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Three-algebra for supermembrane and two-algebra for superstring
Lee, Kanghoon,Park, Jeong-Hyuck IOP Publishing Ltd 2009 Journal of high energy physics Vol.2009 No.4
While string or Yang-Mills theories are based on Lie algebra or two-algebra structure, recent studies indicate that &calM;-theory may require a one higher, three-algebra structure. Here we construct a covariant action for a supermembrane in eleven dimensions, which is invariant underglobal supersymmetry, local fermionic symmetry and worldvolume diffeomorphism. Our action is classically on-shell equivalent to the celebrated Bergshoeff-Sezgin-Townsend action. However, the novelty is that we spell the action genuinely in terms of Nambu three-brackets: All the derivatives appear through Nambu brackets and hence it manifests the three-algebra structure. Further the double dimensional reduction of our action gives straightforwardly to a type IIA string action featuring two-algebra. Applying the same method, we also construct a covariant action for type IIB superstring, leading directly to the IKKT matrix model.
Natural Progression of Ground-glass Nodules after Curative Resection for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Lee Kanghoon,Kim Hyeong Ryul,Park Seung-Il,Kim Dong Kwan,Kim Yong-Hee,Choi Sehoon,Lee Geun Dong 대한의학회 2021 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.36 No.43
Background: This retrospective study investigated the natural course of synchronous groundglass nodules (GGNs) that remained after curative resection for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Prospectively collected retrospective data were reviewed concerning 2,276 patients who underwent curative resection for NSCLC between 2008 and 2017. High-resolution computed tomography or thin-section computed tomography data of 82 patients were included in the study. Growth in size was considered the most valuable outcome, and patients were grouped according to GGN size change. Patient demographic data (e.g., age, sex, and smoking history), perioperative data (e.g., GGN characteristics, histopathology and pathological stage of the resected tumours), and other medical history were evaluated in a risk factor analysis concerning GGN size change. Results: The median duration of follow-up was 36.0 months (interquartile range, 23.0–59.3 months). GGN size decreased in 6 patients (7.3%), was stationary in 43 patients (52.4%), and increased in 33 patients (40.2%). In univariate analysis, male sex, the GGN size on initial CT, part-solid GGN and smoking history (≥ 10 pack-years) were significant risk factors. Among them, multivariate analysis revealed that lager GGN size, part-solid GGN and smoking history were independent risk factors. Conclusion: During follow-up, 40.2% of GGNs increased in size, emphasising that patients with larger GGNs, part-solid GGN or with a smoking history should be observed.
End-to-End control of USV swarm using graph centric Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning
Kanghoon Lee,Kyuree Ahn,Jinkyoo Park 제어로봇시스템학회 2021 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.10
The Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs), which operate without a person at the surface, are used in various naval defense missions. Various missions can be conducted efficiently when a swarm of USVs are operated at the same time. However, it is challenging to establish a decentralised control strategy for all USVs. In addition, the strategy must consider various external factors, such as the ocean topography and the number of enemy forces. These difficulties necessitate a scalable and transferable decision-making module. This study proposes an algorithm to derive the decentralised and cooperative control strategy for the USV swarm using graph centric multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). The model first expresses the mission situation using a graph considering the various sensor ranges. Each USV agent encodes observed information into localized embedding and then derives coordinated action through communication with the surrounding agent. To derive a cooperative policy, we trained each agent’s policy to maximize the team reward. Using the modified prey-predator environment of OpenAI gym, we have analyzed the effect of each component of the proposed model (state embedding, communication, and team reward). The ablation study shows that the proposed model could derive a scalable and transferable control policy of USVs, consistently achieving the highest win ratio.
Kerion celsi caused by Trichophyton erinacei from hedgehog
( Kanghoon Lee ),( Jiyun Jang ),( Myeonghyeon Yang ),( Joonhee Kim ),( Minsoo Jang ),( Keesuck Suh ) 대한피부과학회 2016 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.68 No.1
Kerion celsi, highly inflammatory form of tinea capitis, appears as a painful edematous plaque and alopecia. Trichophyton erinacei is zoophilic dermatophyte most probably infected directly from the hedgehog. Among cases of T. erinacei skin infection in Korea, the most common infection site is hand and kerion celsi has not been reported. A 9-year-old male presented with a solitary erythematous and edematous plaque covered with crust on the scalp. For the past 2 years, he had kept a hedgehog as a pet. The lesion did not fluoresce under Wood``s light. KOH microscopy showed numerous fungal spores coating the outside of the shaft (ectothrix). Macroscopic view of a colony isolated from skin lesion after culture on Sabouraud agar showed a white lightly powdery with concentric ripples at the periphery. On microscopic findings stained with lactophenol cotton blue, round to pear-shaped microconidia and club-shaped macroconidia were seen. The sequence of ITS-1 regions amplified by PCR was found to be identical to that of T. erinacei. The diagnosis of kerion celsi caused by T. erinacei was made. The patient was treated with terbinafine (250 mg/day) for 8 weeks and methylprednisolone (12mg/day) for the first week, and the skin lesion was completely resolved. Following conversion to negative of KOH microscopy and fungal culture, the treatment was continued for 2 weeks more. Herein, we report a case of kerion celsi caused by T. erinacei from hedgehog.
Successful treatment of dermatitis artefacta with olanzapine
( Kanghoon Lee ),( Jiyun Jang ),( Myeonghyeon Yang ),( Joonhee Kim ),( Minsoo Jang ),( Keesuck Suh ) 대한피부과학회 2016 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.68 No.1
Dermatitis artefacta is a self-induced skin disease by the patient, who denies his participation in the process. Clinically, geometric patterns and oddly distributed bizarre-shaped lesions at sites accessible to the patient can be seen. A supportive empathic approach, psychotherapy, occlusive dressing, and antipsychotics have formed the mainstay of treatment. A 50-year-old female patient presented with well defined geometric patterned erythematous patches and ulcers on the both lower legs. On dermoscopy, erythematous bizarre-shaped erosions with angular margin were seen. Histologic findings showed separation of basal cell layer from the dermal papillae, necrosis of epidermis with loss of nuclei and fragmentation of cells and inflammatory cell infiltration in the dermis. After psychiatric assessment based on experience of anxiety, bulimia nervosa, auditory hallucinations and denial of self-induction, the patient was diagnosed with schizophrenia. On the basis of these clinical, dermoscopic, histologic, and psychological findings, the diagnosis of dermatitis artefacta was made. The patient was treated with occlusive dressing and olanzapine (10 mg/day), resulting in a significant improvement in the skin lesions. Anti-impulsive, anxiolytic effect and antihistamine properties of olanzapine may have played role in the resolution of the disease. Herein, we report a case of dermatitis artefacta successfully treated with olanzapine.