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명말불교계의 새로운 불학 모색 - 감산덕청의 회통관을 중심으로 -
현지혜 ( Hyun Ji-hye ) 한국밀교학회 2023 불교학밀교학연구 Vol.4 No.-
명대(明代) 불교에 대한 평가는 다양하다. 불교 내부에서는 제종(諸宗) 융합의 움직임이 진행되고, 외부에서는 삼교(三敎)의 회통(會通) 경향이 농후해져 불교만을 추출해 논의하는 것이 곤란해짐은 물론이고, 유(儒)·불(佛)·도(道) 모두 이미 기성 교학을 그대로 전승할 수 없는 상황이었다. 이러한 흐름에 직면한 명대 불교는 부흥을 위한 노력의 일환으로 특정된 학파를 내세우지 않고 여러 학파의 학설을 골고루 받아들였는데, 여기서 조화(調和)·상통(相通)의 특징이 뚜렷하게 드러났다. 특히 명말 4대 고승들은 선교(禪敎)·선정(禪淨)·삼교(三敎)에 이르기까지 서로 다른 종파와 학풍을 자신들의 소양에 따라 융합·회통시켰다. 본고는 이러한 명말 불교계의 사상적 전개를 회통의 관점으로 당시 불교계를 이끌었던 4대 고승, 특히 감산덕청의 선교일심론(禪敎一心論)과 선정쌍수론(禪淨雙修論)을 살펴보았다. 논자는 특히 덕청 자신이 체증(體證)하며 완성된 선정(禪淨)의 회통관에 기반해 완성한 ‘참구염불(參究念佛)’ 수행법에 주목했다. 덕청의 선정쌍수론이 그 이전의 이론과 구분되는 특징, 그리고 덕청과 동시대에 선정쌍수론을 주장했던 이들과의 차이점은 무엇인지 살펴보고, 명말 불교사상사의 맥락에서 덕청의 선정쌍수론과 참구염불 수행법이 갖는 의의를 찾아보고자 했다. The situation in which Buddhism was in at the end of Ming Dynasty is seen as a phenomenon of recession for the religion or as a trend of ideological renaissance. There was a trend of orientation toward the harmony of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism in the world of thoughts those days, and a movement emerged under its influence for various denominations of Buddhism to fuse together. Based on the opinions that thought positive of this ideological development in Buddhism, this investigator focused on the establishment of a practice theory called Simultaneous practice of Zen meditation and Buddhist prayers(禪淨雙修) and Buddha-recollection meditation around the four major high priests that led Buddhism those days, especially Hanshan Deqing(憨山德清). Investigation of Buddhist Prayers(參究念佛) is a kind of variation of wordcontemplation meditation using Buddha's name as a Hwadu or Koan, notmeditation with simple recitation or incantation of the name of Buddha.
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변혁적 리더십과 부하의 조절초점이 부하의 위험감수 행동 및 리더-부하간 활력관계에 미치는 영향
이승윤(Seung Yoon Rhee),현지혜(Ji hye Hyun),임창희(Chang Hee Im) 한국무역연구원 2014 무역연구 Vol.10 No.5
The major purpose of this study is to explore the effects of regulatory fit between perceived transformational leadership and followers regulatory focus on followers risk taking behavior and energizing relationships. We used survey data from 178 full-time workers in Korea in our analyses. Based on the theoretical premise that transformational leaders are likely to evoke a promotion focus in followers, we hypothesized and found that: (a) as followers perceived transformational leadership, their energizing relationships with leaders were strengthened, and (b) when followers were in chronic promotion (or prevention) focus, the dependent variables were more strengthened as they perceived transformational leadership. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings as well as limitations and future research directions are discussed.
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정상유동 장치에서 유동 특성 평가 방법에 대한 연구(7) - 반경 방향 토크 분포(1)
임치학(Chi-Hak Lim),현지혜(Ji-Hye Hyun),엄인용(Inyong Ohm) 한국자동차공학회 2020 한국 자동차공학회논문집 Vol.28 No.1
This paper is the seventh investigation on the methods of evaluating flow characteristics in a steady flow bench. In previous studies, solid rotation assumptions used in the steady flow bench were examined. Then, the impulse swirl meter(ISM) measurement was compared with a particle image velocimetry(PIV) evaluation after comparing the plane velocity distribution based on the valve angle and measurement plane. In this study, the effect of the tangential velocity distribution along the radial direction on the measured torque was quantitatively evaluated. For this purpose, the effects of the evaluation center setting and axial velocity at 1.75B, or 1.75 times of the bore position apart from the bottom of the head, and 3.00B downstream plane were investigated, leading to the following conclusions. The tangential velocity distribution is mainly influenced by the valve angle in the case of the cylinder center, and the change according to the lift is not large, but the swirl center is highly irregular due to the wall effect when the radius is increased. Next, the sum of torques of the same radius does not show a significant difference below the non-dimensional radius of 0.2 regardless of the axial speed and the center setting, but it increases rapidly after the radius of 0.8, considering axial velocity. The cumulative torque increases in a very simple form, close to the theoretical curve for the cylinder center, and asymptotic for the swirl center, while this torque is quite small, up to a radius of 0.4, with virtually no impact on the final value. At the same time, torques up to a radius of 0.8 are also theoretically less than 40 % of the final value, and the actual measured value is smaller. Finally, the cumulative torque increases significantly after a radius of 0.8, and this ratio is further increased after considering axial speed, so that the torque, which is far from the center, has a dominant effect on the final torque value.
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신동준(Dong-Jun Shin),현지혜(Ji-Hye Hyun),엄인용(In-Yong Ohm) 한국자동차공학회 2021 한국 자동차공학회논문집 Vol.29 No.4
The effect of the application of the transmission on battery-to-wheel efficiency and fuel economy was investigated by applying an automatic transmission to a two-wheeled electric vehicle via the proving ground test at a constant velocity and the actual urban road drive. The following conclusions were drawn with this in mind. When the transmission is applied, the constant-velocity driving fuel economy and the battery-to-wheel efficiency are greatly improved. The fuel economy and efficiency are also significantly improved at low-velocity driving. In addition, if the transmission is adopted, the efficiency decreases as the velocity increases, whereas in the case of a single reducer, the efficiency increases at a high velocity. Also, the application of the transmission drastically improves the fuel economy of driving in urban areas, mainly due to the improvement of efficiency in low-velocity areas. Lastly, for further improvement of vehicle performance through the application of a transmission, an appropriate combination of motor power and transmission ratio is required.
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