Recycling of end-of-life LiNi<SUB>x</SUB>Co<SUB>y</SUB>Mn<SUB>z</SUB>O₂ batteries for rare metals recovery

Rabia Sattar,Sadia Ilyas,Amaila Khalid,Munazzah Sajid,Sania Iqbal Bukhari 대한환경공학회 2020 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.25 No.1

An investigation of rare metals recovery from LiNixCoyMnzO₂ cathode material of the end-of-life lithium-ion batteries is presented. To determine the influence of reductant on the leach process, the cathode material (containing Li 7.6%, Co 20.4%, Mn 19.4%, and Ni 19.3%) was leached in H₂SO₄ solutions either with or without H₂O₂. The optimal process parameters with respect to acid concentration, addition dosage of H₂O₂, temperature, and the leaching time were found to be 2.0 M H₂SO₄, 4 vol.% H₂O₂, 70°C, and 150 min, respectively. The yield of metal values in the leach liquor was > 99%. The leach liquor was subsequently treated by precipitation techniques to recover nickel as Ni(C₄H7N₂O₂)₂ and lithium as Li₂CO₃ with stoichiometric ratios of 2:1 and 1.2:1 of dimethylglyoxime:Ni and Na₂CO₃:Li, respectively. Cobalt was recovered by solvent extraction following a 3-stage process using Na-Cyanex 272 at pHeq ~5.0 with an organic-to-aqueous phase ratio (O/A) of 2/3. The loaded organic phase was stripped with 2.0 M H₂SO₄ at an O/A ratio of 8/1 to yield a solution of 114 g/L CoSO₄; finally recovered CoSO₄.xH₂O by crystallization. The process economics were analyzed and found to be viable with a margin of $476 per ton of the cathode material.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 3‐thiazolocoumarinyl Schiff‐base Derivatives as Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Raza, Rabia,Saeed, Aamer,Arif, Mubeen,Mahmood, Shamsul,Muddassar, Muhammad,Raza, Ahsan,Iqbal, Jamshed Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2012 Chemical biology & drug design Vol.80 No.4

<P>On the basis of the observed biological activity of the coumarins, a new set of 3‐thiazolocoumarinyl Schiff‐base derivatives with chlorine, hydroxy and methoxy functional group substitutions were designed and synthesized. These compounds were tested against acetylcholinesterase from <I>Electrophorus electricus</I> and butyrylcholinesterase from horse serum and their structure–activity relationship was established. Studies revealed them as the potential inhibitors of cholinesterase (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase). The <B>3f</B> was found to be most potent against acetylcholinesterase with <I>K</I><SUB>i</SUB> value of 1.05 ± 0.3 μ<SMALL>m</SMALL> and <B>3l</B> showed excellent inhibitory action against butyrylcholinesterase with <I>K</I><SUB>i</SUB> value of 0.041 ± 0.002 μ<SMALL>m</SMALL>. The synthesized compounds were also docked into the active sites of the homology models of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase to predict the binding modes of these compounds. It was predicted that most of the compounds have similar binding modes with reasonable binding affinities. Our docking studies have also shown that these synthesized compounds have better interaction patterns with butyrylcholinesterase over acetylcholinesterase. The main objective of the study was to develop new potent and selective compounds, which might be further optimized to prevent the progression of the Alzheimer’s disease and could provide symptomatic treatment.</P>

Electrophoretic deposition of PVA coated hydroxyapatite on 316L stainless steel

Nida Iqbal,Rabia Nazir,Anila Asif,Aqif Anwar Chaudhry,Muhammad Akram,Goh Yi Fan,Aftab Akram,Rashid Amin,박성하,Rafaqat Hussain 한국물리학회 2012 Current Applied Physics Vol.12 No.3

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) coated hydroxyapatite was deposited onto a 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic deposition. Deposition was carried out in a methanol suspension at pH 5.5 using a graphite rod as an anode. Parameters such as PVA concentration, deposition voltage and time were optimized to achieve a homogeneous, crack-free adhesive coating. Techniques such as X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to study the phase composition of the coated materials and the stability of hydroxyapatite in the presence of PVA.

A Survey of Application Layer Protocols of Internet of Things

bibi, Nawab,Iqbal, Faiza,Akhtar, Salwa Muhammad,Anwar, Rabia,bibi, Shamshad International Journal of Computer ScienceNetwork S 2021 International journal of computer science and netw Vol.21 No.11

The technological advancements of the last two decades directed the era of the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT enables billions of devices to connect through the internet and share their information and resources on a global level. These devices can be anything, from smartphones to embedded sensors. The main purpose of IoT is to make devices capable of achieving the desired goal with minimal to no human intervention. Although it hascome as a social and economic blessing, it still brought forward many security risks. This paper focuses on providing a survey of the most commonly used application layer protocols in the IoT domain, namely, Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP), and Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP). MQTT, AMQP, and XMPP use TCP for device-to-device communication, while CoAP utilizes UDP to achieve this purpose. MQTT and AMQP are based on a publish/subscribe model, CoAP uses the request/reply model for its structuring. In addition to this, the quality of service provision of MQTT, AMQP, and CoAP is not very high, especially when the deliverance of messages is concerned. The selection of protocols for each application is very a tedious task.This survey discusses the architectures, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of each of these protocols. The main contribution of this work is to describe each of the aforementioned application protocols in detail as well as providing their thorough comparative analysis. This survey will be helpful to the developers in selecting the protocol ideal for their system and/or application.

Characterization and Comparative Evaluation of Milk Protein Variants from Pakistani Dairy Breeds

Iqra Yasmin,Rabia Iqbal,Atif Liaqat,Wahab Ali Khan,Muhamad Nadeem,Aamir Iqbal,Muhammad Farhan Jahangir Chughtai,Syed Junaid Ur Rehman,Saima Tehseen,Tariq Mehmood,Samreen Ahsan,Saira Tanweer,Saima Naz 한국축산식품학회 2020 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.40 No.5

The aim of study was to scrutinize the physicochemical and protein profile of milk obtained from local Pakistani breeds of milch animals such as Nilli-Ravi buffalo, Sahiwal cow, Kajli sheep, Beetal goat and Brela camel. Physicochemical analysis unveiled maximum number of total solids and protein found in sheep and minimum in camel. Buffalo milk contains the highest level of fat (7.45%) while camel milk contains minimum (1.94%). Ash was found maximum in buffalo (0.81%) and sheep (0.80%) while minimum in cow’s milk (0.71%). Casein and whey proteins were separated by subjecting milk to isoelectric pH and then analyzed through sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The results showed heterogeneity among these species. Different fractions including αS1, αS2, κ-casein, β-casein and β-lactoglobulen (β-Lg) were identified and quantitatively compared in all milk samples. Additionally, this electrophoretic method after examining the number and strength of different protein bands (αS1, αS2, β- CN, α-LAC, BSA, and β-Lg, etc.), was helpful to understand the properties of milk for different processing purposes and could be successfully applied in dairy industry. Results revealed that camel milk was best suitable for producing allergen free milk protein products. Furthermore, based on the variability of milk proteins, it is suggested to clarify the phylogenetic relationships between different cattle breeds and to gather the necessary data to preserve the genetic fund and biodiversity of the local breeds. Thus, the study of milk protein from different breed and species has a wide range of scope in producing diverse protein based dairy products like cheese.

Fe/Co doped ZIF derived nitrogen doped nanoporous carbon as electrode material for supercapacitors

Ifra Fiaz Gul,Hirra Anwar,Muhammad Arslan Raza,Rabia Ahmad,Naseem Iqbal,Ghulam Ali 한국공업화학회 2022 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.116 No.-

Nanoporous carbon (NPC) for electrochemical energy storage devices has gained much interest due to itshigh specific area and tunable porosity. Herein, Fe and Co co-doped NPC is synthesized by a simple coprecipitationmethod followed by carbonization of Fe and Co doped ZIF8 at 900 ℃ (Fe-Co/NPC-900). The structural, morphological, elemental, chemical bonding, surface area, and thermal degradation ofthe synthesized material have been evaluated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy,energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method,and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The high surface area of 933 m2/g and nanoporous structureof Fe-Co/NPC-900 electrode results in a high specific capacitance of 900 F/g at a current density of5 A/g. The cycle performance of Fe-Co/NPC-900 was remarkable with 88% of the capacitance retentionafter 5000 cycles at a high current density of 30 A/g. The high electrochemical performance of Fe-Co/NPC-900 is attributed to the hybrid doping of Fe and Co in nitrogen doped carbon network which offersa synergic effect in reaction.

Immunohistochemical Expression of B Cell Lymphoma-2 with Clinicopathological Correlation in Triple Negative Breast Cancers in Northern Pakistan

Zubair, Muhammad,Hashmi, Shoaib Naiyar,Afzal, Saeed,Muhammad, Iqbal,Din, Hafeez Ud,Ahmed, Rabia Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.7

Background: Triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are high grade aggressive tumors generally with a poor prognosis, not responding to hormonal and anti Her2 Neu therapy. Expression of the antiapoptotic B cell lymphoma 2 gene (Bcl-2) is associated with low grade, slowly proliferating hormone receptor positive tumors with improved survival. Anti Bcl2 agents can be used as alternative targeted therapy in triple negative cancers. Materials and Methods: The objective of this study was to determine the immunohistochemical expression of Bcl2 in triple negative breast cancers and any correlation with clinicopathological variables in Northern Pakistan. Results: All 52 patients were females, aged between 28 and 80 years(average $48.0{\pm}12.1$). 28 cases (53.8%) were positive for Bcl2, this being associated with low grade invasive ductal carcinomas, lymph node metastasis and lymphovascular invasion. Conclusions: Bcl-2 may be an important prognostic factor and its expression might be used for targeted therapy using Anti Bcl2 drugs.

Watermelon nutrition profile, antioxidant activity, and processing

Muhammad Nadeem,Maham Navida,Kashif Ameer,Farzana Siddique,Aqsa Iqbal,Faiqa Malik,Muhamad Modassar Ali Nawaz Ranjha,Zarina Yasmin,Rabia Kanwal,Sadaf Javaria 한국식품저장유통학회 2022 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.29 No.4

The first primitive watermelon domestication has been reported more than 5,000 years ago in Northeast Africa. Watermelon is recognized all over the world as a delicious fruit that quenches the thirst that many people consume in the summer heat. There are about 1,200 varieties of watermelon. Watermelons are loaded with plentiful nutrients, such as vitamin C, pantothenic acid, copper, biotin, vitamin A, and vitamins B6 & B1. Watermelon is processed to manufacture various value-added foods, such as cookies, cakes, juice, jam, cadies, and biscuits. In this review, we discuss pre- and postharvest factors affecting watermelon nutritional concentration and antioxidant profile. Prominent factors comprise genetic and environmental constraints, processing and postharvest storage conditions, chemical treatments, temperature and humidity, packaging, and food processing conditions. This review summarizes the available literature on watermelon processing into different valuable products, pre- and postharvest factors affecting nutritional concentration, and antioxidant activity.