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CHRISTIAN EDUCATION, GLOBALIZATION, AND CIVIL SOCIETY
Friedrich Schweitzer 한국기독교교육학회 2013 기독교교육논총 Vol.35 No.-
This article discusses the relationship between Christian education, globalization,and civil society. First it addresses how young people view globalization. Another point of reference is civil society. The data (from Germany) show that young people are concerned about globalization but that many of them appear to be unclear what to think of it. The author argues that education must strive for equipping young people with a degree of global reflexivity—a concept that is suggested here in relationship to young people’s awareness that will enable them to critically think about globalization. In a second step, the author discusses the question why Christian education should be concerned with globalization. In this respect, the concept of civil society and, more specifically, Christian education’s contribution to civil society (which is discussed in a separate section of the article) should play a crucial role. In conclusion, a number of perspectives for the future of Christian education are suggested. This article discusses the relationship between Christian education, globalization,and civil society. First it addresses how young people view globalization. Another point of reference is civil society. The data (from Germany) show that young people are concerned about globalization but that many of them appear to be unclear what to think of it. The author argues that education must strive for equipping young people with a degree of global reflexivity—a concept that is suggested here in relationship to young people’s awareness that will enable them to critically think about globalization. In a second step, the author discusses the question why Christian education should be concerned with globalization. In this respect, the concept of civil society and, more specifically, Christian education’s contribution to civil society (which is discussed in a separate section of the article) should play a crucial role. In conclusion, a number of perspectives for the future of Christian education are suggested.
New Estimates for the Shadow Economies all over the World
Friedrich Schneider,Andreas Buehn,Claudio E. Montenegro 한국국제경제학회 2010 International Economic Journal Vol.24 No.4
This paper presents estimations of the shadow economies for 162 countries, including developing, Eastern European, Central Asian, and high income OECD countries over 1999 to 2006/2007. According to our estimations, the weighted average size of the shadow economy (as a percentage of 'official' GDP) in Sub-Saharan Africa is 37.6%, in Europe and Central Asia (mostly transition countries) 36.4% and in high income OECD countries 13.4%. We find that an increased burden of taxation (direct and indirect ones), combined with (labour market) regulations and the quality of public goods and services as well as the state of the 'official' economy are the driving forces of the shadow economy.