Transcending Gender Roles in the Domestic Realm

Shanthi Thambiah,Rokiah Talib 숙명여자대학교 아시아여성연구원 1999 Asian Women Vol.9 No.-

Failing Women

Shanthi Dairiam 동아시아재단 2011 Global Asia Vol.6 No.3

Transcending Gender Roles in the Domestics Realm : Some Emering Trends among Malaysian Families

Shanthi Thambiah,Rokiah Talib 숙명여자대학교 아세아여성문제연구소 1999 Asian Women Vol.9 No.-

We conclude by looking at the implications of these findings for Malaysian families in the context of greater participation of women in the work force. Under the Seventh Malaysian Plan the government plans to provide a more favourable working environment for women to ensure their greater participation in the workforce, in wiew of the labour shortage. The private sector, the largest employer of women, will be encouraged to implement women-sensitive policies such as flexible working hours, day care centres and transportation facilities between the home and place of work (The star May 7, 1996).

The Productive and Non-(Re) productive Women: Sites of Economic Growth in Malaysia

Shanthi Thambiah 숙명여자대학교 아시아여성연구원 2010 Asian Women Vol.26 No.2

This paper is a critical revisit of the New Economic Policy and the New Population Policy of Malaysia. It attempts to inspect how a woman’s body (fertility) and her labor has been the site or location from which the economic growth of the country was dependent on but has never been recognized. The paper examines women’s contribution in the economy and their contribution to the economic growth of Malaysia. These contributions and changes were plotted against the changes in the policy domain with a focus on the New Economic Policy (NEP) and the New Population Policy (NPP) to see if there was any relationship between them. The paper also discusses that women have not always responded in line with policy calls especially in relation to their fertility but they have contributed significantly in the structural changes of the Malaysian economy. These responses are examined as a form of gender struggle within a fragmented and contradictory policy domain and within the context of very little gender equity/equality concerns in society and the policy domain. How these responses contributed in real terms to economic development and the overall growth of the country but with insignificant distributive effect for women contrary to the New Economic Policy’s claim is critically analyzed in this paper.

FITTED MESH METHOD FOR SINGULARLY PERTURBED REACTION-CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS WITH BOUNDARY AND INTERIOR LAYERS

Shanthi, V.,Ramanujam, N.,Natesan, S. 한국전산응용수학회 2006 Journal of applied mathematics & informatics Vol.22 No.1

A robust numerical method for a singularly perturbed second-order ordinary differential equation having two parameters with a discontinuous source term is presented in this article. Theoretical bounds are derived for the derivatives of the solution and its smooth and singular components. An appropriate piecewise uniform mesh is constructed, and classical upwind finite difference schemes are used on this mesh to obtain the discrete system of equations. Parameter-uniform error bounds for the numerical approximations are established. Numerical results are provided to illustrate the convergence of the numerical approximations.

Power analysis attack resilient block cipher implementation based on 1-of-4 data encoding

Shanmugham, Shanthi Rekha,Paramasivam, Saravanan Electronics and Telecommunications Research Instit 2021 ETRI Journal Vol.43 No.4

Side-channel attacks pose an inevitable challenge to the implementation of cryptographic algorithms, and it is important to mitigate them. This work identifies a novel data encoding technique based on 1-of-4 codes to resist differential power analysis attacks, which is the most investigated category of side-channel attacks. The four code words of the 1-of-4 codes, namely (0001, 0010, 1000, and 0100), are split into two sets: set-0 and set-1. Using a select signal, the data processed in hardware is switched between the two encoding sets alternately such that the Hamming weight and Hamming distance are equalized. As a case study, the proposed technique is validated for the NIST standard AES-128 cipher. The proposed technique resists differential power analysis performed using statistical methods, namely correlation, mutual information, difference of means, and Welch's t-test based on the Hamming weight and distance models. The experimental results show that the proposed countermeasure has an area overhead of 2.3× with no performance degradation comparatively.

Household Formation and Egalitarian Gender Relations among the Bhuker of Central Borneo

Thambiah, Shanthi Ewha Womans University Press 1997 Asian Journal of Women's Studies(AJWS) Vol.3 No.3

This paper explores the role played by Bhuket women in the formation of the household. I attempt to show that in this society, the household as it is commonly understood, does not exist. Having been a very mobile hunting and gathering people, the notion of a living arrangement is non-concrete and fluid among the Bhuket. I have examined the concept of the household as emerging from the concept kajan, which refers to a space shared by a group of individuals. Processes are at work for the inception of the household because the provision of daily subsistence of people is increasingly being kept within the confines of the kajan. However, the continued lack of rigidity in their living arrangements and an absence of power differentials in the context of marital and kinship relationships have led to the persistence of egalitarian gender relations among the Bhuket.

Decadal Variability of Satellite-Derived Air–Sea CO2 Flux in Southwestern Part of the Bay of Bengal

Ramalingam Shanthi,Durairaj Poornima,Thirunavukarasu Thangaradjou,Ayyappan Saravanakumar,Saroj B. Choudhury,Rajdeep Roy 한국해양과학기술원 2022 Ocean science journal Vol.57 No.2

Understanding the relationship between atmospheric and oceanic carbon cycles necessitates measuring geographical and temporal variations of surface water partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2). The seasonal pCO2 maps have been developed using MODIS-derived SST and chlorophyll for four different seasons to calculate air–sea flux of CO2 at basin scale. Summer in 2017 had the lowest pCO2 value (263 µatm), whereas monsoon season in 2016 had the highest (553 µatm). From 2010 to 2019, atmospheric pCO2 level fluctuated from 371 to 396 µatm with progressive growth of atmospheric pCO2 at 2.5 μatm year−1. The inter-annual CO2 flux ranged between − 3.58 and 3.64 mmol C m−2 day−1. Significant negative CO2 flux (− 3.58 mmol C m−2 day−1) was observed in 2015 premonsoon, indicating that the Bay of Bengal was a net sink for atmospheric CO2, while served as a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere in 2013 monsoon season with a significant positive flux of CO2 (3.64 mmol C m−2 day−1) to the atmosphere. The annual CO2 sink was active in 2015 (− 1.17 mmol C m−2 day−1) which showed increased trend from 2014 to 2018 with a range of − 1.17 to − 0.26 mmol C m−2 day−1. The Bay of Bengal was found to be a substantial CO2 contributor to the atmosphere in 2013 (3.64 mmol C m−2 day−1) and 2012 (3.27 mmol C m−2 day−1). In this context, the southwest Bay of Bengal serves as a net sink of atmospheric pCO2 during summer season on an annual scale, and a weak sink during postmonsoon and premonsoon seasons, while served as a strong source of CO2 to the atmosphere during monsoon season from 2010 to 2019 with super saturation of CO2.

3D QSAR pharmacophore model based on diverse IKKβ inhibitors.

Nagarajan, Shanthi,Ahmed, Asif,Choo, Hyunah,Cho, Yong Seo,Oh, Kwang-Seok,Lee, Byung Ho,Shin, Kye Jung,Pae, Ae Nim Springer 2011 JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MODELING Vol.17 No.2

<P>The inhibitor kappaB kinase β (IKKβ) is a serine-threonine protein kinase that is critically involved in the activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in response to various inflammatory stimuli. IKKβ-selective inhibitors could prove useful for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In the absence of structural information, a ligand-based approach can serve as an alternative to the virtual screening of large databases. We have developed a 3D QSAR pharmacophore model based on 23 IKKβ inhibitors with 3 nM??IC(50)??50000 nM. A four-feature pharmacophore containing a hydrophobic (Hy) feature, two ring aromatic (RA) features, and a hydrogen bond donor (D) feature was constructed. It yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.93 with experimentally determined activity data, and a correlation coefficient of 0.77 with training set activity data. The best hypothesis, Hypo 1, was validated by estimating the activities of 136 compounds in a test set. As well as the correlation analysis and test set activity estimation, a Fisher's validation test was conducted at the 95% confidence level. The pharmacophore model's specificity and selectivity were determined in an exhaustive enrichment study.</P>

IKK <i>β </i> inhibitor identification: a multi-filter driven novel scaffold

Nagarajan, Shanthi,Choo, Hyunah,Cho, Yong Seo,Shin, Kye Jung,Oh, Kwang-Seok,Lee, Byung Ho,Pae, Ae Nim BioMed Central 2010 BMC bioinformatics Vol.11 No.suppl7

<P><B>Background</B></P><P>Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a chief nuclear transcription factor that controls the transcription of various genes; and its activation is tightly controlled by Inhibitor kappa B kinase (IKK). The irregular transcription of NF-κB has been linked to auto-immune disorders, cancer and other diseases. The IKK complex is composed of three units, IKK<I>α</I>, IKK<I>β</I>, and the regulatory domain NEMO, of which IKK<I>β </I>is well understood in the canonical pathway. Therefore, the inhibition of IKK<I>β </I>by drugs forms the molecular basis for anti-inflammatory drug research.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>The ligand- and structure-based virtual screening (VS) technique has been applied to identify IKK<I>β </I>inhibitors from the ChemDiv database with 0.7 million compounds. Initially, a 3D-QSAR pharmacophore model has been deployed to greatly reduce the database size. Subsequently, recursive partitioning (RP) and docking filters were used to screen the pharmacophore hits. Finally, 29 compounds were selected for IKKβ enzyme inhibition assay to identify a novel small molecule inhibitor of IKK<I>β </I>protein.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>In the present investigation, we have applied various computational models sequentially to virtually screen the ChemDiv database, and identified a small molecule that has an IC<SUB>50 </SUB>value of 20.3<I>μ</I>M. This compound is novel among the known IKK<I>β </I>inhibitors. Further optimization of the hit compound can reveal a more potent anti-inflammatory agent.</P>