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Davis, Christina M.,Kawashima, Yuki,Ohkubo, Kei,Lim, Jong Min,Kim, Dongho,Fukuzumi, Shunichi,Sessler, Jonathan L. American Chemical Society 2014 The Journal of Physical Chemistry Part C Vol.118 No.25
<P>A supramolecular assembly is formed upon mixing millimolar concentrations of a <I>tetrakis</I>-tetrathiafulvalene calix[4]pyrrole (TTF-C4P) and a porphyrin tetraethylammonium carboxylate salt in benzonitrile (PhCN). The TTF-C4P binds to the carboxylate moiety of the porphyrin with a 1:1 stoichiometry and a binding constant of 6.3 × 10<SUP>4</SUP> M<SUP>–1</SUP> in this solvent at 298 K. Laser photoexcitation of the supramolecular complex results in formation of the triplet charge-separated (CS) state composed of a radical cation of the TTF-C4P receptor and the radical anion of the porphyrin carboxylate. These processes and the resulting states were characterized by means of transient absorption and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopies. The rate constants corresponding to the forward and backward intramolecular electron-transfer (ET) processes were determined to be 2.1 × 10<SUP>4</SUP> and 3.6 × 10<SUP>2</SUP> s<SUP>–1</SUP>, respectively. The rate constants of intermolecular forward and backward electron transfer were also determined to be 4.4 × 10<SUP>8</SUP> and 9.8 × 10<SUP>8</SUP> M<SUP>–1</SUP> s<SUP>–1</SUP>, respectively. The electronic coupling constant (<I>V</I>), 1.2 × 10<SUP>–2</SUP> cm<SUP>–1</SUP>, and the reorganization energy (λ), 0.76 eV, for back electron transfer were evaluated from the temperature dependence of the rate constants of intramolecular electron transfer. The small <I>V</I> value indicates little spin-forbidden interaction between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and substantiates the long-lived CS lifetime. These results were corroborated by density function theory (DFT) calculations, which provided support for the conclusion that the HOMO and LUMO, located on a TTF moiety of the TTF-C4P and the porphyrin core, respectively, have little interaction though space.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jpccck/2014/jpccck.2014.118.issue-25/jp504087b/production/images/medium/jp-2014-04087b_0014.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/jp504087b'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Feeding Value of Sugarcane Stalk for Cattle
Kawashima, T.,Sumamal, W.,Pholsen, P.,Chaithiang, R.,Boonpakdee, W.,Kurihara, M.,Shibata, M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.1
A metabolism trial with four castrated male Brahman cattle, average body weight 320 kg, was conducted in order to determine the nutritive value of chopped sugarcane stalk (CSS) for the establishment of feeding strategy in the dry season in Northeast Thailand. Animals were subjected to the following four dietary treatments: Treatment 1; 100% of CSS, Treatment 2; 70% of CSS and 30% of commercial complete feed (TMR), Treatment 3; 40% of CSS and 60% of TMR, and Treatment 4; 100% of TMR. The average CP, ether extracts, nitrogen free extracts, crude fiber and ash contents of CSS were 2.0, 0.9, 79.0, 16.1 and 2.2%, respectively. Although the amount of feed given was approximately at maintenance level, animals in treatments 1 and 2 refused a part of feed. The metabolism trial revealed that total digestible nutrient and metabolizable energy contents of CSS were 61.5% and 9.04 MJ/kgDM, respectively, when it was properly supplemented with protein sources. Nutritive value of CSS was lowered when animals were given CSS solely. This was due to the large loss of energy into urine and methane. Voluntary intake of CSS in cattle was not enough to satisfy energy requirement for maintenance. The CSS can be used as a roughage for feeding cattle in the dry season with proper supplementation of protein and energy.
Funaba, M.,Saita, J.,Nokubo, T.,Kaneko, O.,Kanagawa, Y.,Yano, H.,Kawashima, R. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1990 Animal Bioscience Vol.3 No.2
The effect of dietary protein-energy restriction (PER) on the growth of long bone were examined in sheep during growing period and then following a cycle of reproduction. Three months-old female sheep were offered protein-energy restricted feed for 6 months (growing period), thereafter changed to normal nutritional conditions for 8 months (reproduction period). A half of animals in each group took pregnancy, parturition and lactation. The nutritional restriction reduced the growth in bone diameter more than that in bone length. Compensatory growth resulting from the removal of the nutritional restraint strongly occurred in bone diameter, especially the bone cortical width, as compared to bone longitudinal growth. A cycle of reproduction severely decreased the growth in the bone cortical width relative to that in the bone width, and little effect was found on the growth in bone length and bone mass. The depression of bone development by pregnancy and lactation tended to exhibit severer in animals having received normal nutrition than in those having received PER. Bone mineral density was not affected by the nutritional restriction. A cycle of reproduction had an adverse effect on the mineral density between in animals having received normal nutrition and in those having received PER.
Generation of nitridated silicon nanoparticles and the application to solar cell
G. Uchida,Y. Kawashima,K. Yamamoto,M. Sato,K. Kamataki,N. Itagaki,K. Koga,M. Shiratani 한국표면공학회 2010 한국표면공학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2010 No.11
Semiconductor nanocrystals have attracted much attention as materials for multiple-exciton generation (MEG) photovoltaics. Surface modification of such nanocrystals is important to make quantum well structure for efficient MEG as well as to extract photo-generated carriers from nanocrystals. In this study, nitridated silicon particles were produced by SiH₄/H₂/N₂ PECVD, where generation of silicon particles and their surface nitridation were independently controlled using two multi-hollow discharges. We observed strong photoluminescence (PL) emission in an energy range of 1.9 to 2.4 eV from Si particle, which may be explained by a quantum-confinement effect of silicon particles embedded in the thin film.
Fukuzumi, Shunichi,Ohkubo, Kei,Kawashima, Yuki,Kim, Dong Sub,Park, Jung Su,Jana, Atanu,Lynch, Vincent M.,Kim, Dongho,Sessler, Jonathan L. American Chemical Society 2011 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.133 No.40
<P>Binding of chloride anion to a tetrathiafulvalene calix[4]pyrrole (TTF-C4P) donor results in ET to Li<SUP>+</SUP>@C<SUB>60</SUB> to produce the radical pair (TTF-C4P<SUP>•+</SUP>/Li<SUP>+</SUP>@C<SUB>60</SUB><SUP>•–</SUP>), the structure of which was characterized by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The addition of tetraethylammonium cation, which binds more effectively than Li<SUP>+</SUP>@C<SUB>60</SUB><SUP>•–</SUP> as a guest within the TTF-C4P cavity, leads to electron back-transfer, restoring the initial oxidation states of the donor and acceptor pair.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2011/jacsat.2011.133.issue-40/ja207588c/production/images/medium/ja-2011-07588c_0012.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja207588c'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja207588c'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
A STUDY ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF TRACE MINERALS OF CATTLE IN JAVA IN INDONESIA
Kumagai, H.,Ishida, N.,Katsumata, M.,Yano, H.,Kawashima, R.,Jachja, J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1990 Animal Bioscience Vol.3 No.1
The nutritional status of trace minerals in cattle of Java in Indonesia was investigated by evaluating Cu, Fe, Mo, Zn and Mn concentrations in diets and livers, and Cu and Zn concentrations in blood plasma. Investigations were conducted on Jonggol (West Java), Malang (East Java) and Mojokerto (East Java) in both the rainy and the dry seasons in 1988. In Jonggol, low Cu concentrations in diets showing 7.1 mg/kg in the rainy season and 10.9 mg/kg in the dry season were observed and all plasma samples showed Cu concentrations below the critical level ($0.65{\mu}g/ml$). Thirty percent of the liver samples in Malang and 54% of those in Mojokerto showed lower Cu concentrations than the critical level (75 mg/kg on a dry matter basis). Fe concentrations in diets from the three regions showed a wide variation of values ranging from 249 to 30,000 mg/kg. A large amount of Fe was accumulated in livers from Malang and Mojokerto, giving average concentrations of 498 mg/kg. Zn concentration in diet and plasma samples were close to the borderline and some Zn concentration in these samples showed deficient levels. Mo and Mn concentrations in diets and livers showed normal levels.