Comparative neuropharmacological and Cytotoxic profiles of Alstonia scholaris (L.) and Mimusops elengi (L.) leaves

Sarkar Kishore Kumar,Rahman Md. Muzibar,Shahriar Abdullah Al Ehsan,Mitra Trina,Golder Mimi,Zilani Md. Nazmul Hasan,Biswas Biswajit 경희대학교 융합한의과학연구소 2021 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.21 No.3

Mimusops elengi Linn. is traditionally used as antianxiety, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antioxidants etc. Also, conventionally, Alstonia scholaris Linn. is used in treating cancer, psychosis, nociception etc. The present study was designed to appraise neuropharmacological and cytotoxic potential of M. elengi and A. scholaris leaves. Hole cross and hole board tests were conducted for assessing sedative effect, thiopental sodium induced sleeping time test for hypnotic property, elevated plus maze (EPM) test for anxiolytic potential, tail suspension test for antidepressant effect and finally brine shrimp lethality bioassay for evaluating cytotoxic potential of both extracts. In both hole cress and hole board tests, M. elengi leaves (MEL) displayed greater locomotion reduction compared to A. scholaris leaves (ASL). Besides, in thiopental sodium induced sleeping time and EPM test, both extracts confirmed significant (p < 0.05) hypnotic and anxiolytic potential where MEL showed better effectiveness than ASL. Moreover, an increase in the duration of immobility after oral administration of extracts in tail suspension test depicts no antidepressant effect rather a depressing action. Finally, both extracts exhibited potent cytotoxic property in brine shrimp lethality bioassay where the LC50 values for ASL and MEL were 61.85 and 67.2 µg/ml, respectively. So, ASL and MEL extracts revealed significant neuropharmacological impact as well as impressive cytotoxic potential that justify the traditional uses of both plants.

Phytochemical screening and evaluation of the pharmacological activities of ethanolic extract of Argemone mexicana Linn. aerial parts

Kishore Kumar Sarkar,Trina Mitra,Rabindra Nath Acharyya,Samir Kumar Sadhu 경희대학교 융합한의과학연구소 2019 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.19 No.1

The present study was designed to investigate different phytochemical groups present in ethanolic extract of Argemone mexicana aerial parts (EAMA) as well as to assess the analgesic, antidiarrheal, antibacterial, anthelmintic and cytotoxic activities of EAMA. Moreover, peripheral and central analgesic activities were evaluated by acetic acid-induced writhing test, formalin-induced paw licking test, tail immersion test and hot plate test. In vivo castor oil-induced diarrheal model and magnesium sulphate induced diarrheal model in mice were utilized for the assessment of antidiarrheal activity. Again, antibacterial activity was evaluated using disc diffusion assay. Anthelmintic activity was carried out on Paramphistomum cervi (Trematoda). Cytotoxic activity was assessed through brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The extract demonstrated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, glycosides and gums in phytochemical screening. In case of acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin induced paw licking test, both lower and higher doses of EAMA showed significant percentage inhibition of writhing as well as paw licking respectively (*P < 0.05, vs. control). EAMA at the doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg revealed significant latency response (*P < 0.05, vs. control) in delayed phase in both tail immersion as well as hot plate test. Moreover, significant percentage inhibition (*P < 0.05, vs. control) of diarrhea was exposed by both doses of EAMA in in vivo diarrheal models. In disc diffusion assay, EAMA showed antibacterial activities against both gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains. Again, the extract exhibited anthelmintic and cytotoxic activity in a dose dependent manner.

Tobacco Use and Quit Behaviour Assessment in the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS): Invalid Responses and Implications

Jena, Pratap Kumar,Kishore, Jugal,Pati, Sanghamitra,Sarkar, Bidyut Kanti,Das, Sagarika Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.11

Background: Tobacco use and quit attempts are two key indicators of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) that assess quit attempts among current as well as former tobacco users. The relevant data have inherent policy implications for tobacco cessation programme evaluation. This study aimed to review the concepts of quit attempt assessment and quantifying invalid responses considering GATS-India data. Materials and Methods: GATS assessment of tobacco use and quit attempts were examined in the current literature. Two categories of invalid responses were identified by stratified analysis of the duration of last quit attempt among current users and duration of abstinence among former users. Category A included absolute invalid responses when time-frame of assessment of current tobacco use and less than former tobacco use were violated. Category B included responses that violated the unit of measurement of time. Results: Current daily use, current less than daily use and former use in GATS were imprecisely defined with overlapping of time-frame of assessment. Overall responses of 3,102 current smokers, 4,036 current smokeless users, 1,904 former smokers and 1,343 former smokeless users were analyzed to quantify invalid responses. Analysis indicated overall 21.2% (category A: 7.32%; category B: 17.7%) and 22.7% (category A: 8.05%; category B: 18.1%) invalid responses among current smokers and smokeless users respectively regarding their duration of last quit attempt. Similarly overall 6.62% (category A: 4.7%; category B: 2.3%) and 10.6% (category A: 8.6%; category B: 3.5%) invalid responses were identified among former smokers and smokeless users respectively regarding their duration of abstinence. Conclusions: High invalid responses for a single assessment are due to the imprecise definition of current use, former use and quit attempt; and failure to utilize opportunity of direct data entry interface use during the survey to validate responses instantly. Redefining tobacco use and quit attempts considering an appropriate timeframe would reduce invalid responses.

Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS): A Case for Change in Definition, Analysis and Interpretation of "Cigarettes" and "Cigarettes Per Day" in Completed and Future Surveys

Jena, Pratap Kumar,Kishore, Jugal,Sarkar, Bidyut K. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.5

Background: The Global Adult Tobacco Survey has 15 key indicators, cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) among daily smokers being one of them. The first wave of GATS in 14 countries indicated that mean CPD use is higher in women than men in India only, which is contrary to the current understanding of tobacco use globally. This study was undertaken to understand the unusual findings for mean CPD use in the GATS-India survey. Materials and Methods: Items B06a and B06b of the GATS India survey questionnaire that collected information on daily consumption of manufactured and rolled cigarettes were analyzed using SPSS software. Exclusive users were identified from these items after excluding the concurrent users of other tobacco products. Cigarette type, exclusive use and gender stratified analyses were made. Consumption of different types of cigarettes among the mixed users of manufactured and rolled cigarettes were correlated. Results: Higher mean number of CPD use among male daily-smokers was observed than their female counterparts in product specific analysis. Mean CPD as per GATS cigarette definition was higher in males than females for exclusive users but a reverse trend was observed in case of non-exclusive users. Use of manufactured cigarettes increased with increase in use of rolled cigarette among the mixed users and around half of these users reported equal CPD frequency for the both types of cigarettes. Conclusions: The anomaly in mean CPD estimate in GATS-India data was due to inclusion of two heterogeneous products to define cigarettes, variation in cigarette product specific user proportions contributing to the average and non-exclusive concurrent use of other tobacco products. The consumption pattern of cigarettes among the mixed users highlights bias in CPD reporting. Definition, analysis and interpretation of 'cigarettes per day' in the GATS India survey need to be improved by redefining cigarettes and making product specific analyses.