발생중인 흰쥐 간에서의 Metallothionein 발현에 관한 면역세포화학적 연구

오승한,안영모,신길상,김완종,Oh, Seung-Han,Ahn, Young-Mo,Shin, Kil-Sang,Kim, Wan-Jong 한국현미경학회 2004 Applied microscopy Vol.34 No.3

메탈로사이오닌 (metallothionein: MT)은 시스테인(cysteine)이 다수 포함되어 있고, 저분자량인 단백질로서 중금속이온이나 다양한 세포 독성 인자에 의해 유도되며, 최근 발암과정 (carcinogenesis)이나 혹은 세포분화와 연관하여 활발하게 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구는 흰쥐를 수정시킨 후 발생과정 또는 출생 후 성장과정 단계에서 태아와 신생 흰쥐의 간 조직 및 세포내 MT의 분포 양상을 조사하고자 하였다. 흰쥐 간 조직내 MT의 분포는 면역조직화학적 방법을 적용하여 광학현미경으로 관찰하였고, 세포내 미세구조적 위치 (localization)는 금 입자 표지를 이용한 면역세포화학적 방법을 이용하여 투과전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. MT는 발생 13일이 경과한 흰쥐 태아의 간에서 처음으로 관찰되기 시작하여, 출생 당일의 신생 흰쥐에서 가장 높게 관찰되었다. 면역 조직화학 및 세포화학적 방법으로 관찰한 결과, MT 염색성은 발생 후기에서 출생후 10일째까지 비교적 높게 나타났다. MT에 대한 양성반응은 난형 세포 (oval cell)들과 간 실질세포 (liver parenchymal cell)들에서 뚜렷하게 존재하였다. 발생과정과 신생 흰쥐의 간 조직에서는 핵과 세포질 양쪽에서 공통적으로 양성 반응을 보였으나, 생후 30일 이후부터 성체에 이르는 시기까지는 세포질에 한정되어 있는 양상을 보였다. 금 입자 표지법에 의한 MT의 세포질내 분포를 보면, 발생 중인 흰쥐 간 세포에서는 핵과 세포질내에 고르게 산재되어 있었다. 즉, 핵내 염색질, 인, 조면소포체 및 cytosol에서도 MT에 대한 면역 금 입자들이 관찰되었으나, 미토콘드리아와 지질 소포 등에서는 거의 관찰되지 않았다. 상기의 결과들은 발생중 혹은 성장중인 흰쥐의 간에서 MT가 점차 증가하는 것으로 요약될 수 있는 것으로서, 이는 MT가 세포들의 증식과 분화에 금속 이온의 저장과 방출 혹은 전사인자 (transcription factor)로서 작용할 수 있음을 암시하는 것으로 판단된다. Metallothionein (MT) is a family of ubiquitous, low molecular weight (6-7 kDa), cysteine-rich protein with a high affinity to metal ions and has no aromatic amino acids and histidine. Some of the known functions of MT include detoxification of heavy metals and alkylating agents and neutralization of free radicals. Also, this protein may affect a number of cellular processes including gene expression, apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation. But, its actual functions are still not clear. The present study was undertaken to examine immunocytochemically the localization of MT in developing rat liver. On the day 11 of gestation, the fetal rat liver has already been formed and contained numerous oval cells with high nuclear cytoplasmic ratio, which were the progenitors of hepatic parenchymal cells, but no reaction products of MT were detected at this time. And then, positive reactions against MT started to appear predominantly in the parenchymal cells of liver from the 13th day after gestation. Reaction products, immunogold particles or brown coloration, were localized at both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of the parenchymal cells, except mitochondria. The intensity of this reaction gradually increased, and exhibited the strongest at birth. The intensity of MT staining and immunogold labelling diminished with growth, and by the 15th day after birth weak positive reaction was observed in the cells. In brief, positive reactions for MT were observed in the oval cells and the parenchymal cells during fetal stage, meanwhile they were present only in the parenchymal cells after birth. The present results suggest that MT possibly involves parechymal cell proliferation and differentiation through the storage or the supply of various metal ions in the developing rat liver.

식품ㆍ화장품의 품질경쟁 유인과 소비자선택권 보장을 위한 표시규제 개선 방향

오승한(Seung-han Oh) 한국경제연구원 2014 규제연구 Vol.23 No.1

이 논문은 상품ㆍ서비스 성분 및 특성에 관한 표시규제의 현재 문제점과 그 원인, 입법론적 비교, 문제의 해결을 위한 규제정책의 개선방향을 제시하는 것으로 특히, 식품ㆍ화장품의 원재료 성분표시를 논의의 대상으로 한다. 현재 식품안정처가 관할하는 식품위생법과 화장품법이 규정하는 표시규제는 식품의 경우 상품의 품질을 결정하는 각종 첨가물 등에 대한 표시가 생략되어 합리적 소비자 선택을 방해하고 있는 반면, 화장품 성분표시의 경우 전성분 표시제도를 운영하고 있음에도 표시방법의 규제가 적절하지 못하여 표시정보가 실제 합리적 소비자 선택에 영향을 미치지 못하고 소비자의 무관심만을 초래하고 있다. 이와 같은 문제점은 결국 소비자들이 안전한 성분을 사용한 실제 품질 좋은 상품 보다는, 막연한 상품과 사업자에 대한 신뢰만으로 상품을 선택하게 만들어, 브랜드 이미지가 강한 몇몇 대규모 사업자들이 독과점 시장을 계속 지배할 수 있도록 만드는 결과를 야기한다. 이 논문에서는 상품의 표시정보가 실제 소비자의 합리적 선택에 활용될 수 있도록 식품ㆍ화장품 성분정보를 원칙적으로 모두 공개하고, 그 표시 방법을 개선하여 소비자들이 쉽게 상품간 내용성분을 비교할 수 있도록 소비자의 선호도 및 성분의 위험여부와 안전도 등을 기준으로 일정한 분류표시가 필요함을 논증하였다. 특히, 이 논문은 실제 상품 성분표시를 소비자의 이해도와 인지성을 높이기 위한 방법으로 변경하여 이것이 소비자 선택에 미치는 영향을 조사하였고, 실제 상품성분 표시의 변경은 소비자의 선택에 유의미한 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 검증하였다. The focus of this article is about the importance of the function of product labels, especially in the ingredient labels of food and cosmetic, on which consumers depend in deciding whether to buy it. In modern economy society, the information in the labeling of a tangible goods and intangible services is critical for consumers to choose the stocks they want to buy. The reason why the consumers more depend on the labeling will be subject to several reasons, such as; 1) the change of the types of goods which have so much functions that the buyers cannot catch the whole real quality of those stocks in an instant, 2) businesses are tend to use the strategy to prevent their consumer from accessing to their rivals. It is the problem of 'experience goods and credence goods'. Because the consumer sovereignty and social welfare requires guaranteeing consumers' right of choice and in this context, despite the strong competition policy in Korea, the deceptive labeling could lead consumer to choose inefficient goods unreasonably. As a result, despite the widen scope of consumers' choice by the competition policy, the consumer sovereignty by allowing consumers to choose products and services reasonably, which they really want, cannot be enlarged. In many Korean administrative law, the stipulations of labeling contents are not enough to guarantee the consumers' right of choice because the requirement of ingredient in food is quite limited and allows exemption of some food additives, and the requirement of showing all ingredients of cosmetic goods without any classification causes the consumers' indifference to the indication. For this reason, the current regulations for the labeling contents and methods need to be revised to assure consumer's right of choice by requiring the labeling contents to be assorted based on the hazard of the contents or any characteristics of the ingredients. For this reason, current inefficient labelling regulations for food and cosmetic goods should remove the limitation of food ingredient information and adopt more efficient methods to show the ingredients of cosmetic products, enabling the consumer to compare the content of a product against the others.

법학전문대학원 현장학습과정(Externship Programs)의 기본요건과 효율적 운영을 위한 연구

오승한(Oh, Seung-Han) 성균관대학교 법학연구소 2011 성균관법학 Vol.23 No.2

Recently, Korean Law Schools set sail to navigate. The new Korean Law School System adopts the new curriculum of practice courses, in particular, clinical programs including externships, which old Korean Law department system had never experienced. The new practice classes like the externship programs have been supposed to increase practice skills, professionalism, and institutional critique. In reality, most of Korean law schools have been depending on the work places like law firms, courts, and government agencies for designing the field placement programs. Even though the most efficient practice class would be in-house clinic, Korean law society and the regulation for the practice do not allow the law school students to be temporary attorney in courts before graduation of law School. In reality, the in-house clinics cannot be the possible option for Korean law school until now. However, the externship programs(field placement programs) could be the efficient substitution for the in-house clinic. Exploring lawyering roles and institutional critique by the externship programs would encourage and support the efficiency of the new Korean law school practice education. With the well-designed field placement programs, students may develop professional responsibility and could have responsible relations with clients, to providing pro bono services.

지적재산권 라이센스의 배타적 조건에 대한 독점금지법의 위법성 판단 - 독점금지법의 동태적 효율성 분석을 중심으로 : 지적재산권 라이센스의 배타적 조건에 대한 독점금지법의 위법성 판단

오승한(Seung-Han Oh) 한국비교사법학회 2006 비교사법 Vol.13 No.1

This thesis will show how to analyze intellectual property (hereinafter ""IP"") proprietors" exclusive IP exercise under antitrust analysis, which is supposed to prevent the IP right causing anticompetitive effect in a relevant market from being enforced. Based on a previously published thesis showing the ultimate purpose of IP law by the concept of ""dynamic efficiency"", thereby identifying three major IP policies designed to achieve the purpose, this thesis is derived to illuminate the role of antitrust law to determine explosive IP exercise. Antitrust law hasbeen used as the legal limitation for the exploitative IP licensing practices because contract law would be reluctant to intervene in voluntary agreed legal terms despite their restrictive characteristics. However, appropriate limitation for applying antitrust law to IP exercise has been discussed. Considering the independent purpose and policies of IP law, both bodies of laws are understood to partially overlap with each other, but each law has own itsdistinctive purpose and policies; while antitrust law focuses on allocative efficiency, IP law emphasizes dynamic efficiency. For this reason, allowing antitrust law to be applied to IP restrictive practices may still cause the interface problem between IP law and antitrust law. That interface problem should be circumvented in antitrust analysis by considering the necessity of granting private reward protected by the IP reward policy in analyzing the restraint"s effect against allocative efficiency. In conclusion, the legal IP excludability justified by IP policies may be the critical tool of IP laws to promote more competition and dynamic efficiency in the future despite its anticompetitive effect temporarily decreasing allocative efficiency in the present. Some IP restraints allowed by IP laws to incentivise innovative projects ultimately may contribute to increasing the possibility of potential competitors" entry into the innovation market because, otherwise, som e critical developm ents of technologies would not have been made and consumers could not have had any choices to benefit them. In antitrust analysis, such contribution could be determined as one of the important procompetitive effects for a justification to reverse the presumptive illegality of exclusive IP exercise by an IP proprietor. Therefore, the necessity of granting private reward protected by the IP reward policy should be considered in analyzing the restraint"s effect against allocative efficiency under antitrust law. If this is done, the conflict problem between IP law and antitrust law may be avoided appropriately.

미국 경쟁당국의 특허권 행상에 대한 경쟁법 집행 사례

오승한(Oh Seung Han) 행정법이론실무학회 2007 행정법연구 Vol.- No.18

This thesis is reviewing a dispute surrounding Qualcomm's alleged illegal and anti-competitive conduct in the markets for the third cell phone technology(3G) named Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (“WCDMA”) and chipsets implementing the third generation technology employing the Universal Mobile Telephone System [UMTS]. According to the complaint brought an action against Qualcomm by a plaintiff (Broadcom), Qualcomm induced the relevant SDO to adopt a 3G standard, WCDMA, that incorporates Qualcomm's patents by promising to license the patents on FRAND terms. Broadcom asserted that the relevant SDO only adopted the UMTS standard, implementing WCDMA, after Qualcomm agreed to license its WCDMA technology on FRAND terms. On the other side, Broadcom has developed UMTS chipsets that would compete with the UMTS chipsets manufactured by Qualcomm. Qualcomm holds patents for WCDMA technology that are essential to the UMTS standard, controlling the rights to the patents necessary for Broadcom to manufacture UMTS chipsets. Broadcom alleged that it has tried to get a license from Qualcomm for the use of the patents essential to UMTS standard employed in its chipsets, but has been refused to get the license to use the patents on FRAND terms. For this reason, the plaintiff alleges that Qualcomm has used unlawful and discriminatory licensing practices to (1) undermine competition, (2) monopolize the WCDMA technology market, and (3) attempt to monopolize the market for UMTS chipsets. In this case, the Federal district court in New Jersey dismissed the complaint brought by Broadcom. The Court assumes that there is no competition in the WCDMA technology market because of SDO's standard-setting process. In this situation, Qualcomm's conduct did not cause injury to competition, rather than it is the natural consequence of the standard-setting process. However, the Court's decision is not enough to show requirements determining whether a patent proprietor's licensing practices would be anticompetitive. In this thesis, some situations making the patent proprietor's licensing practices illegal will be discussed and suggested.

배타조건부 거래를 포함하는 시장선점.봉쇄전략에 대한 단계별 위법성 판단절차

오승한(Seung-Han Oh) 한국비교사법학회 2010 比較私法 Vol.17 No.4

In antitrust policy, one of troublesome recurring problems is to determine whether the strategy including the exclusive dealing contract between purchasers and suppliers for the sale or purchase of goods or rights to exclude competitors is illegal. Sometimes, the decline of the influential competitors could be natural result of competition. However, the downfall of rivals could also be responsible for the vertical agreements or technical integration to harm competition by market blockade. For this reason, the standards for scrutiny to decide the illegal anticompetitive strategy have been suggested to perform the anticompetitive policy efficiently. In the U.S., federal courts and agencies have tried to replace the effects-balancing test that is the old version of the rule of reason test, with the structured rule of reason, which is conceived for allocating burdens of production and proof. This Article deals the new test method placing stress on the importance of an appropriate framework that structures the analysis. This new analysis will divide the steps of the whole process and allocate burdens of production and proof in litigation.

과학기술위성 3호 S-대역 송신기 비행모델 설계, 제작 및 시험

오승한(Seung-Han Oh),서규재(Gyu-Jae Seo),이정수(Jung-Soo Lee),오치욱(Chi-Wook Oh),박홍영(Hong-Young Park) 한국항공우주학회 2011 韓國航空宇宙學會誌 Vol.39 No.6

본 논문에서는 현재 KAIST 인공위성연구센터(SaTReC)에서 개발 진행 증인 과학기술위성3호(STSAT-3) 위성체의 위성 상태정보 전송을 위한 S-대역 송신기 비행모델 개발 및 시험에 관하여 서술하고 있다. STSAT-3의 통신시스템은 크게 상태정보, 명령 송수신을 위한 통신채널과 임무데이터 전송을 위한 통신채널로 구성되며 상태 정보 및 명령 송수신을 위하여 S-대역을 사용하며 임무데이터 전송용으로 χ-대역 주파수를 사용하고 있다. S-대역 송신기(S-band Transmitte, STX)는 기능적으로 변조기, 주파수 합성기, 파워 앰프 및 전력공급기 로 구성되어 제작되었다. 전송데이터 변조 방법으로는 주파수 천이방식 (Frequency Shift Keying, FSK)을 사용 하며 위생본체와의 데이터 통신은 표준방식인 RS-422통신 방식을 사용하였다. STSAT-3의 STX는 기능적 모듈화에 근거하여 설계 및 제작 되었으며 1.5W(31.7㏈m) 송신 출력에 1X10?? 비트오율(BER) 성능을 만족한다. STX 비행모델은 성능시험, 환경시험(진동시험, 열진공시험)을 성공적으로 마치고 위성체 조립단계에 납품되었다. This paper describes the development and test result of S-band Transmitter flight model(FM) of STSAT-3 by satellite research center(SaTReC), KAIST. The communication sub-system of STSAT-3 is consist of two different frequency band channels, S-band for Telemetry & Command and X-band for mission data. S-band Transmitter(STX) functionally made of modulator, frequency synthesizer, power amp and DC/DC converter. The transmission data is modulated by FSK(Frequency Shift Keying) and the interface between spacecraft sub-module and STX is RS-422 standard method. The FM STX is based on modular design. The RF output power of STX is 1.5W(31.7㏈m) and BER of STX is under 1X10?? which meets the specification respectively. The FM STX is delivered Spacecraft Assembly, Integration and Test(AIT) level through the completion of functional Test and environmental(vibration, thermal vacuum) Test successfully.

FPGA를 이용한 위성탑재용 FSK 모뎀 개발에 관한 연구

오승한(Oh Seung Han),오대수(Oh Dae Soo),오치욱(Oh Chi Wook) 한국통신학회 2005 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2005 No.11

부당한 공동행위의 법릴 및 관련 제도의 발전 동향 : 독점규제법상 공동행위에 대한 위법성 판단 방법의 문제

오승한 ( Seung Han Oh ) 韓國競爭法學會 2009 競爭法硏究 Vol.20 No.-

In traditional antitrust principles, most of collaborations affecting price construction have been concluded `per se illegal`. Per se illegal categorization means that some category of activity can be condemned without determining whether it is unreasonable and has any competitive justifications. Thus, per se status has also been understood to permit condemnation of restraints (i) without need to demonstrate market power or anticompetitive effects or (ii) without need to consider a defendant`s justifications. These latter formulations warrant particular attention. The first relieves plaintiff of the burden of proving actual or probable anticompetitive effects. In contrast, the second deprives defendant of the ability to overcome plaintiff`s prima facie showing of competitive harm. Nowadays the necessity for collaborating between competitors, however, has increased with view to sharing financial risk, appropriating fund of research and investment in new technology. Consequently, a wide variety of organizational forms have been made in the world. However, there are frequently ancillary restraints associated with joint activity, which restrict individual firm conduct outside of joint ventures. Where it is only ancillary restraints for the procompetitive benefits, this restriction may be acknowledged reasonable. KFTC also adopted the ancillary restraint theory into the Guideline for Collaboration between Competitors in 2002. Under this ancillary restraint theory, even if classical restraints in which per se rule was applied are estimated to be illegal, but it is not affirmative. If defendant proves procompetitive justifications, the restraint shall be evaluated in detail. Therefore, in first step to investigate the naked restraints, courts and the agency (KFTC) should evaluate the procompetitive justifications without requiring market power analysis in order to decide illegally of the ancillary restraint efficiently. Following the process of the collaboration guideline, analysis of ancillary restraints must be performed so quickly that do not place the burden to prove anticompetitive effect on private plaintiffs.

차세대소형위성2호 주탑재체용 제어기 개발 모델 설계

오승한(Seung Han Oh),김세연(Se Yon Kim),이종주(Jong Ju Lee),신구환(Goo Hwan Shin) 한국항공우주학회 2018 한국항공우주학회 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.2018 No.11