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이영래 ( Lee¸ Young-rae ) 현대영미어문학회 1995 현대영미어문학 Vol.13 No.-
This paper has two main purposes. One is to find the mechanism of recognition and interpretation of Non-literal utterances, and the other to find the essential features of metaphor and irony which are typical of non-literal utterances. The results obtained from the study are summarized as follows: (1) Non-literal utterances require no special interpretive abilities or procedures: they are natural outcome of some very general abilities and procedures used in verbal communication. The interpretation of the utterances can be determined on the basis of the Principle of Relevance which can be stated as “The speaker has done his best to be maximally relevant.” (2) Metaphor and Irony involve no departure from a norm, no transgressin of a rule or convention. They follow from very general mechanisms of verbal communication rather than from some extra level of competence. (3) Metaphor plays on the relationship between the propositional form of an utterance and the speaker’s thought; irony plays on the relationship between the speaker’s thought and a thought of someone other than the speaker.
이영래 ( Lee¸ Young-rae ) 현대영미어문학회 1994 현대영미어문학 Vol.12 No.-
This paper intends to investigate what effect or social meaning can be brought with the use of the hedging devices in speech act. The motive of using the hedging devices is to save Speaker’s or Hearer’s face. Face- threatening acts are redressed with hedges on the illocutionary force of the act. It is shown that there are many kinds of hedging devices in speech act. The hedging devices are divided into two, depending on which condition of speech act is hedged: hedges on the preconditions of the speech act and hedges addressed to Grice’s Maxims. In order to save the face with hedges, however, hedging devices should be used in relevant social context. It is also illustrated that the continuous use of hedging devices (e.g.sequences of polite sentences) is not effective as a strategy of saving face.
상염색체 우성 다낭신 환자에서 신장 해부학적 지표에 따른 고혈압과 신기능의 변화
이규백(Kyu Beck Lee),김향(Hyang Kim),이영래(Young Rae Lee) 대한신장학회 2001 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.20 No.2
상염색체 우성 다낭신(ADPKD)은 다낭신 유전자를 받은 환자에서 점진적으로 신장에 낭종들의 수와 크기가 커져서 신혈관과 신실질을 압박하여 고혈압, 신부전을 발생시킨다. 그리고 ADPKD 환자에서 고혈압과 신부전 발생 이전부터 신장의 해부학적 변화가 발생한다. 따라서 오랜 기간의 임상경과를 가진 ADPKD에서 신장 해부학적 지표에 따른 고혈압과 신기능 변화를 평가하는 것은 중요하다. 그리고 신장 해부학적 지표를 ADPKD의 임상경과를 예측할 수 있을지를 알아보는 것은 의미 있다. 본 연구에서 강북삼성병원을 내원한 ADPKD환자 가운데 복부초음파검사로 진단하고, 해부학적 구조를 정확히 볼 수 있는 복부 전산화단층촬영을 시행한 67명의 환자를 대상으로 신장 해부학적 지표에 따른 고혈압, 신기능을 비교하였다. 한명의 방사선과 전문의가 복부 전산화단층촬영 필름을 분석하여 신장의 해부학적 지표로 신장의 길이, 용적, RSI(anatomical renal severity index), 최대 신낭종직경을 측정하였다. ADPKD 환자(평균 연령 45±12세, 남녀비42:25) 가운데 고혈압은 41명(61%)에서 있었으며, 신기능 부전 (크레아티닌 청소율50mL/min/1.73m2 이하)은 15명(22%)에서 있었다. 정상 혈압 군에 비하여 고혈압 군에서 신장길이, 신장용적, RSI, 최대 신낭종직경 모두 유의하게 증가되어 있었다(p<0.01)(신장용적 360±154mL/1.73 m2 대 833±585mL/1.73 m2 ). 정상 신기능 군에 비하여 신부전 군에서 신장길이, 신장용적, RSI, 최대 신낭종직경 모두 유의하게 증가되어 있었다(p<0.01)(신장용적499±335mL/1.73 m2 대 1171±700mL/1.73m2 ). 환자의 크레아티닌 청소율은 신장 해부학적 지표인 신장길이(r= -0.39), 신장용적(r= -0.49), RSI(r= -0.39), 최대 신낭종직경(r= -0.38)과 유의한 상관관계가 있었다(p<0.01). 본 연구 결과 ADPKD 환자에서 신장 해부학적 지표인 신장길이, 신장용적, RSI, 최대 신낭종직경은 고혈압, 신기능과 상관관계를 가지고, 고혈압 군과 신부전 군에서 증가되어 있다. ADPKD에서 신장의 낭종이 많아지고, 신장이 커질수록 고혈압이 발생하고, 신기능이 감소함을 객관으로 증명하였다. 향후에 ADPKD환자의 임상경과를 보는데 이러한 신장 해부학적 지표를 유용하게 사용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common hereditary disorder, and its major morbidities are hypertension and renal failure. It is a characteristic feature of ADPKD that renal cysts increase in size and number with age continuously. Hypertension and renal failure in ADPKD result from compression of residual normal renal parenchyma by expanding cysts, since renal tissue is trapped within the poorly distensible renal capsule. Renal structural deformities in ADPKD occur prior to hypertension and renal failure. The present study was undertaken to explore the potential role of renal cyst enlargement in initiating hypertension and renal failure in ADPKD. We therefore measured renal structural indices by computed tomography(CT) to examine the relation between clinical progression and renal structural deformities. Sixty-seven adult subjects(45±12 years, rnale-female ratio 42: 25) with ADPKD were studied at our PKD clinic from 1997 to 2000, and a complete abdominal CT was performed on all subjects. One radiologist measured the renal structural indices which were renal length, volume, RSI(anatomical renal severity index) and maximal cyst size. The renal structural indices were significantly greater in hypertensive group compared to the normotensive group (hypertensive 833±585 vs. normotensive 360±154mL/ 1.73m------------², p<0.01). The renal structural indices were significantly greater in renal failure group compared to the normal renal function group(renal failure 1,171±700 vs. normal 499±335mL/1.73m², p<0.01). The renal function in ADPKD correlated with the renal structural indices. We concluded that the clinical progression in ADPKD correlates with the renal structural indices well. These structural indices provide considerable information about the progression of ADPKD.
이은정(Eun Jung Rhee),이규백(Kyu Beck Lee),서정열(Jung Yul Suh),김향(Hyang Kim),박흥재(Heung Jae Park),김영학(Young Hak Kim),권칠훈(Chil Hun Kwon),이영래(Young Rae Lee) 대한신장학회 2001 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.20 No.4
A case of a 37 year-old man of congenital diabetes insipidus is reported. He complained of polydipsia, which began from his youth, drinking about 10 L of water every day. He didn't look ill or mentally retarded. In his family, his only brother has shown similar symptoms and his older sister had no symptom. On radiologic study, both kidneys showed severe hydronephrosis and the bladder was markedly distended. Water deprivation test was performed. The result was consistent with diabetes insipidus and the urine osmolality didn't respond to antidiuretic hormone injection, and he was diagnosed as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. We began to treat him with thiazide and amiloride. The amount of water he's been drinking daily has decreased to 3-4 L per day. We discuss this case with a brief review of literature.