Bones of democratic contention: Maritime disputes

Kelly Daniels,Sara McLaughlin Mitchell 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2017 International Area Studies Review Vol.20 No.4

While no two democratic states have fought an interstate war against each other, democratic dyads experience militarized disputes with some frequency. Previous research suggests that a large percentage of militarized disputes between two democracies involve fishing and oil resources of the sea. Yet this research selects on cases where militarized conflict occurs, and fails to consider whether democracies have more frequent diplomatic conflicts over maritime areas relative to other regime pairings. Analyzing data from the Issue Correlates of War project, which includes diplomatic conflicts over maritime areas (1900–2007) in the Americas, Europe, Middle East, and Asia, this study finds that pairs of democracies have the highest chance of experiencing diplomatic maritime disputes among all pairs of countries in the same region or dyads involving major powers. Three theoretical explanations were empirically evaluated to account for this pattern: (a) greater opportunities for democratic maritime conflicts given higher levels of economic productivity and the sizes of fishing fleets in democratic states, (b) the increasing securitization of maritime issues, especially after the terrorist attacks of September 2001, and (c) variations in the number of democracies across regional contexts. Several illustrative case studies for each theoretical argument are presented. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for the democratic peace literature and the law of the sea regime.

MC21/CTF and VERA multiphysics solutions to VERA core physics benchmark progression problems 6 and 7

Daniel J. Kelly III,Ann E. Kelly,Brian N. Aviles,Andrew T. Godfrey,Robert K. Salko,Benjamin S. Collins 한국원자력학회 2017 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.49 No.6

The continuous energy Monte Carlo neutron transport code, MC21, was coupled to the CTF subchannelthermal-hydraulics code using a combination of Consortium for Advanced Simulation of Light WaterReactors (CASL) tools and in-house Python scripts. An MC21/CTF solution for VERA Core PhysicsBenchmark Progression Problem 6 demonstrated good agreement with MC21/COBRA-IE and VERA solutions. The MC21/CTF solution for VERA Core Physics Benchmark Progression Problem 7, Watts Bar Unit1 at beginning of cycle hot full power equilibrium xenon conditions, is the first published coupled MonteCarlo neutronics/subchannel T-H solution for this problem. MC21/CTF predicted a critical boron concentrationof 854.5 ppm, yielding a critical eigenvalue of 0.99994 ± 6.8E-6 (95% confidence interval). Excellent agreement with a VERA solution of Problem 7 was also demonstrated for integral and localpower and temperature parameters.

Reflections on the Implementation of Anzsoilml in Queensland

Daniel Brough,Kelly Bryant,Ross Searle 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2014 No.6

TFOS DEWS II Definition and Classification Report

Craig, Jennifer P.,Nichols, Kelly K.,Akpek, Esen K.,Caffery, Barbara,Dua, Harminder S.,Joo, Choun-Ki,Liu, Zuguo,Nelson, J. Daniel,Nichols, Jason J.,Tsubota, Kazuo,Stapleton, Fiona Elsevier 2017 The ocular surface Vol.15 No.3

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The goals of the TFOS DEWS II Definition and Classification Subcommittee were to create an evidence-based definition and a contemporary classification system for dry eye disease (DED). The new definition recognizes the multifactorial nature of dry eye as a disease where loss of homeostasis of the tear film is the central pathophysiological concept. Ocular symptoms, as a broader term that encompasses reports of discomfort or visual disturbance, feature in the definition and the key etiologies of tear film instability, hyperosmolarity, and ocular surface inflammation and damage were determined to be important for inclusion in the definition. In the light of new data, neurosensory abnormalities were also included in the definition for the first time. In the classification of DED, recent evidence supports a scheme based on the pathophysiology where aqueous deficient and evaporative dry eye exist as a continuum, such that elements of each are considered in diagnosis and management. Central to the scheme is a positive diagnosis of DED with signs and symptoms, and this is directed towards management to restore homeostasis. The scheme also allows consideration of various related manifestations, such as non-obvious disease involving ocular surface signs without related symptoms, including neurotrophic conditions where dysfunctional sensation exists, and cases where symptoms exist without demonstrable ocular surface signs, including neuropathic pain. This approach is not intended to override clinical assessment and judgment but should prove helpful in guiding clinical management and research.</P>

Clustering Social Media Services and Messengers by Functionality

Fischer, Julia,Knapp, Daniel,Nguyen, Bich Chau,Richter, Daniel,Shutsko, Aliaksandra,Stoppe, Melanie,Williams, Kelly,Ilhan, Aylin,Stock, Wolfgang G. Korea Institute of Science and Technology Informat 2020 Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice Vol.8 No.4

The objective of this research is to analyze which functions make up web-based as well as mobile social media services and messengers. Services are clustered by their functionality. A total of 640 individual functions were identified, while investigating altogether 44 selected services in their web and mobile versions. Applying content analysis, functions were assigned to the services. The services were ranked by the number of implemented functions, and the functions were ranked by their occurrence in the services. Cluster analysis was applied to classify the services according to their functionality. Facebook and VKontakte were found to be the ones with the most functions; the most frequently implemented functions are support, profile, and account-related. Cluster analysis revealed six classes for mobile and seven classes for web applications. There is a noteworthy difference regarding the functionality scope between web and mobile applications of the same services. An example for this is Mendeley with 38 functions in the mobile and 91 functions in the web version. This is the first empirical attempt at clustering social media services based on their functionality.

Surgical Considerations to Improve Recovery in Acute Spinal Cord Injury

Troy Q. Tabarestani,Nicholle E. Lewis,Margot Kelly-Hedrick,Nina Zhang,Brianna R. Cellini,Eric J. Marrotte,Theresa Williamson,Haichen Wang,Daniel T. Laskowitz,Timothy D. Faw,Muhammad M. Abd-El-Barr 대한척추신경외과학회 2022 Neurospine Vol.19 No.3

Acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) can be a devastating and costly event for individuals, their families, and the health system as a whole. Prognosis is heavily dependent on the physical extent of the injury and the severity of neurological dysfunction. If not treated urgently, individuals can suffer exacerbated secondary injury cascades that may increase tissue injury and limit recovery. Initial recognition and rapid treatment of acute SCI are vital to limiting secondary injury, reducing morbidity, and providing the best chance of functional recovery. This article aims to review the pathophysiology of SCI and the most up-todate management of the acute traumatic SCI, specifically examining the modern approaches to surgical treatments along with the ethical limitations of research in this field.

Basic considerations on magnesium in the management of neurocritical patients

Lozada-Martinez Ivan David,Padilla-Durán Teddy Javier,Jhon Jairo González-Monterroza,Daniel Alfonso Aguilar-Espinosa,Kelly Nathalia Molina-Perea,William Camargo-Martinez,Luz Llamas-Medrano,Mariana Hur 대한신경집중치료학회 2021 대한신경집중치료학회지 Vol.14 No.2

Magnesium is an essential chemical element in human life. In the brain, it is physiologically responsible for a large number of processes involved in intracellular homeostasis, blood-brain barrier integrity, protein synthesis, neuronal proliferation, aging, and apoptosis. Considering that neurocritical care is a relatively new discipline in certain regions of the world and is an independent protective factor of neurological diseases in critical care, it is essential to disseminate basic concepts and utilities of tools that can positively impact the neurological disease burden. Magnesium and its use in neurocritical care are poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to review basic concepts regarding the physiology of magnesium in neurological dynamics, its role in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders, and the outcome of its use in the management of neurocritical illnesses.

Pharmacological Evidence of α2-Adrenergic Receptors in the Hypotensive Effect of Platonia insignis Mart.

Marcelo Bezerra Mendes,Jose Couras da Silva-Filho,Carla Kelly Barroso Sabino,Daniel Dias Rufino Arcanjo,Cleyton Marcos Melo Sousa,Isabella Cristhina Goncalves Costa,Mariana Helena Chaves,Rita de Ca´ss 한국식품영양과학회 2014 Journal of medicinal food Vol.17 No.10

Platonia insignis Mart. (Clusiaceae) is a medicinal plant from the Brazilian Amazon region. The present study evaluated the biological potential of the ethanol extract (Pi-EtOH) and ethyl acetate fraction (Pi-EtOAc) of the P. insignis fruit shells on the cardiovascular system of rats. Pi-EtOH or Pi-EtOAc (12.5, 25, and 50mg/kg) was administered intravenously in normotensive rats (260–300 g), and the mean arterial pressure and the heart rate were monitored. The Pi-EtOH induced hypotension ( - 11.56– 0.89, - 7.43– 0.85, and - 17.56– 1.97 mmHg) followed by bradycardia in two highest doses ( - 8.89– 3.62 and - 15.79– 1.83 beats/min) and Pi-EtOAc, at the same doses, induced hypotension ( - 11.2– 1.03, - 14.48– 1.13, - 29.89– 2.67 mmHg)more intensively, followedby tachycardia at thedose12.5and25mg/kg(15.64– 2.06, 19.31– 1.92 beats/min) and bradycardia at a dose of 50mg/kg (- 9.98– 7.33 beats/min). The hypotensive response from Pi-EtOAc was not attenuated when used in the pretreatment with L-NAME, verapamil, propranolol, and hexamethonium. However, when using yohimbine, the hypotensive effect was inhibited ( - 4.42– 1.28 (P< .05), - 3.29– 0.99 (P< .05), 2.06– 1.18 mmHg (P< .05); Student’s t-test). Hence, the Pi-EtOAc seems to act similarly to the a2-adrenergic agonist in this hypotensive effect.

Features of Recently Transmitted HIV-1 Clade C Viruses that Impact Antibody Recognition: Implications for Active and Passive Immunization

Rademeyer, Cecilia,Korber, Bette,Seaman, Michael S.,Giorgi, Elena E.,Thebus, Ruwayhida,Robles, Alexander,Sheward, Daniel J.,Wagh, Kshitij,Garrity, Jetta,Carey, Brittany R.,Gao, Hongmei,Greene, Kelli M Public Library of Science 2016 PLoS pathogens Vol.12 No.7

<▼1><P>The development of biomedical interventions to reduce acquisition of HIV-1 infection remains a global priority, however their potential effectiveness is challenged by very high HIV-1 envelope diversity. Two large prophylactic trials in high incidence, clade C epidemic regions in southern Africa are imminent; passive administration of the monoclonal antibody VRC01, and active immunization with a clade C modified RV144-like vaccines. We have created a large representative panel of C clade viruses to enable assessment of antibody responses to vaccines and natural infection in Southern Africa, and we investigated the genotypic and neutralization properties of recently transmitted clade C viruses to determine how viral diversity impacted antibody recognition. We further explore the implications of these findings for the potential effectiveness of these trials. A panel of 200 HIV-1 Envelope pseudoviruses was constructed from clade C viruses collected within the first 100 days following infection. Viruses collected pre-seroconversion were significantly more resistant to serum neutralization compared to post-seroconversion viruses (p = 0.001). Over 13 years of the study as the epidemic matured, HIV-1 diversified (p = 0.0009) and became more neutralization resistant to monoclonal antibodies VRC01, PG9 and 4E10. When tested at therapeutic levels (10ug/ml), VRC01 only neutralized 80% of viruses in the panel, although it did exhibit potent neutralization activity against sensitive viruses (IC<SUB>50</SUB> titres of 0.42 μg/ml). The Gp120 amino acid similarity between the clade C panel and candidate C-clade vaccine protein boosts (Ce1086 and TV1) was 77%, which is 8% more distant than between CRF01_AE viruses and the RV144 CRF01_AE immunogen. Furthermore, two vaccine signature sites, K169 in V2 and I307 in V3, associated with reduced infection risk in RV144, occurred less frequently in clade C panel viruses than in CRF01_AE viruses from Thailand. Increased resistance of pre-seroconversion viruses and evidence of antigenic drift highlights the value of using panels of very recently transmitted viruses and suggests that interventions may need to be modified over time to track the changing epidemic. Furthermore, high divergence such as that observed in the older clade C epidemic in southern Africa may impact vaccine efficacy, although the correlates of infection risk are yet to be defined in the clade C setting. Findings from this study of acute/early clade C viruses will aid vaccine development, and enable identification of new broad and potent antibodies to combat the HIV-1 C-clade epidemic in southern Africa.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author Summary</B></P><P>Vaccine and passive immunization prophylactic trials that rely on antibody-mediated protection are planned for HIV-1 clade C epidemic regions of southern Africa, which have amongst the highest HIV-1 incidences globally. This includes a phase 2b trial of passively administered monoclonal antibody, VRC01; as well as a phase 3 trial using the clade C modified version of the partially efficacious RV144 vaccine. The extraordinary diversity of HIV-1 poses a major obstacle to these interventions, and our study aimed to determine the implications of viral diversity on antibody recognition. Investigations using our panel of very early viruses augment current knowledge of vulnerable targets on transmitted viruses for vaccine design and passive immunization studies. Evidence of antigenic drift with viruses becoming more resistant over time suggests that these prevention modalities will need to be updated over time and that combinations of antibodies will be necessary to achieve coverage in passive immunization studies. We further show that it may be more difficult to obtain protection in the genetically diverse clade C epidemic compared to RV144 where the epidemic is less diverse, although it should be noted that the correlates of infection risk are yet to be defined in the clade C setti