an effort should be made to improve the problems resulting from the course. 6) There should be an overall auditing by the Board of Audit and Inspection, and the operation of budget should be rationalized through the self and internal control. 7) It is desirable that the mid-and long-term financial plan be made and that the budget be compiled in accordance with the financial program. Such budget reform cannot be expected to be successful without top management's intention to reform the budget, the positive participation of government officials in charge of budget, and technical know1edge pertaining to the parliamentary budget deliberation. When constant and practical studies on budget reform are made by budget specialists or scholars, the budget will be reformed gradually on the budget process. Finally, I can only hope that future students of budget reform may derive some little help from my works. And it is my earnest desire to thank the writers for the invaluable information and suggestions accorded to me in this study.

진리이해의 지평으로서 예술 : a Horizon for the Understanding of Truth

신승환 가톨릭대학교 인문과학연구소 1998 人文科學硏究 Vol.- No.3

디지털 혁명과 문화의 변화

신승환 가톨릭대학교 인문과학연구소 1999 人文科學硏究 Vol.- No.4

As I Lay Dying : 삶은 죽음을 딛고

梁承佑 한국영어교육연구학회 1998 영어교육연구 Vol.- No.18

In almost all of the Yoknapatawpha novels, William Faulkner mainly depicts the violence and destruction of the post-Civil War South. While Faulkner certainly describes the wasteland of man's life, he also balances such a view with themes emphasizing comic hopefulness. Faulkner struggles to show a vision of man that includes comic as well as tragic implication. So Faulkner's fictional world is best understood as the dualistic point of view, which is often manifested into comic and tragic modalities. This suggests that he tries to find a means for incorporating both perspectives. As I Lay Dying deals with the Bundren family's preparations for and enactment of the funeral journey to Jefferson to bury Addie Bundren. It consists of fifty-nine sections narrated by fifteen narrators. Each section is controlled by a single narrator who exposes himself by his telling of the story. As the story exhibits the pathos of the Bundrens, the novel is pathetic rather than tragic. Some faint sense of hope is there in its expression of the right attitude to life. When we focus on dualistic problems Faulkner deals with, we see the tragic aspect of each problem balanced by some form of comic hopefulness. Especially Faulkner often provides a comic balance, a character in whom we can place our confidence for man's survival. Faulkner does not fail to express a fundamental faith in mankind. As Faulkner spoke, in his Nobel speech, of man's ability not only to endure but also to prevail, we can be assured that man's inexhaustible voice bases Faulkner's comic vision.