다제내성 그람양성균에 대한 Linezolid(Zyvox^(�))의 시험관내 항균력 비교

박대원,정희진,엄중식,황병연,김성범,이재갑,이연주,정혜원,정성주,박재형,이진수,손장욱,김우주,김민자,박승철 대한감염학회 2003 감염과 화학요법 Vol.35 No.5

배경 : MRSA, VRE, VRSA같은 다제 내성 그람 양성균의 등장에 따라 glycopeptide를 대체할 새로운 항생제의 개발이 필요하게 되었고 결과적으로 새로운 항생제인 linezolid라는 항생제가 개발되었다. Linezolid는 이전의 항생제와는 다른 새로운 계열의 oxazolidinone으로 경구 이용률이 우수하다. 원내 및 원외감염의 중요한 원인균이 되고 있는 MRSA, VRE에 대한 적절한 경구용 항균제가 없는 국내에서 폐렴 및 피부 연조직 감염에서 경구용으로 사용해 볼 수 있는 약제이다. 본 연구에서는 고대 구로 병원에서 분리된 MRSA, VRE 등을 대상으로 다른 여러 항균제와 비교한 linezolid의 시험관내 항균력을 조사하고자 하였다. 재료 및 방법 : 연구대상은 1998년 1월부터 2000년 12월까지 본원에서 입원 및 외래를 통하여 피부 연조직 감염증 및 호흡기 감염증, 요로감염증으로 진단된 환자들의 가검물로부터 분리된 MRSA 60균주, VRE 43균주, PRSP 25균주를 액체배지 또는 한천배지 희석법을 통하여 linezolid 및 기타 항균제에 대한 최소발육억제농도를 구하였다. 결과 : 실험에 사용한 S. aureus는 모두 MRSA였고 이들은 linezolid에 대해 MIC_(90) 2㎍/㎖(MIC 범위 1-2㎍/㎖), Enterococcus spp는 모두 VRE로 linezolid의 MIC_(90)은 2㎍/㎖로 MIC 범위는 1-4㎍/㎖였다. 한 개의 균주에서 MIC 4㎍/㎖로 중등도 감수성을 보였으나 MIC breakpoint가 (8㎍/㎖인 내성균주는 없고 모두 감수성을 보였다. S. pneumoniae의 경우 penicillin 내성이었고, linezolid MIC_(90) 1㎍/㎖ (MIC 범위 0.5-1㎍/㎖)로 전부 감수성을 보였다. 결론 : Linezolid는 MRSA를 위시한 VRE, PRSP 등의 다제 내성 그람 양성균에 대하여 우수한 시험관내 항균력을 보임을 알 수 있었다. Background : The emergence of multi-drug resistant Gram-positive cocci, such as MRSA, VRE, and VRSA, necessitated to develop new antibiotics, which could replace the glycopeptide. As a result, a new antibiotics named linezolid was developed. Linezolid is different line of oxazolidinones with a good oral bioavailability, compared to other antibiotics. Since appropriate oral antibiotics are not presently available for MRSA, which is a major cause of nosocomial and community acquired infections, the introduction of linezolid will have favorable effect on treatment of infections such as pneumonia or skin infections. In this study, we investigated the antibiotic effect of linezolid on MRSA and VRE isolated from patients who were treated in Korea University Guro Hospital. Material and Methods : By using broth microdilution and agar dilution method we measured minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) with sixty S. aureus, forty three Enterococcus spp., and twenty five S. pneumoniae isolates from patients who were diagnosed as skin, soft tissue, respiratory, and urinary infections in Korea University Guro Hospital from January, 1998 to December, 2002. Results : All of S. aureus used in this study were MRSA, and MIG_(90) of linezolid was below 2 ㎍/㎖ (MIC ranged between 1-2 ㎍/㎖). All of Enterococcus spp. were VRE, and had MIG_(90) of 2 ㎍/㎖ (MIC ranged between 1 to 4 ㎍/㎖). One of the VRE showed intermediate susceptibility with MIC of 4 ㎍/㎖. However, none was resistant with MIC breakpoint above 8 ㎍/㎖. All of S. pneumoniae were resistant to penicillin, but they were susceptible to linezolid with MICao of 1 ㎍/㎖(MIC range 0.5-1㎍/㎖). Conclusion : In conclusions, linezolid has an excellent in vitro antibiotic effect on multi-drug resistant Gram-positive cocci, such as MRSA, PRSP, and VRE.

The Self-Reflexive Quality in Pale Fire : Based on Creative Function of Parody

朴炳珠 忠州大學校 1998 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.33 No.1

이 논문은 포스트모더니즘 소설의 선구자로 꼽히는 나바코프의 "창백한 불꽃"에 나타난 자기반영적 특질을 연구한 것이다. 나바코프(1899-1977)는 전통적 사실주의 미학에 정면으로 도전한 작가로서 작품의 예술성 특히 언어의 유희성에 탐닉하는 듯하나 패러디 수법을 사용해서 자의식적, 자기반영적 특질을 보여준다. 그는 삶의 진실에 대해서 절대적 권위나 진지한 접근을 포기하고 고의로 패러디를 통해서 기존에 당연시했던 진실의 허구성을 제시한다. 오늘날 시간은 단순한 연대기적 영속성의 개념을 상실했다. 특히 나바코프 소설은 전통적 서술구조를 철저히 파괴한다. 얼핏보면 이 소설에서도 서사(narrative)가 존재하지 않는 듯하다. 머리말, 시 그리고 주석과 색인으로 이루어져 있기 때문이다. 머리말 + 시(창백한 불꽃) + 해설 + 색인 = 소설(창백한 불꽃) 여기서 보는 바처럼 <창백한 불꽃>이라는 두 개의 제목이 있으며 따라서 시와 작품 전체는 구별되어야 한다. 이 소설에서 나바코프는 서문과 시, 시에 대한 비평 그리고 색인이라는 네부분을 배열해서 서술함으로써 작가와 비평가 더 나아가서 저술에 대해서 패러디한다. 그래서 문학이란 것이 객관적이고 절대적이기보다는 주관적이며 개인적 진실을 노정한다는 사실을 보여준다. "창백한 불꽃"이란 시를 쓴 존셰이드와 이 시에 대한 해설로서 찰스 킨보트의 서술 사이에는 리얼리티에 대한 전혀 다른 해석이 존재한다. 린다 허천이 패러디에 대한 현대적 의미를 "차이를 보여주는 반복행위"라고 정의했듯이 나바코프는 한가지 삶에 대해서 고의로 서로 다른 해석을 제공함으로써 자기반성적 특질을 보여주고 있다. 결국 이 소설은 패러디를 통해서 글쓰기와 글읽기에 대한 자기성찰을 보여주고 있는 것이다. 이러한 특질은 언어의 의미가 주는 불확정성에서 기인하는 것이며 언어의 다의성과 유희성을 인정하는 현대작가들의 미학적 태도이다. 현실이라고 하는 불확실한 세계를 예술적으로 재창조함에 있어서 리얼리티는 주관적이며 인식의 차이에 따라 달리 나타난다. 나바코프의 위대성은 바로 이러한 시대적 정신을 실험적 소설기법을 통해서 처음으로 시도하고 있다는 점에서 찾아 볼 수 있다.

윌리엄 포크너의『소음과 분노』: 사랑의 부재와 가족의 붕괴

박병주 忠州大學校 2012 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.47 No.-

This paper aims to examine The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner in terms of the loss of love and family’s disintegration. In the novel we can find out a nightmare group of characters, that is, an alcoholic, cynical father; a demanding and hypocritical mother, a helpless idiot, an obsession-driven suicide, a vicious materialist. The pathological aspects of family members drive the Compson to family disintergration. Finally, this study shows us that the loss of love among family members is responsible for The family’s disintegration.

朝鮮王朝의 軍船定額變遷에 關한 硏究

朴炳柱 圓光大學校大學院 1982 學位論叢 Vol.8-1 No.-

The Rhee dynasty was an unparalleled naval state in history which steadily possessed 700 to 800 warships for 500 reigning years. As the possession of warships in Korea can be traced back to the Korea dynasty in 14C., it is said to have poss essed warships one or two centuries prior to the advanced European Countries. In this thesis, the historical changes of the fixed number of warships among all the naval institutions of .the Rhee dynasty was studied in connection with the defense igainst the Japanese invasion as follows; 1. In the latter years of the Korea dynasty when the Japanese invaders were most serious, the construction was very meagure due to the tenacious insistence of the disadvange of the naval defense. But King Woo's (32th) foresightedness was condusive to the construction of the warships and around the declining years of the Korea dynasty, there remained about 400 warships, which were all handed over to the Rhee dynasty. 2. Taejong, the 3rd King of the Rhee dynasty was very positive in defending and sweeping the Japanese invaders, and increased the number of warships, received from the Korea dynasty, from 400 to 800, and finally contributed to demolishing the Japanese vicious ambition of invasion, by making a conquest of Daemado island, of which conquest is called "Gihae-dongjung" in history. 3. Afterwards, as a result of the Japanese invasion being reduced, the naval institution got loose and the number of warships was maturally decreased. Furthermore, during the reingning years of King of Sungjong (9th), the naval forces were engaged in building castles, deep in the inland and aided in the acceleration of the growth of the land forces, but hurting the self-growth. 4. Imjin War (between Korea and Japan) was a national crisis which we surmounted when the naval forces of the Rhee dynasty were the weakest. The fixed number of warships at that time was assumed 670, based on the number of warships allotted to the Jeolla Left Naval Base. It is a well known historical fact that Admiral Lee Sun-shin won a great vectory in this war. 5. After Imjin War, the Rhee dynasty set about to rebuild the naval forces and raised its quality to the level written in "Gyungguk-daejon". From then on, having almost no invasion from Japan, it is surmised that they neglected in training soldiers and only possessed warships, Morever, during the reign of King Jeon gjo (22th), the schedule of using the warships in transporting grains was bery actively discussed. Owing to this inclination, the naval forces were on a rapid decline. 6. Entering 19C., western ships appeared very often along the coastline of this peninsula, but they didn't take any effective measure against these subsequent incidents. In the middle of the 19C., the incidents of the General Sherman, an A merican ship, and Byungin-yangyo (invasion of French ships) were big chances for the naval forces to make an attempt to renovate itself, but ended in vain. In reality, the naval forces of the Rhee dynasty had an unparalleled long tradition and played a decisive role in achieving a victory in liujin War, but such along tradition didn't contribute to the scientific reformation. As a result of such superficial successicn of tradition, tie naval fcrees becameso weak that they couldn't resist the solid; stream of western forces flowing over to this peninsula.

신합성 물질인 Protein kinase A 억제제, H-87의 MDR1 유전자 발현의 조절

박주인,김선희,정병선 부산대학교 유전공학연구소 1992 분자생물학 연구보 Vol.8 No.-

In this study, we examined the effect of H-87, specific inhibitor of protein kinase A, on in vitro sensitivities of mouse leukemia cell line P388 resistant to several antitumor agents. H-87 significantly potentiated the cytotoxic effects of ADM, VCR and VBL on P388 cells resistant to these antitumor agents. Thus we examined the mechanism of overcoming multidrug resistance by H-87. In northern blot analysis, H-87-treated resistant P388 cell lines showed less MDR1 gene expression than untreated control cells. As a result of CAT assay, the expression of MDRI promoter was inhibited by H-87 in a concentration-dependent manner. To compare the effect of H-87 with that of staurosporine(PKC inhibitor), we examined the effect of staurosporine on in vitro sensitivities of mouse leukemia cell line resistant to several antitumor agents. The expression of MDR1 gene in multidrug resistant P388 cells was decreased by staurosporine. The activity of MDR1 promoter was increased by TPA(PKC activator) and forskolin(adenylate cyclase activator). Therefore, we speculate that PKA and PKC may play important roles in the regulation of MDRI gene expression.

ZnO 투명전도막의 전기적 특성에 미치는 Al₂O₃의 도핑 농도의 효과

박강일,김병섭,이성욱,김현수,이세종,곽동주 경성대학교 공학기술연구소 2003 공학기술연구지 Vol.10 No.-

Al doped Zinc Oxide(ZnO:AI) films, which is widely used as a transparent conductor in optoelectronic devices such as solar cell, liquid crystal display, plasma display panel, thermal heater, and other sensors, were prepared by using the capacitively coupled DC magnetron sputtering method. In this paper the effect of doping amounts of Al₂0₃ on the electrical, optical and morphological properties were investigated experimentally. The results show that the structural and electrical properties of the film are highly affected by the doping. The optimum growth conditions were obtained for films doped with 2 wt% of indium which exhibit a resistivity of 8.5×10^(-4)Ω-cm associated with a transmittance of 91.7 % for 840 nm in film thickness in the wavelength range of the visible spectrum.

The Quest of Reality To the Lighthouse : Based on Permanence of Art

朴炳珠 忠州大學校 1996 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.31 No.1

버어지니아 울프의 자서전적 요소가 강한 <등대로>(1927)는 그녀의 작품중 가장 널리 알려진 작품이다. 인간내면의 의식의 세계를 훌륭하게 형상화하고 있는 그녀의 이 작품은 램지가족을 소재로 추상적 그림의 완성과 램지 가족의 등대로의 여행을 통해서 삶의 실체를 드러내고 있다. 이 소설에서 남성과 여성은 대조적으로 표현된다. 남성은 자기중심적이며 이성적 존재들로 묘사되고 여성은 직관적이며 감수이 강한 존재로 묘사된다. 램지씨와 램지부인은 각각 이러한 대조적 양상을 보인다. 제 1장의 <창문>에서 벽에 걸린 수퇘지의 두개골이 초록색 천으로 덮혀있다. 이 것은 주관적 진실을 상징해준다고 볼 수 있다. 제 2장에 <세월은 흘러>에서는 파괴의 바람이 불어와 버려진 집의 두개골에 덮혔던 천을 벗겨버린다. 이러한 상황은 객관적 진실을 나타내준다. 3장 <등대>는 제임스의 시각을 통해 주관적 진실과 객관적 진실의 통합비전을 제시해준다고 볼 수 있다. 제임스는 이제 아버지와 등대로의 여행을 마치고 어렸을때 엄마와 함께보던 신비스런 은빛의 환상적 등대와 현재의 경직된 자세로 똑바로 서있는 등대가 모두 진실이라고 생각한다. 릴리의 그림의 완성과 램지의 등대의 도착이 동시에 이루어짐은 이 점을 분명히 드러낸다. 울프는 릴리 브리스코의 예술적 창자고가정을 통해서 예술의 궁극적 목표에 대한 견해를 피력 하고 아울러 예술을 통한 영원한 진실추구를 시도했다는 점에서 훌륭한 모더니스트라고 볼 수 있다.

포스트모던 소설에 나타난 사회 비판적 요소 : 1960년대 미국소설을 중심으로

朴炳珠 충주대 2000 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.35 No.1

This paper aims to show the social criticism revealed in postmodern novels.In this paper we can identify the following results : In The Crying of Lot 49, social criticism is political.Oedipa realizes that genuine communication stems from understanding of the "Other".She refuses to adopt only formal communication.Journey to Narcisos ironically means an escape from narcissism.We can say that Pynchon reminds us of chances of escape from narcissism by using the term "trystero" as a social metaphor. In Trout Fishing in America, social criticism is ecological.It concerns the author's recollections of his various attempts to find good trout fishing.The narrator's quest for Trout Fishing in America is a series of disappointments. The whole episode is conducted as a gentle fantasy with no bitterness or anger; neverthless, one cannot fail to respond to the poignant sense of "loss" it conveys. In Slaughterhouse-Five, social criticism is about atrocity.Vonnegut shows us that a historical construct which has been regarded as an absolute truth is in fact a kind of arbitrary construct distorted by bad illusions.Bad illusions force man to overlook the common humanity. In conclusion, it can be said that social criticism is dominant in postmodern novels as many postmodern writers have demonstrated.

문화학습을 통한 영어능력향상 방안 : 정의적 의사소통능력을 중심으로

박병주,김재명,조홍섭 忠州大學校 2003 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.38 No.1

This paper aims to explore the relationship between English literature and language teaching. It is often said that teaching English literature does not have a great influence on improving English skills. It is mainly because teachers concentrate on analysing literary works in terms of literary theory and translating English text into Korean. According to recent research, literature is suitable for student-centered education. It is also suitable for a whole language approach, by which four language skills can be developed at the same time. Given that the affective side of language learning contributes in a significant way to enriching learners' language learning, we would like to propose the need for integrating a humanistic approach in this paper. This paper shows that teaching literature based ON AFFECTIVE SIDE OF LEARNER is characterized by cooperative and interactional activities in their relation to such factors as self-esteem, autonomy, and motivation. This paper suggests a paradigmatic shift from traditional approach to affective approach through English literature which emphasizes process, self-esteem, social skills, cooperative learning, dynamic curriculum, intrinsic motivation, meaning based activities. It is important to select a suitable text for increasing a learner's spontaneous pleasure in reading. Literary works written by major authors but not difficult for language learners are recommended in that they satisfy the need of both the course and the learners.

『노인과 바다』에 나타난 비극적 긍정성

박병주 忠州大學校 2008 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.43 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to identify the aspect of tragic affirmation in The Old Man and the Sea. The novel as a later work has been widely recognized as a theme of stoicism by overcoming nihilism revealed in Hemingway's earlier works. Nevertheless, many modern readers wonder if what Santiago showed us during the three day's journey is a heroic gesture or that of a hero. Obviously he is a foolish man in view of modern capitalism related with money and material success. But it is also true that his doings have an affirmative effect through a tragedy. Santiago as a protagonist can exercise his strength and endurance as a man to achieve his final symbolic but meaningful triumph in the face of disaster. His triumph carries a redemptive message for all who share the human condition. The paradox of his tragedy and affirmation is important because it underlines this mythic dimension of The Old Man and the Sea. In this perspective the novel deserves its fame. In place of code heroes in the early works, we have here a genuine hero who achieve meanings by a full commitment to his world and through an intimate relationship between man and nature. In conclusion, I insist that the success of The Old Man and the Sea lies in the paradoxical narrative of tragic affirmation.