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FPS 게임 싱글플레이에 내재된 미국 패권주의와 세계시민의식 연구
심호남(Shim Ho-nam) 한국문화융합학회 2021 문화와 융합 Vol.43 No.4
본 연구는 FPS게임 속에 내재된 미국 패권주의와 프로파간다의 위험성에 대해 고찰하였다. 유명 FPS게임인 <SOCOM U.S. Navy SEALs>, <콜 오브 듀티>, <배틀필드> 시리즈 등을 연구하여그 속에 포함된 미국 패권주의를 규명하고 프로파간다의 위험성을 밝혔다. 현실적인 스토리를배경으로 한 FPS게임은 현실의 국가간 대립구도를 그대로 게임 속에 옮겨왔다. 게이머는 주로미군이나 미국의 동맹국 군인을 조작하게 되며 미국의 적대국가인 러시아나 중국을 적대하는경험을 반복한다. 게임 속에서 미국은 상대적으로 정의로우며 러시아나 중국은 악당의 역할을맡는다. FPS게임의 싱글플레이는 미국 제국주의를 옹호하며 미국 중심의 국제질서유지가 세계평화유지라는 결론으로 이어진다. 반면 최근에 들어서는 변화가 생겨나고 있음도 확인했다. <배틀필드> 시리즈는 전쟁에 대한 다양한 시각을 제공하는 시나리오를 구성했다. 反戰 메시지를 담기도했으며 소수민족 여성전사를 주인공으로 세우거나 전쟁 내 인종차별, 전체주의 국가의 폭주로인한 국민들의 고통을 다루는 등 미국 위주의 단극화에서 벗어나는 모습도 보여주었다. 부족하지만 미국패권주의에서 벗어나 세계시민으로의 변화가 드러나고 있다. This study considers the dangers of American hegemony and the Propaganda inherent in military first-person shooter (FPS) games. The famous military FPS games SOCOM U.S. Navy SEALs , Call of Duty , and Battlefield were studied to identify the American hegemonism contained within them and to identify the dangers of Propaganda. The military FPS genre, which is based on realistic stories, has shifted toward narratives concerning confrontation between countries. Gamers often manipulate U.S. soldiers, or soldiers of U.S. allies, and mimic the experience of antagonizing Russia or China. In such games, the U.S. is relatively righteous, whereas Russia and China play the role of villains. The single play medium of such games advocates for American imperialism and leads to the conclusion that maintaining the U.S.-centered international order is akin to maintaining world peace. In addition, it has also been confirmed that changes to the genre have recently been taking place. The “Battlefield” series, for example, has constructed scenarios that provide a variety of perspectives on war. It also included anti-war messages and has shown a departure from the U.S.-oriented unipolarization. This includes framing female fighters and fighters from minority groups as the main characters, dealing with racial discrimination in war, and the suffering of people in a runaway totalitarian state. Although lacking, the change in narrative from one perpetuating American hegemony to that of being global citizens is being revealed.
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스쿼시 국가대표와 비국가대표 선수의 체격, 순발력, 민첩성, 심폐지구력 및 무산소성 능력 비교
심호선(Ho Sun Shim),박동호(Dong Ho Park),이신언(Shin Eon Lee) 한국사회체육학회 2008 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.34
The purpose of this study was to make a comparison between national and non-national squash athletes in physique, physical fitness, cardiopulmonary endurance, anaerobic capacity factors which can affect performance. There was no significant difference in physique between groups. As for physical fitness, there was no significant difference between groups in sargent jump and standing long jump in terms of power factors and side steps in terms of agility factors. As a cardiopulmonary endurance factor, there was no significant difference in VO2max between groups but exercise endurance (p<.001) and ventilation threshold (p<.05). After maximal graded exercise, average heart rate response of national athletes was faster fall down than that of non-athlete at the 30min time period(p<.000) and also, there were interactive effects(p<.01). Finally, the Wingate test showed that there were significant differences between groups in the fatigue index(p<.05). Based on these results, the national athlete group was found to have capacity for doing high-intensity exercise and for doing it for a long time, which the non-national player group didn`t have. In addition, it was found that the national player group was able to recover more rapidly than the non-national player group after long-time high-intensity exercise. So, these factors should be used as good indicators to determine athletic performance in the Squash event.
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기관지 천식 환자에서 천식 증상의 정도에 따른 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체의 유전자 다형성
심재정,김제형,이승룡,권영환,이소라,이상엽,강세용,강용구,조재연,인광호,원남희,유세화,강경호,Shim, Jae-Jeong,Kim, Jei-Hyung,Lee, Seung-Yong,Kwan, Young-Hwan,Lee, So-Ra,Lee, Sang-Youb,Kang, Se-Yong,Kang, Yong-Koo,Cho, Jae-Youn,In, Kwang-Ho,Wo 대한결핵및호흡기학회 1998 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.45 No.1
서 론: $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체 유전자에는 여러 종류의 다형성(polymorphism)가 존재하며, 천식 환자에서 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체의 대표적인 변이는 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체의 아미노산이 대치된 부분으로 Arg16-Gly, Gln27-Glu, Val34-Met 및 Thr164-Ile 등인 것으로 알려져 있다. 지속적인 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 유도체의 자극에 대하여 세포표면으로 부터 세포내의 전달과정이 둔화되어 점차 세포전달이 없어질 수도 있는 desensitization 또는 수용체와 수가 감소하는 downregulation이 존재하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 천식환자에서 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체의 desensitization 또는 downregulation 뿐만 아니라 천식 표현형과 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체 유전자 다형성의 상관 관계에 대한 연구가 이루어지고 있으나 논란이 많다. 이에 본 연구는 기관지 천식환자에서 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체의 가장 흔한 16, 27, 34 및 164 의 아미노산에 해당하는 유전자의 다형성을 MASA (Mutated Allele Specific Amplification)법으로 시행하여 각각의 다형성의 발생 빈도와 천식의 심한 정도와 연관이 있는 가를 확인하였다. 대상 및 방법: 대상 환자는 천식 환자 103명이었으며, 이중 남자는 54명, 여자는 49명으로 평균 연령은 46.6세 (19~80세)였고 이환 기간은 4.7년이었다. 대상 환자는 경미하고 간헐적 증상을 보인 30명, 지속적인 경미한 천식 환자는 32명으로 경미한 천식은 모두 62명이었으며, 중등증의 천식 증상은 17명 및 중종의 천식증상을 보인 환자는 24명이었다. 이중 1년 중에 6개월 이상 전신적 스테로이드를 투여하는 환자는 39명이었으며, 투약 중에도 야간 발작이나 야간 기침이 발생되었던 환자는 44명이었다. 대상 환자로부터 10cc의 전혈구를 체취 하여 분리된 림파구에서 분리된 DNA를 이용하여 MASA 방법으로 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체 16번, 27번, 34번 및 164번째 아미노산의 다형성을 검색하였고, 천식의 심한 정도 따른 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체 유전자의 다형성의 분포와 야간 천식의 발작이나 증상의 유무에 따른 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체 유전자의 다형성의 분포를 확인하였다. 결 과: 16 번째 Arginine이 Glycine으로 변이는 heterozygous 변이가 67명, homozygous 변이가 13명으로 heterozygous 변이가 65.1%로 가장 많았다. 27번째 Glutamine이 Glutamate로 변이는 heterozygous만 11명으로 10.7%였으며, 34번째 Valine이 Methionine으로 변이를 일으키는 100번째 핵산의 경우도 heterozygous만 6명으로 5.8%였다. 27 번째와 34번째 아미노산의 변이를 일으키는 homozygous 변이와 164번째 아미노산의 변이는 대상 환자 중에는 없었다. 천식 증상의 심한 정도를 경종 및 중등증, 중중으로 2 구분하여 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체 다형성의 발생빈도를 관찰한 결과 중증의 천식환자에서 16번째 아미노산의 변이의 빈도는 많았으나 (p=0.015), 27번, 34번 및 164번째의 아미노산의 변이는 천식 증상의 정도와는 연관성이 없었다. 야간 천식 증상의 유무에 따른 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체 다형성은 16, 27, 34 및 164번째 아미노산의 핵산의 변이와 연관성이 없었다. 결 론: 이상의 결과로 기관지 천식 환자에서 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체 다형성은 Arg 16, Gln 27 및 Val 34의 변이가 존재하고, Arg 16이 가장 많았으며, Thr 164는 없었다. 기관지 천식 환자에서 증상이 심한 중증 천식은 $\beta_2$ 교감 신경 수용체의 다형성중 Arg 16의 변이는 중증 천 Background: Genetic and environmental factors are known to affect the incidence and severity of asthma. Stimulation of $\beta_2$-Adrenergic Receptor ($\beta_2$AR) results in smooth muscle relaxation, leading to decrease in resistance of airflow. The gene encoding the $\beta_2$AR has recently been seguenced. The $\beta_2$AR genotype at the polymorphic loci of codons 16, 27, 34, and 164 was known to cause changes in the amino acids. The relationships between the structure of the $\beta_2$AR and its functions are being elucidated. Purpose : The gene encoding the $\beta_2$AR was carried out to assess the frequency of polymorphisms in bronchial asthma, to determine wheather these polymorphisms have any relation to the severity, or nocturnal symptoms in bronchial asthma. Methods: The subjects studied were 103 patients with bronchial asthma, which consisted of 30 mild episodic, 32 mild persistent, 17 moderate, and 24 severe asthma patients. The polymorphisms of the $\beta_2$AR gene were detected by mutated allele specific amplification (MASA) method at the codons 16,27,34, and 164. Results: The most frequent polymorphism was arginine 16 to glycine. The other two polymorphisms, valine 34 to methionine and glutamine 27 to glutamic acid occured in 11 and 6 patients respectively. The polymorphism of threonine 164 to isoleucine was not found in our enrolled patients. The homozygous polymorphism of $\beta_2$AR gene was found in only arginine 16 to glycine (12.6%). The heterozygous polymorphisms of $\beta_2$AR gene were in arginine 16 to glycine, valine 34 to methionine, and glutamine 27 to glutamic acid, as 65.1 %,10.7%, and 5.8% respectively in asthma patients. The presence of agrginine 16 to glycine heterozygous or/and homozygous polymorphism was associated in severe asthma (p=0.015), but there was no association between the other three polymorphisms and the severity of asthma. The frequency of the $\beta_2$AR gene polymorphisms was no relation in nocturnal asthma as compared with non-nocturnal asthma. Conclusion: The arginine 16 to glycine polymorphism of the $\beta_2$AR gene is the most frequently found in asthma patients and association with severe asthma. But there was no association between the polymorphism of the $\beta_2$AR gene and nocturnal asthma.
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심호(Shim, Ho),이희선(Lee, HeeSun),오영근(Oh, YoungKeun) 한양법학회 2011 漢陽法學 Vol.36 No.-
In March 2011, the Ministry of Justice introduced a new proposal for the general provisions of criminal law to the National Assembly for its approval. This study was performed to suggest valuable recommendations for the new proposal. The meta-analytic method, which compares and analyses the contents of earlier studies, was utilized to identify the differences and similarities of the contents and to narrow down the scope of this study. Also, the argumentation model, which brings forth a transparent counterargument to rebut against the existing claims, was utilized to reach conclusions. The conclusions of the study are as belows. First, an implementation of Day Fine system36) is recommended. The system consists of two steps. The first step is that the court determines the duration of the sentence by considering the gravity of a defendant"s crime. The second step is that the court calculates the amount of the defendant"s one-day fine by considering the defendant"s financial and individual conditions. Adoption of the system will enhance the effectiveness of the implementation of monetary penalties. Second, in cases of less serious crime such as a getaway of a defendant or dereliction of government officials, it should be allowed the court to choose either a monetary penalty or a jail sentence because imposing only jail sentences against those crime may make defendants experience the crime-breeding effect)?) Third, legislation should include a provision which authorizes the court to suspend the implementation of monetary penalties in cases where a person is unable to pay a fine or perform community services. Lastly, the legislation should also include a provision which allows a person to defer the payments based on his/her financial status or pay a fine in installments when appropriate.
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심재준 ( Jae Jun Shim ),김병호 ( Byung Ho Kim ),황보영 ( Young Hwangbo ),이상욱 ( Sang Wook Lee ),이영주 ( Young Ju Lee ),하승형 ( Seung Hyung Ha ),장재영 ( Jae Young Jang ),동석호 ( Seok Ho Dong ),김효종 ( Hyo Jong Kim ),장영운 ( 대한간암연구회 2009 대한간암학회지 Vol.9 No.-
Long term results of hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are not satisfactory due to a high incidence of postoperative recurrence. To improve the prognosis in patients who underwent hepatic resection, identification of risk factors for recurrence and development of effective preventive strategies are required. A single nodular mass was found in the right hepatic lobe of 53-year old male with B viral cirrhosis by surveillance ultrasonography. Dynamic abdominal CT showed a 3 cm-sized hypervascular mass in the right posteroinferior segment (S6). AFP was 359 ng/mL. Child-Pugh classification was A, and ICG R15 was 18.8%. After preoperative transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), right hepatic wedge resection was performed. Resection margin was free of tumor. Microinvasions in the surrounding vessels, lymphatics, bile ducts were not found and microsatellite nodules were absent in the resected specimen. Although there were no risk factors that associated with high postoperative recurrence, multifocal intrahepatic recurrence in the right lobe and left medial lobe occurred at 7 months after hepatic resection. He underwent two sessions of TACE.
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