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( Sohyun Park ),( Stephen Onufrak ),( Cara Wilking ),( Angie Cradock ) 한국임상영양학회 2018 Clinical Nutrition Research Vol.7 No.2
We examined community-level characteristics associated with free drinking water access policies in U.S. municipalities using data from a nationally representative survey of city managers/officials from 2,029 local governments in 2014. Outcomes were 4 free drinking water access policies. Explanatory measures were population size, rural/urban status, census region, poverty prevalence, education, and racial/ethnic composition. We used multivariable logistic regression to test differences and presented only significant findings. Many (56.3%) local governments had at least one community plan with a written objective to provide free drinking water in outdoor areas; municipalities in the Northeast and South regions and municipalities with ≤ 50% of non-Hispanic whites were less likely and municipalities with larger population size were more likely to have a plan. About 59% had polices/budget provisions for free drinking water in parks/outdoor recreation areas; municipalities in the Northeast and South regions were less likely and municipalities with larger population size were more likely to have it. Only 9.3% provided development incentives for placing drinking fountains in outdoor, publicly accessible areas; municipalities with larger population size were more likely to have it. Only 7.7% had a municipal plumbing code with a drinking fountain standard that differed from the statewide plumbing code; municipalities with a lower proportion of non-Hispanic whites were more likely to have it. In conclusion, over half of municipalities had written plans or a provision for providing free drinking water in parks, but providing development incentives or having a local plumbing code provision were rare.
Ahn, Sohyun,Park, Kwangwoo,Kim, Jinsung,Lee, Ho,Yoon, Jeongmin,Lee, Eungman,Park, Sohyun,Park, Jeongeun,Kim, Juhye,Keum, Ki Chang Korean Society of Medical Physics 2016 의학물리 Vol.27 No.4
Generally, it is recommended that the dosimetric effect of carbon fiber couch should be considered especially for an intensity-modulated therapy with a large portion of monitor units from posterior angles. Even a flattening filter free (FFF) beam has been used for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), the effect of carbon fiber couch for FFF beam is not well known. This work is an effort to evaluate the dosimetric effect of carbon fiber couch for flattened and FFF beam of Elekta linac empirically. The absorbed doses were measured with Farmer type chamber and water-equivalent phantoms with and without couch. And differences of the absorbed doses between with and without couch defined as "couch effect". By comparing calculated dose in treatment planning system (TPS) with measured dose, the optimal density of couch was evaluated. Finally, differences on patient's skin dose and target dose by couch were evaluated in TPS. As a result, the couch effect for 6 and 10 MV flattened beam were -2.71% and -2.32%, respectively. These values were agreed with provided data by vendor within 0.5%. The couch effect for 6 and 10 MV FFF beam were -3.75% and -2.80%, respectively. The patient's skin dose was increased as 18.6% and target dose was decreased as 0.87%, respectively. It was realized that the couch effect of FFF beam was more severe than that of flattened beam. Patient's skin dose and target dose were changed by the couch effect.
Association of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake during Infancy with Dental Caries in 6-year-olds
( Sohyun Park ),( Mei Lin ),( Stephen Onufrak ),( Ruowei Li ) 한국임상영양학회 2015 Clinical Nutrition Research Vol.4 No.1
To examine whether sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake during infancy is associated with dental caries by age 6, a longitudinal analysis of 1,274 U.S. children was conducted using data from the 2005.2007 Infant Feeding Practices Study II and the 2012 Follow-up Study at 6 years of age. The exposure variables were maternal-reported SSB intakes during infancy (i.e., any SSB intake during infancy, age at SSB introduction during infancy, and average frequency of SSB intake during 10.12 months of age). The outcome variable was maternal-reported dental caries of their 6-year-old in his/her lifetime. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for associations of SSB intake during infancy with having dental caries among 6-year-olds after controlling for baseline characteristics of children and mothers and child’s tooth brushing habits and sweet food intake at follow-up. Based on maternal recall, almost 40% of 6-year-olds had dental caries in their lifetime. Adjusted odds of having dental caries was significantly associated with higher frequency of SSB intake during 10.12 months (aOR=1.83 for ≥3 times/week, vs. none). Any SSB intake during infancy and age at SSB introduction during infancy were not associated with dental caries. In conclusion, frequent SSB intake during 10.12 months of age significantly increased the likelihood of having dental caries among 6-year-olds. Late infancy may be an important time for mothers to establish healthy beverage practices for their children. These findings can be used to inform efforts to reduce dental caries among children.
Sohyun Park 한국식품영양과학회 2021 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2021 No.10
It has been shown that the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) is positively associated with dietary quality and various health outcomes in previous studies. Most of the previous studies were published in Western countries. This study aims to analyze the association between UPF consumption and the consumption of key nutrients and some health indicators such as obesity and metabolic syndrome among the Asian population. The food consumption data collected by 24-hour recalls in nationally representative samples from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2018 of 6,308 were analyzed. Participants aged from 20∼69 years of age without major cardiovascular diseases and cancer were used for the final analysis and a total of 3,067 people were analyzed. Foods were categorized into 4 groups according to the degree of process and the NOVA classification suggested by Monteiro in 2019 was used. Microsoft Excel 2019 and Stata 17.0 were used for the analysis. The total mean caloric intakes among 1st and 5th quintiles according to energy contribution of UPFs were 1,813 kcal and 2,371 kcal, respectively. The total sugar consumption amounts were 46.0 g in 1st quintile and 66.6 g in 5th quintile groups. The percentages of energy consumed from sugar were 10.2% and 11.9% in 1st and 5th quintiles, respectively. The percentages of energy consumed from fat were 17.6% and 21.5% in 1st and 5th quintiles, respectively. In terms of sodium and fiber consumption, 1,708.3 mg/1,000 kcal of sodium and 14.4 g/1,000 kcal of fiber were consumed among the 1st quintile group, whereas 1,764.9 mg/1,000 kcal and 10.0 g/1,000 kcal were consumed in 5th quintile group. When examining the associated between obesity and UPFs consumption, it was shown that being in the 5th quintile of UPFs consumption, compared with 1st quintile, was 1.73 times more likely that they are being obese after controlling for age, sex, education level, household income, smoking, drinking and physical activity (95% CI=1.24∼2.42, P=0.001). The results were similar for central obesity (OR=1.74, 95% CI=1.34∼2.26, P<0.000). Being in the 5th quintile of UPFs consumption was also associated with 1.53 times higher risk for having metabolic syndrome (95% CI=1.13∼2.07, P=0.005). It is found that as the level of UPF consumption increases, the risk for being obese and having metabolic syndrome was significantly higher.
Park, Sohyun,Kwon, Kwang-il,Kweon, Soon Ju,Wang, Youfa,Gittelsohn, Joel The Korean Nutrition Society 2017 Nutrition research and practice Vol.11 No.5
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The role of a school's nutrition environment in explaining students' eating behaviors and weight status has not been examined in an Asian setting. The purpose of this study was to create a school nutrition environment index and to pilot test the index in elementary and middle schools in urban South Korea. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study used a mixed-methods approach. Environment assessment tools were developed based on formative research, which comprised literature reviews, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. Key elements from the formative research were included in the assessment tool, which consisted of a structured survey questionnaire for school dietitians. Fifteen school dietitians from 7 elementary and 8 middle schools in Seoul completed the questionnaire. RESULTS: The formative research revealed four main sections that guided a summary index to assess a school's nutrition environment: resource availability, education and programs, dietitians' perceptions and characteristics, and school lunch menu. Based on the literature reviews and interviews, an index scoring system was developed. The total possible score from the combined four index sections was 40 points. From the 15 schools participating in the pilot survey, the mean school nutrition-environment index was 22.5 (standard deviation ${\pm}3.2$; range 17-28). The majority of the schools did not offer classroom-based nutrition education or nutrition counseling for students and parents. The popular modes of nutrition education were school websites, posters, and newsletters. CONCLUSIONS: This paper illustrates the process used to develop an instrument to assess a school's nutrition environment. Moreover, it presents the steps used to develop a scoring system for creation of a school nutrition environment index. As pilot testing indicated the total index score has some variation across schools, we suggest applying this instrument in future studies involving a larger number of schools. Future studies with larger samples will allow investigation of the validity and reliability of this newly developed tool.