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Environmental Issues Related to Refrigeration Technologies
Didier Coulomb 대한설비공학회 2021 International Journal Of Air-Conditioning and Refr Vol.29 No.2
The impact of the refrigeration sector on climate change is important and growing, with four main issues: refrigerants used, energy consumption, food losses and the life cycle of materials. It is increasingly recognized at international level, but these environmental issues are complex, and most solutions are found at national and local levels. The issue of refrigerants is now well known; solutions have already been put in place, both for the stratospheric ozone layer and for climate change, even if these solutions are currently determined in a long-term perspective (mid-century). However, these timeframes may be shortened in the future. Conversely, energy issues (energy efficiency, use of renewable energies), which have so far been insufficiently addressed in most countries, have become an urgent challenge. The same applies to the implementation of cold chains in developing countries in order to reduce food losses and their carbon impact. The dramatic increase in the use of refrigeration, including air conditioning and the cold chain, makes truly sustainable development of this sector particularly important.
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Stanislas Marouby,Remy Coulomb,Etienne Maury,Chahine Assi,Olivier Mares,Pascal Kouyoumdjian 대한척추외과학회 2020 Asian Spine Journal Vol.14 No.1
Study Design: Prospective study. Purpose: The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) on L5–S1 level for restitution of distal segmental lordosis and to investigate its consequences on spino-pelvic parameters and the global sagittal balance. Overview of Literature: Lumbar surgery must be adapted to the spinal morphology in order to restore an adequate relation between pelvic and spinal parameters and especially to the pelvic incidence. Methods: An observational, prospective study was conducted between January 2013 and May 2017. Eighty-six patients were treated by L5–S1 ALIF procedure regardless of disc replacement above L5–S1 level. Thirty-seven patients were included and subset analyses were performed on 25 patients operated on an isolated ALIF L5–S1 (group 1), and 12 patients with hybrid surgery consisting of an L5–S1 ALIF procedure and a L4–L5 lumbar disc replacement (group 2). Clinical parameters were analyzed using Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) at M0 (preoperative) and M12 (12 months). Lumbo-pelvic parameters were assessed on a standing full-spine X-ray, preoperatively and at M12 after surgery. Results: We observed a significant evolution of L1–S1 lumbar lordosis (p<0.001) with a significant increase of the distal arch L4–S1 lordosis (p<0.001) and decrease of the proximal arch lordosis (p=0.03). Preoperatively, 27% of the patients were unbalanced. Significant variation in sagittal balance parameters was observed, with a decrease of the sagittal vertebral axis (p<0.001). VAS and ODI improved significantly but no correlation was found. An evolution in the same direction was found in the two subgroup analyses. Conclusions: ALIF procedure on L5–S1 level allowed a reconstruction of lumbosacral segmental lordosis, modification of global lordosis, without variation of spino-pelvic parameters except an improvement in sagittal balance.
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Dalloul, Rami A.,Long, Julie A.,Zimin, Aleksey V.,Aslam, Luqman,Beal, Kathryn,Ann Blomberg, Le,Bouffard, Pascal,Burt, David W.,Crasta, Oswald,Crooijmans, Richard P. M. A.,Cooper, Kristal,Coulombe, Rog Public Library of Science 2010 PLoS biology Vol.8 No.9
<P>A synergistic combination of two next-generation sequencing platforms with a detailed comparative BAC physical contig map provided a cost-effective assembly of the genome sequence of the domestic turkey (<I>Meleagris gallopavo</I>). Heterozygosity of the sequenced source genome allowed discovery of more than 600,000 high quality single nucleotide variants. Despite this heterozygosity, the current genome assembly (∼1.1 Gb) includes 917 Mb of sequence assigned to specific turkey chromosomes. Annotation identified nearly 16,000 genes, with 15,093 recognized as protein coding and 611 as non-coding RNA genes. Comparative analysis of the turkey, chicken, and zebra finch genomes, and comparing avian to mammalian species, supports the characteristic stability of avian genomes and identifies genes unique to the avian lineage. Clear differences are seen in number and variety of genes of the avian immune system where expansions and novel genes are less frequent than examples of gene loss. The turkey genome sequence provides resources to further understand the evolution of vertebrate genomes and genetic variation underlying economically important quantitative traits in poultry. This integrated approach may be a model for providing both gene and chromosome level assemblies of other species with agricultural, ecological, and evolutionary interest.</P><P><B>Author Summary</B></P><P>In contrast to the compact sequence of viruses and bacteria, determining the complete genome sequence of complex vertebrate genomes can be a daunting task. With the advent of “next-generation” sequencing platforms, it is now possible to rapidly sequence and assemble a vertebrate genome, especially for species for which genomic resources—genetic maps and markers—are currently available. We used a combination of two next-generation sequencing platforms, Roche 454 and Illumina GAII, and unique assembly tools to sequence the genome of the agriculturally important turkey, <I>Meleagris gallopavo</I>. Our draft assembly comprises approximately 1.1 gigabases of which 917 megabytes are assigned to specific chromosomes. Comparisons of the turkey genome sequence with those of the chicken, <I>Gallus gallus</I>, and the zebra finch, <I>Taeniopygia guttata</I>, provide insights into the evolution of the avian lineage. This genome sequence will facilitate discovery of agriculturally important genetic variants.</P>
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