中国合宪性审查制度的确立及实践应用研究

채영호,상문천 경상국립대학교 법학연구소 2024 法學硏究 Vol.32 No.2

中国的宪法监督制度采用代议机关监督模式,因没有专门的审查机关,导致宪法监督制度长期没有发挥实效。经过多年的论证,中国明确将合宪性审查制度作为实现宪法监督的主要制度。2018年,中国修改宪法,将原有的全国人大专门委员会“法律委员会”更名为“宪法和法律委员会”,并赋予其合宪性审查的主要职责,拟以此推动合宪性审查。但五年来,合宪性审查制度的实践应用不尽人意。作为新的制度,事后合宪性审查仅作出8件,且均在初审阶段因国家机关之间通过协调解决问题而终止。在具体实践应用中发现了诸多问题,如在合宪性审查中发挥主要作用的主体并非是新设的宪法和法律委员会,而是作为全国人大常委会办事机构的法制工作委员会,在事后审查中宪法和法律委员会没有发挥应有的作用;审查对象中只包含各项法规、自治条例、单行条例和司法解释,未包含法律、规章及其他规范性文件,对相关规范性文件的合宪性审查缺乏程序保障;审查判断形式不统一,具有较大的任意性,不利于合宪性审查的规范性等问题。对此,本文提出建议明确落实宪法和法律委员会在合宪性审查中的审查主体地位,使宪法和法律委员会充分发挥合宪性审查职能;将法律、规章及其他规范性文件明确纳入全国人大常委会备案审查的范围内,为对其进行合宪性审查提供程序保障;采用“限定合宪”的审查判断方式,规范合宪性审查,以此推进中国合宪性审查制度的有效应用。 China's constitutional supervision system adopts the model of supervision by representative institutions, and the absence of a specialized review institution has led to a long period of ineffectiveness of the constitutional supervision system. After years of argumentation, China has explicitly adopted the constitutional review system as the main system for realizing constitutional supervision.In 2018, China amended the Constitution,in which it renamed the original specialized committee of the National People's Congress"Legal Committee" as "Constitutional and Legal Council" and gave the new institution main responsibility of constitutional review, with the intention of promoting constitutional review. However, over the past five years, the practical application of the constitutional review system has been unsatisfactory. As a new system, only eight after-event constitutional reviews have been conducted, and all of them were terminated at the initial review stage due to the resolution of problems through coordination among national institutions. Numerous problems have been identified in specific practical applications, such as the fact that the main body playing a major role in the constitutional review is not the newly established Constitutional and Legal Council, but the Legislative Affairs Commission, which is an office of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, and that the Constitutional and Legal Council does not play the role it should play in the after-event reviews; the objects of the review include various statute, autonomous rules, separate rules and judicial interpretations, excluding laws, regulations and other normative documents, and there is a lack of procedural safeguards in the review of constitutionality of the relevant normative documents; the form of review and judgment is not uniform, with a large degree of arbitrariness, which is not conducive to the normative nature of the constitutional review and other issues. In this regard, this paper puts forward the proposal to clearly clarify the implementation of the status of the main body of the Constitutional and Legal Council in the constitutional review, so Constitutional and Legal Council can give full play to the function of constitutional review; laws, regulations and other normative documents will be clearly included in the scope of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record review for the review of the constitutionality of the procedural safeguards; adopt the "restricted constitutionality" method of reviewing and judging to standardize constitutional review, so as to promote the effective application of China's constitutional review system.

테마기획 가상현실 기술 : 몰입투영형태의 가상환경

채영호 대한기계학회 1999 기계저널 Vol.39 No.8

중국 법학학부교육의 최신국가표준 및 평가

채영호,최혜주 한중법학회 2019 中國法硏究 Vol.40 No.-

대학교 인재양성을 가강하고 학부 전공의 수준을 제고하기 위하여 중국에서 는 2018년에 <일반 고등학교 학부 전공 교학의 질에 관한 국가표준>을 제정하 여 전국 각 고등학교 92종류의 모든 학부 전공에서 참조하여 집행할 것을 요구 하였다. 법학전공 교학의 질에 관한 국가표준은 법학전공의 자리매김, 적용전 공의 범위, 양성목표, 양성규모, 강의체계, 교학규범, 교수진, 교학조건, 교학효 과, 질량보장체계 등 10개 방면으로부터 중국의 법학전공에 대하여 전보다 더 욱 엄격한 요구를 제기하였다. 해당 표준의 실행은 중국 국내 법학교육의 관련 전공설치 대학교가 많아 상호 간 인재양성의 질적 차이가 크고, 법학교육이 이 론적 인재양성에 치우치고 실천적 인재양성에 약하며, 법학인재 양성에서의 동 질성 현상이 엄중한 등 문제점에 대하여 일정한 정도에서 해결을 보았다. 그러 나 아직도 진일보 보완할 공간이 있다. 예하면 실천경험이 있는 교수의 비례를 명확히 규정하여 실천적 인재를 양성함에 있어서 교수가 부족한 문제를 해결 하고, 법학전공 선택과목의 비례를 증가하고 강의평가시스템을 완화하여 창신 성이 있는 인재의 양성을 추진하며, 퇴출시스템을 명확히 하여 우승열패의 경 쟁 중에서 법학전공의 질을 제고하고, 법학전공의 학부교육과 국가법률직업자 격통일시험 간의 관계를 조절하여 양자로 하여금 상호 보완함으로써 복합형, 직업형, 창신형의 법치인재의 양성을 위하여 양호한 환경을 마련하여야 한다. In order to enhance the quality of talents and improve the level of major construction, “the National Standard of Undergraduate Teaching Quality in Universities and Colleges” is enacted in China in 2018. It requires 92 undergraduates which are in every university and college’s undergraduate catalog to refer to and implement the standard. The National Standard of Legal Teaching Quality puts forward more strict demanding for China’s legal undergraduate construction. Such as professional orientation, application expertise, training objective, training standard, curriculum system, teaching norm, faculty, teaching conditions, teaching effect, quality assurance system, and so on. This standard will resolve some problems. For instance, the uneven quality of education in every university or college, weak application oriented education, serious phenomena of the same legal talent training quality. Meanwhile, it still leaves a substantial improvement of space. First of all, it will give a fundamental solution to the problems of lack of training applied talents in faculties through the mandatory proportion of practicing teachers. Secondly, it could cultivate innovative talents through increasing the proportion of the legal professional elective courses and opening curriculum evaluation system. Thirdly, it clears the exit system and improves quality of legal undergraduate construction through keen competition. Fourthly, it could rationalize the relationship between legal undergraduate education and the National Uniform Legal Professional Qualification Examination and make both complement each other, the standard will build a good environment for cultivating the legal talents of combination, professional and innovation.

中国法学本科教育最新国家标准及评价

蔡永浩 한중법학회 2019 中國法硏究 Vol.40 No.-

대학교 인재양성을 가강하고 학부 전공의 수준을 제고하기 위하여 중국에서 는 2018년에 <일반 고등학교 학부 전공 교학의 질에 관한 국가표준>을 제정하 여 전국 각 고등학교 92종류의 모든 학부 전공에서 참조하여 집행할 것을 요구 하였다. 법학전공 교학의 질에 관한 국가표준은 법학전공의 자리매김, 적용전 공의 범위, 양성목표, 양성규모, 강의체계, 교학규범, 교수진, 교학조건, 교학효 과, 질량보장체계 등 10개 방면으로부터 중국의 법학전공에 대하여 전보다 더 욱 엄격한 요구를 제기하였다. 해당 표준의 실행은 중국 국내 법학교육의 관련 전공설치 대학교가 많아 상호 간 인재양성의 질적 차이가 크고, 법학교육이 이 론적 인재양성에 치우치고 실천적 인재양성에 약하며, 법학인재 양성에서의 동 질성 현상이 엄중한 등 문제점에 대하여 일정한 정도에서 해결을 보았다. 그러 나 아직도 진일보 보완할 공간이 있다. 예하면 실천경험이 있는 교수의 비례를 명확히 규정하여 실천적 인재를 양성함에 있어서 교수가 부족한 문제를 해결 하고, 법학전공 선택과목의 비례를 증가하고 강의평가시스템을 완화하여 창신 성이 있는 인재의 양성을 추진하며, 퇴출시스템을 명확히 하여 우승열패의 경 쟁 중에서 법학전공의 질을 제고하고, 법학전공의 학부교육과 국가법률직업자 격통일시험 간의 관계를 조절하여 양자로 하여금 상호 보완함으로써 복합형, 직업형, 창신형의 법치인재의 양성을 위하여 양호한 환경을 마련하여야 한다. In order to enhance the quality of talents and improve the level of major construction, “the National Standard of Undergraduate Teaching Quality in Universities and Colleges” is enacted in China in 2018. It requires 92 undergraduates which are in every university and college’s undergraduate catalog to refer to and implement the standard. The National Standard of Legal Teaching Quality puts forward more strict demanding for China’s legal undergraduate construction. Such as professional orientation, application expertise, training objective, training standard, curriculum system, teaching norm, faculty, teaching conditions, teaching effect, quality assurance system, and so on. This standard will resolve some problems. For instance, the uneven quality of education in every university or college, weak application oriented education, serious phenomena of the same legal talent training quality. Meanwhile, it still leaves a substantial improvement of space. First of all, it will give a fundamental solution to the problems of lack of training applied talents in faculties through the mandatory proportion of practicing teachers. Secondly, it could cultivate innovative talents through increasing the proportion of the legal professional elective courses and opening curriculum evaluation system. Thirdly, it clears the exit system and improves quality of legal undergraduate construction through keen competition. Fourthly, it could rationalize the relationship between legal undergraduate education and the National Uniform Legal Professional Qualification Examination and make both complement each other, the standard will build a good environment for cultivating the legal talents of combination, professional and innovation.

3DTV용 입체 스케치북

채영호 한국컴퓨터그래픽스학회 2012 한국컴퓨터그래픽스학회 학술대회 Vol.2012 No.6

Graph neural network based multiple accident diagnosis in nuclear power plants: Data optimization to represent the system configuration

채영호,이찬영,한상민,성풍현 한국원자력학회 2022 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.54 No.8

Because nuclear power plants (NPPs) are safety-critical infrastructure, it is essential to increase their safety and minimize risk. To reduce human error and support decision-making by operators, several artificial-intelligence-based diagnosis methods have been proposed. However, because of the nature of data-driven methods, conventional artificial intelligence requires large amount of measurement values to train and achieve enough diagnosis resolution. We propose a graph neural network (GNN) based accident diagnosis algorithm to achieve high diagnosis resolution with limited measurements. The proposed algorithm is trained with both the knowledge about physical correlation between components and measurement values. To validate the proposed methodology has a sufficiently high diagnostic resolution with limited measurement values, the diagnosis of multiple accidents was performed with limited measurement values and also, the performance was compared with convolution neural network (CNN). In case of the experiment that requires low diagnostic resolution, both CNN and GNN showed good results. However, for the tests that requires high diagnostic resolution, GNN greatly outperformed the CNN.

미래지향적 국제적인 안목으로 한자(漢字)를 가르치자

채영호 한국어문교육연구회 1992 어문연구(語文硏究) Vol.20 No.4

试论台湾违宪审查制度发展历程及其评价

蔡永浩 전북대학교 동북아법연구소 2009 동북아법연구 Vol.3 No.2

중국 인민대표대회 선거제도의 발전과정과 문제점

채영호 ( Yong Hao Cai ) 건국대학교 법학연구소 2015 一鑑法學 Vol.0 No.30

According to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China,, all power in the People’s Republic of China belongs to the people. The organs which the people exercise state power through are the National People’s Congress and the local people’s congresses at various levels. All of the people’s congresses are constituted through democratic election. They are responsible for the people and accept their supervision. China’s first Electoral Law was enacted in 1953. After the development of more than 60 years, electoral system of the people’s congress formed. Through several revisions of electoral law, it has made great progress in some respects. Such as, the universality of deputy, balance between rural and urban areas, the relationship of deputy and constituents, the electoral procedure. However, there are some existing problems. For example, electoral body’s week influence and supervision on deputy, insufficient understanding about candidates, not aggressive constituents, etc. Above problems are based on these reasons. The Constitution on the provisions of the ruling party is not perfect, and the implementation of elite democracy and exercise of deputy authority are inadequate, and so on. China should properly solve the problems on electoral system. Expanding the power of deputies who are elected through direct election, perfecting the removal system, and strengthening containment on deputy might be considered.

단상 다이오드 정류기와 소용량 직류단 캐패시터를 가지는 전동기 구동 시스템에서 직류단 전압을 높이기 위한 고조파 주입법

채영호(Young-Ho Chae),하정익(Jung-Ik Ha) 전력전자학회 2015 전력전자학술대회 논문집 Vol.2015 No.11