Habitat use of reintroduced Long-tailed Gorals (Naemorhedus caudatus) in Woraksan (Mt.) National Park in Korea

( Chea Un Cho ),( Kyu Cheol Kim ),( Gu Hui Kwon ),( Ki Yoon Kim ),( Bae Keun Lee ),( Jang Ilk Son ) 한국환경생태학회 2015 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.29 No.2

This study aimed to analyze characteristics of the seasonal habitat use of reintroduced Long-tailed Gorals (n=7) in Woraksan (mountain) National Park. We collected 10,721 goral coordinates in Woraksan (mountain) National Park via transmitters, and analyzed habitat use (e.g., aspect, distance from stream and road) from November 2006 to January 2013. Aspect use was southwest (22.6 %), and seasonal aspect use had a southwestern slope (in the spring, summer, and autumn). A northwestern aspect was detected in winter, but slope of 30°∼35° (19.0 %) was used regardless of the season and mean elevation use was 500 m. Moreover, seasonal use was higher in the summer and lower in the winter and spring. The distance from the stream was mainly 50 m in 17.2 %, except in the winter (distance of 300 m), and it was within 50 m in the spring, summer, and autumn. The distance from the road was 100 m in 25.7 %, and seasonal use was within 100 m except for the winter. Thus, we examined significant differences in the habitat use of reintroduced gorals in Woraksan (mountain), and provide elementary data for habitat stabilization of Woraksan (mountain) National Park where goral restoration has advanced.

Habitat use of reintroduced Long-tailed Gorals (Naemorhedus caudatus) in Woraksan (Mt.) National Park in Korea

Chea-Un Cho,Kyu-Cheol Kim,Gu-Hui Kwon,Ki-Yoon Kim,Bae-Keun Lee,Jang-Ilk Son 한국환경생태학회 2015 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.29 No.2

This study aimed to analyze characteristics of the seasonal habitat use of reintroduced Long-tailed Gorals (n=7) in Woraksan (mountain) National Park. We collected 10,721 goral coordinates in Woraksan (mountain) National Park via transmitters, and analyzed habitat use (e.g., aspect, distance from stream and road) from November 2006 to January 2013. Aspect use was southwest (22.6 %), and seasonal aspect use had a southwestern slope (in the spring, summer, and autumn). A northwestern aspect was detected in winter, but slope of 30°∼35° (19.0 %) was used regardless of the season and mean elevation use was 500 m. Moreover, seasonal use was higher in the summer and lower in the winter and spring. The distance from the stream was mainly 50 m in 17.2 %, except in the winter (distance of 300 m), and it was within 50 m in the spring, summer, and autumn. The distance from the road was 100 m in 25.7 %, and seasonal use was within 100 m except for the winter. Thus, we examined significant differences in the habitat use of reintroduced gorals in Woraksan (mountain), and provide elementary data for habitat stabilization of Woraksan (mountain) National Park where goral restoration has advanced.

Habitat use of reintroduced Long-tailed Gorals (Naemorhedus caudatus) in Woraksan (Mt.) National Park in Korea

Cho, Chea-Un,Kim, Kyu-Cheol,Kwon, Gu-Hui,Kim, Ki-Yoon,Lee, Bae-Keun,Son, Jang-Ilk Korean Society of Environment and Ecology 2015 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.29 No.2

This study aimed to analyze characteristics of the seasonal habitat use of reintroduced Long-tailed Gorals (n=7) in Woraksan (mountain) National Park. We collected 10,721 goral coordinates in Woraksan (mountain) National Park via transmitters, and analyzed habitat use (e.g., aspect, distance from stream and road) from November 2006 to January 2013. Aspect use was southwest (22.6 %), and seasonal aspect use had a southwestern slope (in the spring, summer, and autumn). A northwestern aspect was detected in winter, but slope of $30^{\circ}{\sim}35^{\circ}$ (19.0 %) was used regardless of the season and mean elevation use was 500 m. Moreover, seasonal use was higher in the summer and lower in the winter and spring. The distance from the stream was mainly 50 m in 17.2 %, except in the winter (distance of 300 m), and it was within 50 m in the spring, summer, and autumn. The distance from the road was 100 m in 25.7 %, and seasonal use was within 100 m except for the winter. Thus, we examined significant differences in the habitat use of reintroduced gorals in Woraksan (mountain), and provide elementary data for habitat stabilization of Woraksan (mountain) National Park where goral restoration has advanced.

설악산국립공원 멸종위기 산양(Naemorhedus caudatus) 개체군 크기와 서식지 이용 현황

조재운 ( Chea Un Cho ),김규철 ( Kyu Cheol Kim ),권구희 ( Gu Hui Kwon ),김기윤 ( Ki Yoon Kim ),이배근 ( Bae Keun Lee ),송병철 ( Bung Cheol Song ),박종길 ( Jong Gil Park ) 한국환경생태학회 2015 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.29 No.5

본 연구에서는 설악산국립공원에 서식하는 멸종위기종 산양과 서식지의 보전 및 관리를 위해 산양의 분변 및 카메라 트랩을 이용한 개체수와 서식지 이용 분석을 2010~2014년 동안 수행하였으며 생태학적 조사 방법(흔적조사, 카메라트 랩조사)을 사용하였다. 분변 조사와 카메라트랩핑 분석 결과 각각 166개체 및 251개체의 산양이 설악산국립공원에 서식하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 흔적조사(분변)를 통한 서식지 이용 특성 분석에서 산양은 경사도 35°~60°, 고도 600~700m, 향 북동, 수계와의 거리 0~50m, 도로와의 거리 300~600m, 활엽수림을 가장 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 카메라트랩 조사를 통한 산양 개체군 구성, 주간(07-18시)이 56.5%, 야간(18-07시)이 43.5%로 산양의 활동성을 파악하였다. 이러한 산양의 개체수와 서식지 이용 특성 분석은 향후 그들이 살아가는 서식지의 보전과 서식지의 관리를 위한 중요한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. This study was conducted investigate population size and habitat use for the conservation and management of the endangered long-tailed goral in the Seoraksan National Park using feces and camera trap during 2010 to 2014 (track survey, camera trap). As a result of feces tracking and camera trap, its population size was estimated as 160 (camera trap)~251 (feces) individuals in the Seoraksan National Park. The goral prefer 35°~60° (slope), 600~700m (elevation), NE (aspect), 0~50m (distance to stream), 300~600m (distance to road) and bread-leaved forest (forest type) according to field tracking of fecal. Based on field camera trap, we estimated the age classes of goral populations and activity of gorals during day-time (07-18 time, 56.5%) and night-time (18-07 time, 43.5%). Such analyses of population size and habitat use of the goral could be applied as important fundamental data for conservation of gorals and management of their habitats.

국내 산양(Naemorhedus caudatus) 암컷의 출산시기 행동 특성에 따른 분석 및 관리 방안

조재운 ( Chea-un Cho ),김규철 ( Kyu-cheol Kim ),김기윤 ( Ki-yoon Kim ),이용학 ( Yong-hak Lee ),손장익 ( Jang-ick Son ),정승준 ( Sung-jun Jung ),송동주 ( Dong-ju Song ),정대호 ( Dae-ho Jung ) 한국환경생태학회 2016 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.30 No.5

국제적 멸종위기종인 산양 암컷(n=6)의 출산시기 행동권 분석을 위해 2007년 3월부터 2014년 5월까지 설악산국립공원, 월악산국립공원 2지역에서 GPS collar 발신기를 이용하여 연구 수행하였다. 분석결과 출산시기에 따라 행동권의 변화를 확인하였다. MCP 95%에서 봄 1.00±1.00㎢ > 가을 0.66±0.30㎢ > 여름 0.61±0.40㎢ > 겨울 0.50±0.10㎢(F=4.240, p<0.05)로 분석되었으며, 월별분석은 5, 6, 7월에 급격이 행동권이 작아지는 특징을 보였으며, 통계적으로 유의적인 차이를 보였다(F=24.261, p<0.01). 이렇듯 행동권의 급격한 변화를 보인개체들은 새끼를 출산한 개체로 확인 되었고, 행동권이 급격히 작아지는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 평균 이용고도는 615.77±173.508m이며 출산개체와 비출산 개체 모두 큰 차이는 없었다. 이러한 분석을 통하여 출산 시기 등을 고려한 개체관리 및 복원에 적용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. To analyze the behavioral characteristics of Korea endangered species female gorals (n=6) during the period of birth, using GPS collar attached on their necks, we carried out this study in two areas (Seoraksan and Woraksan National park) from March 2007 to May 2014. According to our analysis there was a change in their home range during the period of birth. The home range of females (n=6) in MCP 95% was Spring (1.00±1.00㎢) > Autumn (0.66±0.30㎢) > Summer (0.61±0.40㎢) > Winter (0.50±0.10㎢) (F=4.198, p<0.05). In the monthly analysis, their home ranges were dramatically reduced in May, June and July. It showed a statistically significant difference (F=24.261, p<0.01). These gorals showing a drastic change in home ranges were identified as gorals having offspring individual and their home ranges were decreased. The average altitude was 615.77±173.508m and there was no significant difference in major change between parous and nonparous female gorals. Through this analysis, we expect that it can be applied to the goral management and restoration project considering the time of birth.

GPS Collar를 이용한 멸종위기 한국 산양(Naemorhedus caudatus)의 행동 특성

조재운 ( Chea Un Cho ),권구희 ( Gu Hee Gyun ),양정진 ( Jung Jin Yang ),임상진 ( Sang Jin Lim ),이안나 ( An Na Lee ),박희복 ( Hee Bok Park ),이배근 ( Bae Keun Lee ) 한국환경생태학회 2014 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.28 No.1

본 연구는 멸종위기종인 한국산 산양(n=3)의 생태 및 행동학적 특징을 밝히기 위하여 2010년 5월부터 2011년 9월까지 설악산국립공원에서 이루어졌다. 구조된 산양은 GPS Collar 발신기를 부착하여 구조된 원서식지에 재 방사 하였으며, 연구기간 동안 수집된 4,752개의 위치 좌표를 이용하여 연간 행동권, 계절별 행동권, 월별 이용 고도를 분석하였다. 연구결과, 설악산 산양의 연간 행동권은 MCP 95% 0.88㎢, MCP 50% 0.27㎢, FK 95% 0.43㎢, FK 50% 0.09㎢로 계절별 행동권은 MCP 95%에서 봄 0.47㎢, 여름 0.45㎢, 가을 0.63㎢, 겨울 0.50㎢로, 가을 행동권이 넓은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 FK 95% 분석을 통해서도 봄 0.23㎢, 여름 0.19㎢, 가을 0.33㎢, 겨울 0.22㎢로 가을철 행동권이 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 암·수 연간행동권은 MCP 95% 수준에서 암컷 1.03㎢, 수컷은 0.58㎢로 분석되었다. 월별 이용 고도는 6, 7, 8월이 가장 높았으며 12, 1, 2월에 가장 낮은 고도를 이용했다. 본 연구는 산양의 서식지 관리 정책 및 복원과 보전을 위한 객관적 자료 확보 및 국내에서 수행 중이거나 계획 단계에 있는 야생동물의 성공적인 복원에 기여하고자 수행되었다. This study was to understand the ecological characteristics of the goral through the study on goral behavioral characteristics and to be carried out to provide basic behavioral data such as annual home range, seasonal home range and monthly used altitude with 4,752 locations obtained during the study period through home range analysis of three long-tailed gorals (Naemorhedus caudatus) in Soeraksan. For this study, gorals who were rescued from heavy snow in Seoraksan were used. The gorals were equipped with GPS Collar, released at their natural habitats, and then monitored from May, 2010 to September, 2011. According to our results, annual home ranges of the gorals (n=3) have 0.88㎢ of MCP 95%, 0.27㎢ of MCP 50%, 0.43 ㎢of FK 95%, and 0.09㎢ of FK 50% respectively. Seasonal home range of MCP 95% was 0.47㎢ in spring, 0.45㎢ in summer, 0.63㎢ in fall and 0.50㎢ in winter respectively and home ranges of fall was the largest. In the case of FK 95% analysis, home ranges were 0.23㎢ in spring, 0.19㎢ in summer, 0.33㎢ in fall, and 0.22㎢ in winter respectively and the largest seasonal home range was fall. Female and male annual home ranges of the gorals were 1.03㎢ for female and 0.58㎢ for male. In analysis of the monthly used altitudes which were used Jun, July, and August were higher than in the other months and the altitudes which were used in Dec, Jan, and Feb were lower than in the other months. This study was to secure basic data for the habitat management policy, restoration, and conservation of Korea gorals and to be conducted to contribute to the success in doing or planning stage of the wild animal restoration.

월악산국립공원 도입 방사된 암컷 산양(Naemorhedus caudatus)의 행동 특성

조재운 ( Chea Un Cho ),김규철 ( Kyu Chul Kim ),권구희 ( Gu Hee Gyun ),양정진 ( Jung Jin Yang ),이배근 ( Bae Keun Lee ),권철환 ( Chul Hwan Gyun ) 한국환경생태학회 2014 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.28 No.6

본 연구는 2008년 2월부터 2013년 12월까지 월악산국립공원에 도입 방사된 암컷 산양 4개체의 행동 특성을 연구하기 위하여 연간 행동권, 계절별 행동권, 고도별 이용 특징을 연구하였다. 도입 방사된 암컷 산양의 연간 행동권은 MCP 95% 1.13±0.32㎢, FK 95% 0.37±0.18㎢, FK 50% 0.07±0.03㎢로 분석 되었고(t=0.607, p>0.05), 계절별 행동권 및 고도 이용특성은 MCP 95%에서 여름(0.77±0.06㎢), 가을(0.73±0.26㎢)로 행동권이 크며, 봄(0.58±0.38㎢), 겨울(0.47±0.25㎢)에 행동권이 감소하여 여름과 겨울 행동권의 차이를 보였고(F=3.868, P<0.05), 계절별 고도 이용 특성은 봄 435m(28.4%), 여름 464m(26.7%), 가을 414m(28.8%), 겨울 393m(21.2%)로 여름에 높은 고도로 이동하며 겨울철고도가 낮은 지역을 이용하는 것으로 분석 되었다(F=0.783, P>0.05). 본 연구에서 도입 방사된 암컷 산양 개체만 연구되어 전체적인 행동특성이라고 단정 할 수 없지만, 행동권, 계절별 행동권, 고도 분석 등으로 서식지 이용특성에서 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 분석 되었다. This study was executed in Woraksan National Park from Febuary, 2008 to December, 2013 in order to study the behavioral characteristics of introduced four female gorals using annual home range, seasonal home range, and elevation use characteristics. Annual home range of reintroduced female gorals were 1.13±0.32㎢of MCP 95%, 0.37±0.18㎢of MCP 95% and 0.07±0.03㎢(t=0.607, p>0.05) of FK 50% respectively. In seasonal home range and elevation use characteristics of MCP 95%, autumn(0.73±0.26㎢) and summer(0.77±0.06㎢) were the largest home range and spring(0.58±0.38㎢) and winter(0.47±0.25㎢) had a smaller home range and it showed that there was a difference between summer and winter home ranges(F=3.868, P<0.05). As a result of seasonal elevation analysis, elevation use was 435m(28.4%) in spring, 464m(26.7%) in summer, 414m(28.8%) in autumn, and 393m(21.2%) in winter, respectively. It showed that these gorals used higher elevation in summer(F=0.783, P>0.05). We could not analyze the characteristics of introduced gorals, because only introduced female gorals were used for this study. However, we could understand that habitat use characteristics were of statistical significance in introduced gorals from the analyses of their home range, seasonal home range and elevation use.

경북북부지역(울진) 산양(Naemorhedus caudatus)암,수 한 쌍의 행동권 및 고도변화에 따른 행동권 분석

조재운 ( Chea Un Cho ),김기윤 ( Ki Yoon Kim ),김규철 ( Kyu Cheol Kim ),김현민 ( Hyun Min Kim ),안재용 ( Jae Yong An ),이배근 ( Bae Keun Lee ),박종길 ( Jong Gil Park ) 한국지리정보학회 2015 한국지리정보학회지 Vol.18 No.1

경북북부지역 산양 암·수 한 쌍(n=2)의 연구를 통해 한국 산양의 복원 및 보전을 위한 생태적 특징을 파악하고자 실시하였으며, 산양 한 쌍의 행동권, 계절별 행동권, 서식지 이용특성 등을 분석하기 위하여, 2013년 6월부터 2014년 7월까지 울진 지역에서 GPS collar 발신기를 이용하여 1년간 수행하였다. 분석결과, 산양 한 쌍의 행동권은 MCP 95% 1.38±0.24㎢, FK 95% 0.81±0.09㎢, FK 50% 0.15±0.16㎢로 분석되었다(t=8.118, p>0.05). 계절별 행동권은 MCP 95%에서 겨울 0.74±0.31㎢ > 봄 0.71±0.27㎢ > 가을 0.61±0.06㎢ > 여름 0.27±0.04㎢ (F=2.135 p>0.05)로 분석되어, 겨울의 행동권이 가장 크고, 여름이 가장 작았다. 서식지 이용특성 중 계절별 이용 평균고도는 수컷은 여름(440.18±71.32m), 암컷은 봄(727.25±99.98m), 가장 낮은 고도는 수컷은 봄(372.72±70.79), 암컷은 가을(664.60±139.71m)로 분석되어 계절별 차이를 나타내어, 암·수 모두 고도변화에 따른 연간 및 계절별 행동특성의 상관성의 차이를 알수 있었다. 본 연구에서 서식지 내 먹이와의 상관관계, 서식지 교란의 변화 양상 등에 대해서는 명확하게 밝혀내지는 못했지만, 연구 자료를 기반으로 경북북부지역 산양의 행동권 및 서식지 이용 등을 파악 할 수 있었다. This study was carried out to understand ecological characteristics of Korean goral such as home range, seasonal home range and habitat use and used for Korean goral restoration and conservation, through a pair of gorals in the north Gyeongbuk province of Korea. With data from GPS collars, we analyzed the behavioral characteristics of the endangered Korean gorals(n=2) in Uljin area from June 2013 to July 2014. As a result, their home range was 1.38±0.24㎢ in MCP 95%, 0.81±0.09㎢ in FK 95% and 0.15±0.16 ㎢ in FK 50% (t=8.118, p>0.05). Seasonal home range for MCP 95% was 0.74±0.31㎢ (winter) > 0.71±0.27㎢ (spring) > 0.61±0.06㎢ (autumn) > 0.27±0.04㎢ (summer) (F=2.135 p>0.05). It showed that home range in winter was the largest and that in summer was the smallest. Mean elevation of male for seasonal habitat use was 440.18±71.32m in summer and that of female was 727.25±99.98m in spring. The lowest altitude for male was 372.72±70.79 and female was 664.60±139.71m. It meant that there were seasonal change and thus annual and seasonal behavior characteristics for both sexes had different correlation according to elevation change. Although in this study the correlation with prey in habitat and the changes of habitat disturbance were not clearly investigated, We could understand goral home range and habitat use through research data.

Cross-sectional and skeletal anatomy of long-tailed gorals (Naemorhedus caudatus) using imaging evaluations

안상진,Woojin Shin,Yujin Han,Sohwon Bae,Chea-Un Cho,Soo-Young Choi,Jong-Taek Kim 대한수의학회 2023 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.24 No.4

Background: Accurate diagnosis of diseases in animals is crucial for their treatment, and imaging evaluations such as radiographs, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are important tools for this purpose. However, a cross-sectional anatomical atlas of normal skeletal and internal organs of long-tailed gorals (Naemorhedus caudatus) has not yet been prepared for diagnosing their diseases. Objectives: The objective of this study was to create an anatomical atlas of gorals using CT and MRI, which are imaging techniques that have not been extensively studied in this type of wild animal in Korea. Methods: The researchers used CT and MRI to create an anatomical atlas of gorals, and selected 37 cross-sections from the head, thoracic, lumbar, and sacrum parts of gorals to produce an average cross-sectional anatomy atlas. Results: This study successfully created an anatomical atlas of gorals using CT and MRI. Conclusions: The atlas provides valuable information for the diagnosis of diseases in gorals, which can improve their treatment and welfare. The study highlights the importance of developing cross-sectional anatomical atlases of gorals to diagnose and treat their diseases effectively.

Ruminal impaction with an indigestible foreign body in long-tailed goral (Naemorhedus caudatus)

Sangjin Ahn,Woojin Shin,Yujin Han,Sohwon Bae,Chea-Un Cho,Sooyoung Choi,Yeonsu Oh,Jong-Taek Kim 한국동물위생학회 2023 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.46 No.2

A 6-year-old female long-tailed goral (Naemorhedus caudatus , goral) was admitted to the Gangwon wildlife medical rescue center due to severe starvation and hypothermia. The goral displayed clinical signs of severe weight loss, dehydration, lethargy, regurgitation, hypothermia, and bloating, with blood tests showing a decrease in albumin, calcium, glucose, and sodium. Supportive care was given through heating, oxygen supply, and fluid therapy, but the goral’s condition worsened, and the goral died three days after admission. Radiographic and computed tomography scans revealed the presence of an indigestible foreign body (IFB) in the rumen, which was confirmed during the necropsy. The cause of goral’s death was identified as chronic rumen impaction caused by the IFB (a ball of string), with other pathological findings including bloating, the presence of serous ascites, and congestion of digestive organs. Blood biochemical changes, clinical signs, and veterinary medical imaging diagnosis can be helpful in diagnosing ruminal impaction. This case report can provide valuable information for the diagnosis and treatment of ruminal impaction caused by IFB in endangered gorals, which may include rumenotomy or other surgical procedures.