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- 저자 : Seok Chai (검색결과 346 건)
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Chai, Geun Seok,Yu, Jong-Sung Royal Society of Chemistry 2009 Journal of materials chemistry Vol.19 No.37
<P>PtRuCoW quaternary alloy system is explored by a robotic dispenser and combinatorial optical screening method, and some active quaternary electrocatalysts are discovered for methanol oxidation in DMFC. The newly developed PtRuCoW catalysts exhibit superior electrochemical catalytic activity and better electrochemical stability toward methanol oxidation than Pt<SUB>50</SUB>–Ru<SUB>50</SUB> binary alloy. A catalyst with Pt<SUB>43</SUB>Ru<SUB>33</SUB>Co<SUB>14</SUB>W<SUB>10</SUB> composition is the most active, demonstrating an enhancement in the activity of <I>ca.</I> 40 ∼ 70% compared with the commercial binary Pt<SUB>50</SUB>–Ru<SUB>50</SUB> E-TEK catalyst. The enhancement of catalytic activity can be explained by bifunctional mechanism, electronic effect, redox process and cooperative synergic effects of added Co and W metals.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Pt–Ru–Co–W quaternary anode catalysts discovered by combinatorial analysis exhibit superior electrochemical catalytic activity toward methanol electro-oxidation. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=b823053f'> </P>
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Chai, Hui-Seok,Kang, Byoung-Wook,Kim, Jin-Seok,Kim, Jae-Chul The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2015 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.10 No.6
In the power plant using high temperature fuel cells such as Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell(MCFC), and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell(SOFC), the generated electric power per area of power generation facilities is much higher than any other renewable energy sources. - High temperature fuel cell systems are capable of operating at MW rated power output. - It also has a feature that is short for length of the line for connecting the interior of the generation facilities. In normal condition, these points are advantages for voltage drops or power losses. However, in abnormal condition such as fault occurrence in electrical system, the fault currents are increased, because of the small impedance of the short length of power cable. Commonly, to minimize the thermal-mechanical stresses on the stack and increase the systems reliability, we divided the power plant configuration to several banks for parallel operation. However, when a fault occurs in the parallel operation system of power main transformer, the fault currents might exceed the interruption capacity of protective devices. In fact, although the internal voltage level of the fuel cell power plant is the voltage level of distribution systems, we should install the circuit breakers for transmission systems due to fault current. To resolve these problems, the SFCL has been studied as one of the noticeable devices. Therefore, we analyzed the effect of application of the SFCL on bus tie in a fuel cell power plants system using PSCAD/EMTDC.
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Seok Chai,Dong-Ryul Sohn 대한생리학회-대한약리학회 1998 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.2 No.5
<P> To assess the relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism and myocardial infarction in Koreans, we recruited 112 healthy, unrelated subjects (mean age 53.4 years) and 104 myocardial infarction survivors (mean age 54.2 years) of both sexes. An insertion/deletion (<I>I/D</I>) polymorphism of the ACE gene was typed by polymerase chain reaction. The <I>I</I> allelic frequency of ACE gene in Korean subjects was irrelavant to myocardial infarction (patients, 65%; control subjects 66%), as was true with the <I>D</I> allele. When compared with other populations, the frequency of <I>D</I> allele in Koreans (0.34) was lower than that in Caucasians, and was close to that of other Oriental populations. The data suggest that the ACE gene polymorphism is not an independent genetic risk factor for myocardial infarction in Koreans.
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채웅석(Chai Oong-Seok) 한국사연구회 2005 한국사연구 Vol.131 No.-
Conscription was used as a form of punishment, with criminals forced to conduct military duties such as suchol (border guards), pongjol (sentinels at signal fire stations), and sukun (sailors). Conversely, requisition was used to punish criminals by having them carry out specific forms of corve labor. Conscription was introduced as part of the restructuring of the military system that took place following the end of the period of Yuan intervention, a period which saw comprehensive efforts be made to develop measures to defend the country from Japanese marauders. Meanwhile, requisition was implemented in large part because of the growing need for people to carry out various types of physical labor such as y?ngni (驛吏), mokcha (牧子), and changsu (杖首) following the alteration of the corve labor system during the middle period of Kory?. As such, these two penalties, which emerged during the middle and late periods of Kory? and were in large part the result of the societal changes that took place during this period, were eventually included in the legal code as justified punishments during the early period of Chos?n. Conscription and requisition were considered to be a rather lenient type of penalty, and were not included in the so-called five-penalty system which existed during the Kory? period. These penalties were perceived as lying somewhere between death and exile in terms of their severity, Culprits were sentenced for an indefinite period, with no hope of an early amnesty. Moreover, these two penalties simultaneously carried with them the stigma of imprisonment as well as the degradation of ones social status. As such, the authorities were able to use these two punishments to meet the growing need for corve labor, while also ensuring that the culprits would be all but exiled from society and suffer a drop in status. From the standpoint of the history of the legal system, the introduction of conscription and requisition as punishments can be said to have been influenced by the legal systems of the Song and Yuan dynasties. In particular, the idea of using conscription as a punishment was taken directly from the Yuan dynastys legal system. However, this does not mean that Kory? adopted the Chinese legal system as a whole. While exile was regarded as being the equivalent of conscription during the Yuan dynasty, exile and conscription existed as separate punishments in Kory?. Moreover, as Kory?'s legal system contained unique punishments, such as chapch'?k (雜尺), requisition, while being somewhat influenced by the Yuan legal system, was in essence based on traditional Korean punishments.
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蔡雄錫(Chai Oong-Seok) 역사학회 2002 역사학보 Vol.173 No.-
In the 14th~15th century. Maehyang, the religious basis of which stemmed from the Maitreya faith, was prevalent along the coastal areas of the Korean peninsula. This paper aims to explore the social historical meaning of Maehyang by analyzing 16 monuments that have been found until now. In the late period of Koryeo dynasty, Jsy?nclion prospered and new villages were formed due to the increase of agricultural productivity and the exploration of the low-wet lands of the coastal areas. This change called for the new local community orders. On the coastal lands. agricultural reclamations took place and Nongjang management was expanded. As the So system became powerless, the conditions of salt production and fishery underwent substantial changes. Massive migration and frequent foreign invasions created serious problems. Under these circumstances. people began to have a strong desire for peaceful settlement in their local community with a strong solidarity among themselves. People living on the coastal lands did Maehyang together, convening at a place close to their communities. They prayed to Maitreya for salvation and the coming of Yonghwasegye. They prayed for the safety and development of their community and the dynasty. Their prayers were not only concerned about such matters as foreign invasions. diseases. and natural disasters. but also about the salvation from the sufferings caused by the expansion of the private domains with the collapse of their communal solidarity. These prayers were a reflection of the people's will to overcome such sufferings. They were able to solidify their tie and unity as one coastal community through a new religious life with a community rite, Maehyang. It is noticeable that Hvsnsli did not participate in the organization for Maehyang. The local officials or the military Yuhyang-pumgwans or the wealthy men played the pivotal roles in the organization. The active participation by the people in the village is also noteworthy. It should be also noted that there appeared the cases of Maehyang being done in the scale of Jeyonchon even with a great deal of regional variation in terms of its scale. All these distinctive features reflect the changes of the local society during that period.
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