사학연금 보험료 부과소득 상·하한 기준의 문제점 및 개선방안에 관한 연구

정인영 ( Jung¸ Inyoung ) 한국사회보장학회 2021 사회보장연구 Vol.37 No.1

본 연구는 사학연금 기준소득월액 상·하한 기준을 체계적이고 심도 있게 분석하여 문제점을 파악하고 이를 해소하기 위한 중·장기적 개선방안을 제시한다. 사학연금의 기준소득월액 하한 관련 주요 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 기준소득월액 하한 수준은 낮은 편이다. 둘째, 기준소득월액 하한은 학교급별, 직능별로 5개의 하한선으로 구분하여 차등화하고 있어 사학연금 가입자간 부담금 및 급여의 형평성 문제가 발생하고 있다. 셋째, 세분화된 하한선으로 인해 사학연금 가입자들의 수용성(수요자) 측면의 문제가 발생한다. 넷째, 하한의 연동방식이 부재하다. 또한 기준소득월액 상한 관련 주요 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 기준소득월액 상한 기준 중 퇴직연금 등 연금급여 산정 시의 수준은 비교적 적절한 것으로 보이나, 일시금 산정 시의 수준은 다소 높은 것으로 판단된다. 둘째, 기준소득월액 상한은 연금급여 산정 시와 일시금 산정 시 기준으로 이원화 되어 있고, 일시금 산정 시 기준은 다시 교원과 직원으로 구분되어 있어 가입자간 부담금 및 급여의 형평성 문제와 가입자의 수용성 문제가 존재한다. 셋째, 상한의 연동방식 변경에 대한 검토가 필요하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 현행 하한선의 일원화 및 단계적 상향조정 방안, 이원화되어 있는 상한기준을 일원화하는 방안, 상한 및 하한의 연동방식으로 사학연금 전체 가입자 평균기준소득월액 변동률을 고려하는 방안 등을 제시하였다. This study explores mid- to long-term measures to improve upper and lower levels of monthly qualifying earnings for Teachers’ Pension by systematical and in-depth analysis. The main results related to the lower level are as follows: First, the current lower limit is relatively low. Second, the minimum earnings threshold is divided into five boundaries by school grades and occupations, causing equity problems associated with contributions and pension benefits between insured persons of Teachers’ Pension. Third, the various lower boundaries create problems in terms of acceptability of insured persons. Fourth, there is no indexation method of the lower limit. The main results related to the upper limit are as follows: First, the level of the upper limit for calculation of pension benefits including retirement pension appears to be relatively appropriate, but the level of the upper limit for lump sum is considered to be somewhat higher. Second, the upper limit is dualized into thresholds for calculating pension benefits and lump sum payments, and that for lump sum is divided again into teachers and employees, thus, there are issues of balance between contributions and pension benefits and of insured persons’ acceptability. Third, it is necessary to review the change in the indexation method. As a result, a measure that the current lower limit is unified and raised step by step, a plan to unify the dualized upper limits, and the average monthly income rate of insured persons as an alternative indexation method of the upper and lower limits were suggested.

무라카미 하루키(村上春樹) 소설의 한국어 번역양상 비교연구 試論

鄭仁英(Jung InYoung) 중앙대학교 일본연구소 2009 日本 硏究 Vol.0 No.26

A tailored TiO₂ electron selective layer for high-performance flexible perovskite solar cells via low temperature UV process

Jeong, Inyoung,Jung, Heesuk,Park, Minwoo,Park, Joon Suh,Son, Hae Jung,Joo, Jin,Lee, Jinwoo,Ko, Min Jae Elsevier 2016 Nano energy Vol.28 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>To realize high-performance flexible perovskite solar cells (PSCs), electron selective layers (ESL) that can be processed at low temperatures are required. Here, we develop UV-assisted solution process to prepare highly compact Nb-doped TiO<SUB>2</SUB> (UV-Nb:TiO<SUB>2</SUB>) ESLs at low temperature (<50°C). Highly crystalline TiO<SUB>2</SUB> nanocrystals (NCs) stabilized with oleic acid are synthesized and the highly dispersed TiO<SUB>2</SUB> NCs solution is spin-coated, followed by UV treatment. The UV exposure induces photocatalytic removal of the organic ligands and spontaneous coalescence of the TiO<SUB>2</SUB> NCs, resulting in highly uniform and compact TiO<SUB>2</SUB> thin films. The UV-processed TiO<SUB>2</SUB> layer (UV-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>) shows higher transmittance and a better blocking effect, compared to a conventional TiO<SUB>2</SUB> layer (HT-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>) prepared by high temperature sintering process. Furthermore, Nb doping of the TiO<SUB>2</SUB> NCs improves the electrical conductivity and gives rise to a downward shift of the conduction band, enhancing the charge extraction. Thanks to the advantages, PSCs based on UV-Nb:TiO<SUB>2</SUB> ESLs show improved photovoltaic performances and less hysteresis, compared to the HT-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> ESL. The best-performing PSCs based on UV-Nb:TiO<SUB>2</SUB> ESL exhibit outstanding power conversion efficiencies of 19.57% and 16.01% for rigid and flexible substrates, respectively.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Low-temperature solution processed TiO<SUB>2</SUB> ESL is developed for high-performance PSCs. </LI> <LI> Nb doping of TiO<SUB>2</SUB> ESL improves photovoltaic performances of PSCs. </LI> <LI> Champion cells exhibit PCE of 19.57% for rigid and 16.01% for flexible substrates. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Unenhanced Breast MRI With Diffusion-Weighted Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection: Effects of Training on Performance and Agreement of Subspecialty Radiologists

Kim Yeon Soo,Lee Su Hyun,Kim Soo-Yeon,Kim Eun Sil,Park Ah Reum,Chang Jung Min,Park Vivian Youngjean,Yoon Jung Hyun,Kang Bong Joo,Yun Bo La,Kim Tae Hee,Ko Eun Sook,Chu A Jung,Kim Jin You,Youn Inyoung,C 대한영상의학회 2024 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.25 No.1

Objective: To investigate whether reader training improves the performance and agreement of radiologists in interpreting unenhanced breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Materials and Methods: A study of 96 breasts (35 cancers, 24 benign, and 37 negative) in 48 asymptomatic women was performed between June 2019 and October 2020. High-resolution DWI with b-values of 0, 800, and 1200 sec/mm2 was performed using a 3.0-T system. Sixteen breast radiologists independently reviewed the DWI, apparent diffusion coefficient maps, and T1-weighted MRI scans and recorded the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) category for each breast. After a 2-h training session and a 5-month washout period, they re-evaluated the BI-RADS categories. A BI-RADS category of 4 (lesions with at least two suspicious criteria) or 5 (more than two suspicious criteria) was considered positive. The per-breast diagnostic performance of each reader was compared between the first and second reviews. Inter-reader agreement was evaluated using a multi-rater κ analysis and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: Before training, the mean sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the 16 readers were 70.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 59.4–79.9), 90.8% (95% CI: 85.6–94.2), and 83.5% (95% CI: 78.6–87.4), respectively. After training, significant improvements in specificity (95.2%; 95% CI: 90.8–97.5; P = 0.001) and accuracy (85.9%; 95% CI: 80.9–89.8; P = 0.01) were observed, but no difference in sensitivity (69.8%; 95% CI: 58.1–79.4; P = 0.58) was observed. Regarding inter-diffusionreader agreement, the κ values were 0.57 (95% CI: 0.52–0.63) before training and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.62–0.74) after training, with a difference of 0.11 (95% CI: 0.02–0.18; P = 0.01). The ICC was 0.73 (95% CI: 0.69–0.74) before training and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.76–0.80) after training (P = 0.002). Conclusion: Brief reader training improved the performance and agreement of interpretations by breast radiologists using unenhanced MRI with DWI.

Tusc2/Fus1 regulates osteoclast differentiation through NF- κB and NFATc1

( Inyoung Kim ),( Jung Ha Kim ),( Kabsun Kim ),( Semun Seong ),( Nacksung Kim ) 생화학분자생물학회(구 한국생화학분자생물학회) 2017 BMB Reports Vol.50 No.9

Tumor suppressor candidate 2 (Tusc2, also known as Fus1) regulates calcium signaling, and Ca²⁺-dependent nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-кB) pathways, which play roles in osteoclast differentiation. However, the role of Tusc2 in osteoclasts remains unknown. Here, we report that Tusc2 positively regulates the differentiation of osteoclasts. Overexpression of Tusc2 in osteoclast precursor cells enhanced receptor activator of nuclear factor кB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation. In contrast, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Tusc2 strongly inhibited osteoclast differentiation. In addition, Tusc2 induced the activation of RANKL-mediated NF-кB and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase IV (CaMKIV)/cAMP-response element (CRE)-binding protein CREB signaling cascades. Taken together, these results suggest that Tusc2 acts as a positive regulator of RANKL-mediated osteoclast differentiation. [BMB Reports 2017; 50(9): 454-459]

Interactive Direct Interhospital Transfer Network System for Acute Stroke in South Korea

Inyoung Chung,Hee-Joon Bae,Beom Joon Kim,Jun Yup Kim,Moon-Ku Han,Jinhwi Kim,Cheolkyu Jung,Jihoon Kang 대한신경과학회 2023 Journal of Clinical Neurology Vol.19 No.2

Background and Purpose Interhospital transfer is an essential practical component of regional stroke care systems. To establish an effective stroke transfer network in South Korea, an interactive transfer system was constructed, and its workflow metrics were observed. Methods In March 2019, a direct transfer system between primary stroke hospitals (PSHs) and comprehensive regional stroke centers (CSCs) was established to standardize the clinical pathway of imaging, recanalization therapy, transfer decisions, and exclusive transfer linkage systems in the two types of centers. In an active case, the time metrics from arrival at PSH (“door”) to imaging was measured, and intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and endovascular treatment (EVT) were used to assess the differences in clinical situations. Results The direct transfer system was used by 27 patients. They stayed at the PSH for a median duration of 72 min (interquartile range [IQR], 38–114 min), with a median times of 15 and 58 min for imaging and subsequent processing, respectively. The door-to-needle median times of subjects treated with IVT at PSHs (n=5) and CSCs (n=2) were 21 min (IQR, 20.0–22.0 min) and 137.5 min (IQR, 125.3–149.8 min), respectively. EVT was performed on seven subjects (25.9%) at CSCs, which took a median duration of 175 min; 77 min at the PSH, 48 min for transportation, and 50 min at the CSC. Before EVT, bridging IVT at the PSH did not significantly affect the door-to-puncture time (127 min vs. 143.5 min, p=0.86). Conclusions The direct and interactive transfer system is feasible in real-world practice in South Korea and presents merits in reducing the treatment delay by sharing information during transfer.

The IRF2BP2-KLF2 axis regulates osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation

( Inyoung Kim ),( Jung Ha Kim ),( Kabsun Kim ),( Semun Seong ),( Nacksung Kim ) 생화학분자생물학회(구 한국생화학분자생물학회) 2019 BMB Reports Vol.52 No.7

Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) has been implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival in a variety of cells. Recently, it has been reported that KLF2 regulates the p65-mediated transactivation of NF-κB. Although the NF-κB pathway plays an important role in the differentiation of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, the role of KLF2 in these bone cells has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that KLF2 regulates osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation. The overexpression of KLF2 in osteoclast precursor cells inhibited osteoclast differentiation by downregulating c-Fos, NFATc1, and TRAP expression, while KLF2 overexpression in osteoblasts enhanced osteoblast differentiation and function by upregulating Runx2, ALP, and BSP expression. Conversely, the downregulation of KLF2 with KLF2-specific siRNA increased osteoclast differentiation and inhibited osteoblast differentiation. Moreover, the overexpression of interferon regulatory protein 2-binding protein 2 (IRF2BP2), a regulator of KLF2, suppressed osteoclast differentiation and enhanced osteoblast differentiation and function. These effects were reversed by downregulating KLF2. Collectively, our data provide new insights and evidence to suggest that the IRF2BP2/KLF2 axis mediates osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation, thereby affecting bone homeostasis. [BMB Reports 2019; 52(7): 469-474]

IRF2 enhances RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation via regulating NF-κB/NFATc1 signaling

( Inyoung Kim ),( Jung Ha Kim ),( Kabsun Kim ),( Semun Seong ),( Keun-bae Lee ),( Nacksung Kim ) 생화학분자생물학회 2021 BMB Reports Vol.54 No.9

Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) play roles in various biological processes including cytokine signaling, cell growth regulation and hematopoietic development. Although it has been reported that several IRFs are involved in bone metabolism, the role of IRF2 in bone cells has not been elucidated. Here, we investigated the involvement of IRF2 in RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. IRF2 overexpression in osteoclast precursor cells enhanced osteoclast differentiation by regulating the expression of NFATc1, a master regulator of osteoclastogenesis. Conversely, IRF2 knockdown inhibited osteoclast differentiation and decreased the NFATc1 expression. Moreover, IRF2 increased the translocation of NF-κB subunit p65 to the nucleus in response to RANKL and subsequently induced the expression of NFATc1. IRF2 plays an important role in RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by regulating NF-κB/NFATc1 signaling pathway. Taken together, we demonstrated the molecular mechanism of IRF2 in osteoclast differentiation, and provide a molecular basis for potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of bone diseases characterized by excessive bone resorption. [BMB Reports 2021; 54(9): 482-487]

Development of EBS Modules for a Process-based Total System Performance Assessment of a Geological Disposal System

Jung-Woo Kim,Jaewon Lee,Inyoung Kim,Dong-Keun Cho 한국방사성폐기물학회 2018 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.2018 No.10

NRROS Negatively Regulates Osteoclast Differentiation by Inhibiting RANKL-Mediated NF-κB and Reactive Oxygen Species Pathways

Kim, Jung Ha,Kim, Kabsun,Kim, Inyoung,Seong, Semun,Kim, Nacksung Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology 2015 Molecules and cells Vol.38 No.10

Negative regulator of reactive oxygen species (NRROS) is known to repress ROS generation in phagocytes. In this study, we examined the roles of NRROS in both osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Our results demonstrate that NRROS negatively regulates the differentiation of osteoclasts, but not osteoblasts. Further, overexpression of NRROS in osteoclast precursor cells attenuates RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. Conversely, osteoclast differentiation is enhanced upon siRNA-mediated knock-down of NRROS. Additionally, NRROS attenuates RANKL-induced $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation, as well as degradation of the NOX1 and NOX2 proteins, which are required for ROS generation. Based on our observations, we present NRROS as a novel negative regulator of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis.