내분비교란물질(환경호르몬)의 위협과 법적 대응

이호용 ( Lee Hoyong ) 법조협회 2018 法曹 Vol.67 No.4

우리는 아침에 ‘샴푸’로 머리를 감고, ‘캔 통조림’을 따서 참치를 꺼내어 ‘랩’에 싸여진 채소를 ‘플라스틱 용기’에서 담고 비벼서 샐러드를 만들어 아침을 먹고, ‘세제’로 설거지를 한 다음 옷장에서 ‘새옷’을 꺼내 입으며, 동네 커피숍에서 커피 한 잔을 사고 ‘감열지’로 된 영수증을 받는다. 환경호르몬이라고 불리는 내분비교란 물질은 DDT나 다이옥신(dioxin)과 같은 익숙한 살충제나 농약 구성 물질로부터 시작하여 이제는 생활 세제, 식품첨가물, 식품포장재, 잉크나 페인트와 같은 도료, 금속 캔의 내부 코팅제, 의료기기를 포함하는 각종 플라스틱 제품들, 화장품, 영수증 감열지 등 내분비교란물질은 우리 생활 속에 깊이 뿌리박고 있다. 내분비교란물질(Endocrine Disputing Chemicals, EDCs)에 대한 적절한 규제는 전세계적으로 중요한 과제가 되고 있으며, ‘오존층의 파괴’, ‘지구온난화’와 더불어 ‘세계3대환경문제’의 하나로 불리기도 한다. 최근에 우려가 강조되는 것은 비스페놀A가 함유된 PC소재의 젖병, 식품용기, 주방용기, 영수증 감열지 등이나 프탈레이트계 가소제가 함유된 장난감, 육아용품 등 어린이용제품이다. 내분비교란물질에 의해 발생하는 내분비계 독성 작용 메카니즘은 명확히 밝혀지지 않았지만 그것이 유발할 수 있는 독성이나 해악이 심각함을 고려해 볼 때 ‘충분한 증거’를 기다리는 것보다 ‘먼저 행동’할 것이 요구된다. 이것이 바로 사전배려원칙이며, EU REACH와 K-REACH라고 불리는 「화학물질의 평가 등록 및 평가 등에 관한 법률」도 이 원칙을 반영한 것이다. 이 연구에서는 내분비교란물질의 규제와 관련하여 ‘물질규제’와 ‘물질을 함유한 제품규제’로 나누어 우리나라, 미국, EU의 법적 대응 상황을 살펴보았다. 살펴본 바, 어린이 제품에 대한 안전규제를 하는 미국의 소비자제품안전개선법(CPSIA)이나 식품용기 등에 대한 안전규제를 하는 캘리포니아주의 Prop.65는 모두 국민의 리스크인식을 도와주는 리스크커뮤티케이션에 중점이 있음을 알 수 있다. EU의 경우에도 유아용품 등의 생산에서 규제하는 프탈레이트류나 BPA의 한계치가 점차 낮아지고 있음이 포착되고 있다. 내분비교란물질의 독성메카니즘에 대한 평가가 충분히 이루어지지 않은 상황에서 그 한계치를 충분한 증거로서 정할 수는 없다. 내분비교란물질처럼 심각한 위해가 우려되는 경우 허용된 위험의 한계를 정하는 것은 확실한 증거를 찾는 것보다 더 중요하다. We get up in the morning, wash our hair with ‘shampoo’ and picked vegetables wrapped in ‘pvc wrap’ and take the tuna out of the ‘canned tuna’. Put them in a plastic container and mix them and eat breakfast. And then, after washing dishes with ‘kitchen detergent’, they take out ‘new clothes’ from the closet, get out of the house, buy a cup of Americano at a local coffee shop, and receive a receipt of ‘thermal paper’. Endocrine disruptors are starting from familiar insecticides or pesticides, such as DDT and dioxin, and are now used in kitchen detergents, food additives, food packaging, paints such as inks and paints, Endocrine disruptors such as various plastic products, cosmetics, receipts and thermal paper are deeply rooted in our daily lives. Adequate regulation of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has become a global challenge and is often referred to as one of the world’s top three environmental problems, along with the ‘destruction of the ozone layer’ and ‘global warming’. Concerns have recently been highlighted for products by the use of polycarbonate materials containing bisphenol A, such as feeding bottle, food container, kitchen container, receipt thermal paper and toys and children’s care products containing phthalate plasticizers. The mechanism of endocrine toxicity caused by endocrine disruptors is unclear, but given the serious toxicity or harm it can cause, it is required to ‘act first’ rather than wait for ‘sufficient evidence’. This is the principle of precaution, and the “REACH Regulation on Registration and Evaluation of Chemical Substances,” called EU REACH and K-REACH, reflects this principle. In this study, the regulation of endocrine disruptors was divided into ‘regulation of chemicals’ and ‘regulation of products containing chemicals’ and examined the legal responses of Korea, US and EU. As we have seen, in the US Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA), which regulates safety for children’s products, California's Prop. 65, which regulates safety for food containers, etc., all focus on risk communication that helps people recognize their risks. In the EU, it is observed that the use limit of phthalates and BPA regulated in the production of baby products is gradually lowering. The limit of the endocrine disrupting substance can not be set as sufficient evidence without sufficient evaluation of the mechanism of toxicity. If serious harm is feared, such as endocrine disruptors, it is more important to determine the limits of an acceptable risk than to find solid evidence.

미래 기후변화로 인해 발생하는 항공기 결항 및 경제적 손실 전망

이호용(Hoyong Lee ),김경훈(Kyunghun Kim),황보종구(Jong Gu Hwang-Bo),김수전(Soojun Kim) 한국방재학회 2022 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.22 No.5

항공운송산업은 국내⋅외 관광뿐만 아니라 항공물류의 발달로 수요가 증가함으로 생활에서 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 하지만기후변화로 인한 극한기상이 빈번하게 발생하여 항공기의 운항에 막대한 악영향을 주고 있다. 기후변화로 인한 극한기상은더 심각해질 것으로 예상되는 만큼 결항에 대한 피해 대책이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 국내선을 운영하는 13개의공항과 6개의 항공사를 대상으로 미래의 결항 횟수와 그에 따른 경제적 손실을 산정하였다. 이를 위해 SSP (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) 시나리오를 이용하여 공간적 축소기법과 시간적 축소기법을 적용하였다. 공간적 축소는 머신러닝을 활용하였고, 시간적 축소는 최근린 방법과 유전자 알고리즘을 이용하였다. 그 결과 시나리오에 따라 강우강도는 먼 미래(2081~2100년도)에2.02배에서 3.54배 증가하였고, 풍속은 최소 1.16배에서 최대 1.24배의 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 따라 항공기 결항기준에 따른 결항의 경제적 손실은 최대 약 8.29배의 증가가 발생하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 통해서 항공 산업에서의기후변화에 대한 대비 및 대응 대책의 필요성을 제시하고자 하였다. The aviation industry plays an important role in daily life because of the increase of demand attributable to the development of air logistics as well as domestic and foreign tourism. However, the higher frequency of extreme weather caused by climate change has a large adverse effect on the operation of aircraft. As this effect is expected to increase, measures to reduce flight cancellation are needed. Therefore, in this study, the number of future flight cancellations and related economic losses were calculated for 1 3 domestic airports and six domestic airlines. To calculate the future climate of the airports, we used the recently released Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) climate change scenario. Then, we applied machine learning and the nearest neighbor with genetic algorithm method for spatial and temporal downscaling, respectively. The calculated results were applied to aircraft cancellation criteria and a damage estimation formula. Depending on the scenario, rainfall intensity increased by 2.02 to 3.54 times and wind speed increased by 1.16 to 1.24 times during 2100 to 2081. Economic losses from aircraft cancellations attributable to future climate increased by up to approximately 8.29 times. The results of this study highlight the necessity of preparing for and responding to climate change within the airline industry.

장기요양기관 시설장의 기관운영에 대한 인식분석

이호용(Hoyong Lee),문용필(Yongpil Moon) 한국산학기술학회 2021 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.22 No.11

본 연구는 장기요양 서비스 질 제고를 위해 장기요양기관을 운영하는 시설장을 대상으로 기관운영에 대한 인식수준 및 개선방안을 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 국민건강보험공단 건강보험연구원에서 매년 조사하는 장기요양기관 패널 경영실태조사에 참여하고 있는 751개소 기관장을 대상으로 설립유형별 현 운영실태, 기관운영의 어려움, 기관운영의 업무만족도에 대한 실증분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 시설장은 여성이 남성보다 많았고, 평균 연령은 53.5세로 나타났다. 시설장의 장기요양기관 운영경력은 장기요양제도 시작 전부터 운영한 시설장이 61.1%였다. 둘째, 기관운영의 어려움 인식수준을 분석하였다. 시설장은 수급자 모집, 수급자 안전문제 등에서 서비스제공의 어려움이 있었고, 기관운영의 어려움 측면에서 직원모집, 재정 문제 등이 나타났다. 종사자 채용의 어려움에서는 간호인력, 요양보호사가 다른 직종에 비해 어려움이 있었다. 셋째, 기관운영의 업무만족도를 분석하였다. 시설장은 업무보람 만족도, 업무내용 만족도 등이 높았으나, 현 소득만족도, 보험수가 만족도는 낮았다. 또, 기관운영의 어려움은 설립유형별로 차이가 있었다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 장기요양기관의 운영개선 및 서비스 질 향상을 위한 정책적 함의를 제시하였다. This study analyzes the operational status of LTC facilities for managers to promote long-term care services for the elderly. It was intended to identify the awareness levels of operational status and satisfaction of the facility management by using the raw data of the LTC Management Panel of the National Health Insurance Service. Therefore, an analysis has been conducted on the facility management"s current operational status, recognitions and satisfaction. The results obtained are as follows. First, the gender of managers was dominated by men with an average age of 53.5 years. A major portion of (61.1%) facility managers worked in long-term care institutions even before the start of the long-term care system. Second, the recognition levels of the operational difficulties were analyzed. There were some difficulties in providing services, such as the recruitments of recipients and safety issues pertaining to recipients. There were also difficulties in operating the institutions, such as the recruitment of employees and financial problems. Difficulties in recruiting of staff were found to be high in the case of nurses and care workers. Third, the work satisfaction of managers was analyzed. Work satisfaction levels of managers in terms of work performance and satisfaction with work content were higher than that of others. On the other hand, work satisfaction levels of managers in terms of current income and insurance compensations were lower than that of others. The difficulties in operating the institution varied according to the type of facility establishment. Based on these findings, policy implications for Long Term-Care Insurance and quality of LTC services for the elderly in the community were presented.

전문가 델파이 조사를 통한 노인장기요양보험의 수급자 확대방안 연구

이호용 ( Hoyong Lee ),문용필 ( Yongpil Moon ) 한국사회보장학회 2016 사회보장연구 Vol.32 No.2

노인장기요양보험은 제도 도입 이후 개인 또는 가족 수발자에게 의지해 온 노인의 수발 문제를 사회연대책임으로 전환시키는데 크게 기여한 것으로 평가되고 있다. 하지만, 노인장기요양보험의 다양한 성과에도 불구하고, 장기요양제도를 이용하는 수급자의 규모나 급여의 수준은 부족하다는 지적이 있다. 이에 본 연구는 노인장기요양보험의 안정적인 수급자 확대 방안을 찾고자 확대 대상 및 범위 그리고 급여 항목 확대에 대해 장기요양보험 분야 약 31명의 전문가 델파이 조사를 통해 분석하였다. 연구결과, 인정범위 측면에서는 5등급의 치매 제한규정 제외, (등급외자) 예방등급 도입 순으로 긍정적 확대의견이 나타났다. 급여대상(수급자) 측면에서는 65세 미만 노인성 질환 확대, 특정질환에 대한 확대, (급성기 질환자에게) 한시적 등급부여 순으로 긍정적 도입 의견이 나왔다. 향후 노인장기요양보험의 수급 대상을 확대하기 위해서는 장기요양보험의 정책방향 설정 및 대상자 확대를 위한 지표 정의가 선행되어야 할 것이며, 베이비부머세대의 인구고령화에 대비한 재정의 지속성 고려도 필요하다. Long-Term Care Insurance has been rated as significantly contributing to convert the problems of the elderly care-giver who has to rely on personal or family since the system introduced by social responsibility. However, despite the achievements of the various long-term care insurance it is still lacking is evaluated using a long-term care recipients. This study was analyzed by an expert Delphi survey on coverage enhancement plans to find reliable expansion plans target beneficiaries and expansion plans of the scope of services and long-term care insurance. The results range recognition in terms of dementia, except for the provisions of Class 5, Class preventing the introduction, comprehensive elderly care services were integrated into the opinion in order. In terms of benefit younger people than 65 years old senile diseases, with higher (for acute illness) Ratings temporary order for a particular disease. Assess the level of coverage long-term care insurance in the future to consider for enhanced coverage insurance and long-term care of the elderly, will be the definition of the concept of coverage indicators for target setting it should be followed.

사회보장수급권의 절차법적 보장에 관한 소고

이호용(Lee, HoYong) 한양법학회 2009 漢陽法學 Vol.27 No.-

Completion of Social security relies on democratic condition. Because, when democracy generally takes root in the citizens, the fair concerns and values deliver the whole people of each class. The age of authority have been gone and the age of democracy have been come, In this time falling behind of social security law and policy is the main problem to be overcome. Social security is a part of administration that is emphasized importance of procedure than other field of general administration. Specially it is more important than anything else to guarantee equally social security benefit rights that is based on demander centralism. On character of social security standpoint of demander is more important than that of supplier. For actualization of social security by demander centralism it is the most important thing is to ensure administrative procedure appropriately. In administrative procedure of social security, it is important as follows; provision of information that let benefit object know what benefit, how and how much receives; endowment of hearing procedure when he is received non-proper benefit. In this paper, I intend to invest problem and actual state of administrative procedure in social security field, and suggest revision of administrative procedure, specially I refer to japanese law and policy about social security because japanese law and policy about social security is very similar with those of Korea, and benefits of National Basic Life Guarantee among the whole of social security is subject matter, because that is the most fundamental and important field of social security.

공중위생업의 육성을 위한 기금 조성 방안

이호용(Lee, HoYong) 한양법학회 2009 漢陽法學 Vol.26 No.-

The paradigm of ‘concept of health' in public health is developing day and day. Traditionally health was concept of ‘hygiene' that meaned disease prevention through isolation from infectious disease, but it passed through concept of ‘sanitary' that meaned personal health maintenance, developed concept of ‘health promotion' that meaned national health furtherance and maintenance, recently its meaning is expanded to the concept of ‘convenience of living'. However, the concept and category of public health is larger and larger and occupies most important part of national every day life, but governmental efforts for industrial promotion of public health business is scarcely accomplished. It is not question of selection but what should be to improve quality of public health business and to make advance to high class in side of national basic rights too. In making revision bill of ‘The Management Law of Public Health Business', it is regarded three sides as follows: constitution side, action side, and finance side of administration. In this article is about finance side among these. Specially public fund as financial methods for promotion of public health business is theme of this article. Fund for promoting public health business(it is called ‘public health fund' for short) is local autonomy fund and operation fund. Main resources of this fund is surcharges that is collected against violation of ‘The Management Law of Public Health Business'. In this article I intend to study methods of building up and practical use of public health fund.

법해석과 법정책의 관계

이호용(Lee, Hoyong) 한국법학원 2014 저스티스 Vol.- No.145

주지하는 바와 같이 법이 실체적 정의의 기준을 제공하고 그 해석을 통하여 분쟁을 해결한다고 하는 법의 전통적 구조는 이미 한계에 달하고 있다. 현대는 실체적 가치의 압력을 피하고, 자유롭고 합리적인 개인의 교섭을 존중하는 방향으로 이동하고 있다. 현대법학은 전통적 해석법학을 넘어 사회문제 해결을 위한 실천적 법학을 추구하는 법정책으로 중심을 이동하고 있는 것은 이러한 현상을 반영하고 있는 것이다. 최근 박근혜 정부의 규제완화정책등 다양한 입법요구도 법정책의 중요성을 부각시키고 있다. 법해석은 무엇이고 법정책은 무엇인가 하는 질문은 대답하기 어렵고 정답을 찾기 어려운 법학의 영원한 화두 중 하나이다. 이 논문은 다음과 같은 점들을 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 법학의 발전흐름 속에서 법해석과 법정책은 어떤 관계에 있는가? 법해석과 법정책의 차이점은 무엇이고 공통점은 무엇인가? 양자는 대립 관계에 있는가 아니면 상호 조화적인 관계에 있는가? 법해석과 법정책은 어떤 법적 사고 방식에 기반하고 있는가? 이 논문에서는 일본의 법정책학 연구 성과들을 주로 참고하였다. 국내에서 법정책학 연구는 매우 미진하여 참고할 만할 문헌이 없으며, 일본에서는 이미 1980-90년대에 법정책학의 기본문제에 대한 일단의 정리된 연구가 생산되어 있어 이것들을 상당히 참고하였다. 이 연구를 통하여 법은 재판규범에서 행위규범으로 발전하고, 소송에 있어서는 분쟁지향형에서 정책지향형으로 발전하였고, 실체적 가치로부터 절차 중심으로 발전하였음을 확인하였으며, 법해석은 법정책의 정당화근거로서 기능함을 확인하였다. 아울러 법해석은 법-정의 사고방식에 기반하고 법정책은 목적-수단 사고방식에 기반하나 양자는 서로 융합하여 고려하지 않으면 안되고, 입법론 차원에서 법해석론에 근거한 법운용의 한계를 극복하기 위해서는 목적-수단 사고방식에 근거한 법정책 분석적 사고방식이 중심적 위치를 차지해야 한다는 점을 확인하였다. Modern law is beyond the traditional interpretation of Law and has moved to the center seeking to solve social problems, legal policy as practical law. Recently, various legislative requirements, such as deregulation policy of Park KeunHe government also highlights the importance of legal policy. Response to what the statutory interpretation is and what the legal policy is are difficult to say and hard to find the answer. Object of this paper is presenting to determine the followings. First, in the development flow of law, what relationship between legal policies and statutory interpretation? What are the similarities and differences between the former and the latter? Is there a conflict or mutually harmonious relationship between the former and the latter? What legal mentality is the base of the former and the latter? In this paper, we see the research outcome of Policy Studies in Japan mainly. There are few literature references on legal policy in Korea, and Research results on basic problem of legal policy studies in Japan was produced in 1980-90 already. Through this study, I confirmed followings. Law has developed from trial norm to conduct norm, In the case at trial was the law as normative behavior norms, from resolution-oriented type to policyoriented type in litigation, mainly from the substantial value to the process. In addition, it is confirmed the function of statutory interpretation is to justify law policy. Legal interpretation is based on law-justice legal mentality and Legal policy is based on goal-means legal mentality. We must consider the former and the latter is fused to each other. In side of legislative theory, limit of law operations that are based on statutory interpretation occupies a central position in legal policy thinking based on goal-means legal mentality.

행정형벌의 과태료 전환의 이유와 기준에 관한 연구

이호용(Lee HoYong),박수희(Park SooHee) 한양법학회 2008 漢陽法學 Vol.24 No.-

Recently administrative criminal penalty is used practically and widely to ensure performance of administrative obligation. This is method using threat effect of criminal penalty, but this is not proper measure in law. Criminal penalty is to use last and supplementary means of punishment, but the case imposed several punishment measures(criminal penalty and negligence fine and administrative punishment and so on) against a obligation is frequent. These measures are maybe criticised as ‘double punishment against one violation’ and excessive criminal punishment, and concerned that all people would be convicted men. Recently MB Government prepares wide improvements of administrative punishment laws in force, main task is ‘conversion of criminal penalty to negligence fine’. These improvement measures are to perform ‘serving nation government’ as political moto of MB government. There are two types in violation of administrative law and regulation, none-performance of duty and lacking in cooperation for administrative enforcement. To the latter, should be imposed negligence fine. Because that is not antisocial and slight violation. This study aims to establish grounds and standards of ‘Conversion of Criminal Penalty to Negligence Fine’. If administrative obligation acts that are objects of conversion to negligence fine are divided by obligation, these are as follows. A type: obligation of report or registration of administrative affairs B type: obligation of no-refusal of administrative investigation or inspection C type: obligation of keeping and furnishing and indication D type: obligation of no-using of pseudo naming E type: obligation of no-intervention in private law relations F type: obligation of prohibiton of holding two offices at the same time G type: obligation of trifling violation of administrative ordinance

효율적인 국가대테러조직체계의 구성 방향에 관한 연구

이호용(Lee, HoYong) 한양법학회 2009 漢陽法學 Vol.25 No.-

After 9·11 Terrorism in America, knowledge to danger of terrorism is routinized, and many of studies and reports about anti-terrorism strategy are published, but those do not suggest lucid resolution about anti-terrorism. The key successive resolution of anti-terrorism is to elucidate as follows, what are causes and characteristics of new terrorism? and based on them who what how provide against terrorism? The former studies about anti-terrorism mostly are attached weighting to causes of terrorism and the recent studies are attached weighting to confrontation policy in function side. So till now studies about 'Who', that is subject of anti-terrorism strategy, are insignificant. But, anti-terrorism action is a kind of administrative action, to solve administrative problems, both sides of function and subject should be studied together, so studies about subject(administrative organization) are supplemented more and more, because subject to carry out function is administrative organization. Therefore in this study, I intend to examine constitution of administrative organization in anti-terrorism strategy closely. This study is consisted of as follows, I intend to look into characters of new terrorism minutely in Ⅱ., constitution and function of anti-terrorism administrative organization of foreign countries in Ⅲ., constitution and function of anti-terrorism administrative organization of korea in Ⅳ., and conclusion and suggestion in Ⅴ. In this study, I suggest constitution and function of anti-terrorism administrative organization in aspect of precautionary nation action.

울릉분지 내 이산화탄소 주입 지질모델 구축을 위한 탄성파 자료 역산

이호용(Hoyong Lee),전재호(Jaeho Jun),박명호(Myongho Park) 대한지질학회 2015 대한지질학회 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.10