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김진무 ( Kim Jin-moo ) 한국동서철학회 2017 동서철학연구 Vol.0 No.83
본 논문은 나말여초에 형성된 `구산선문(九山禪門)` 가운데 충청지역과 관련된 무염(無染)국사가 개산한 `성주산문(聖柱山門)`과 관련된 선사상을 고찰하여 충청지역의 불교문화를 고찰하고자 한 것이다. 무염은 마조(馬祖)의 사법인 마곡보철(麻谷寶徹)로부터 사사하여 그 선법을 전하였으므로 본고에서는 마조선의 특징과 무염국사의 구법, 그리고 선사상적 특징에 대하여 고찰하였다. 선종사(禪宗史)에 있어서 ?육조단경(六祖壇經)?은 이른바 `조사선(祖師禪)`의 종전(宗典)이면서 중국불교의 사상적인 완성으로 평가를 받는다. 이러한 ?단경?의 사상을 발전적으로 계승한 이가 바로 마조도일(馬祖道一)로서 홍주종(洪州宗)을 개창하였다. 마조선은 `즉심즉불(卽心卽佛)`, `도불용수(道不用修)`, `평상심시도(平常心是道)`를 특색으로 하고 있다.무염은 입당(入唐)하여 마조의 사법제자인 마곡보철로부터 인가를 받아 귀국하여 현 충남 보령지역의 성주사(聖住寺)를 중심으로 활동하여 `성주산문`의 개산조(開山祖)가 된다. 무염의 선사상은 단편적인 자료만이 남아 있어 명확하게 획정할 수 없지만, 그로부터 마조선의 선법을 온전하게 펼쳤을 것으로 추정된다. 그렇지만 당시 문성왕(文聖王)을 비롯하여 헌안왕(憲安王), 경문왕(景文王), 헌강왕(憲康王) 등 4조(朝)의 국왕으로부터 귀의를 받았고, 또한 경문왕과 헌강왕 양조의 국사(國師)로 봉해졌으며, 그 제자가 2천여 명에 이른다고 한다. 이러한 기록으로부터 무염의 선사상은 당시 시대정신과 관련된 뛰어난 선법(禪法)을 제창하였다고 추정할 수 있다. 또한 비록 그 구체적인 상황은 사료(史料)의 결핍으로 명확하게 밝힐 수 없지만, 당시 충청지역에 조사선의 선풍을 크게 일으켰으며, 다양한 불교문화가 전개되었을 것이라고 추정할 수 있다. The purpose of this paper is to investigate Buddhist culture in Chungcheong province by considering Seon thought related to Seongjusan School(聖住山門), one of Nine Mountain Seon Schools, founded by Seon master Muyeom(無染). He had studied under Magubaoche(麻谷寶徹) succeeding to Mazu(馬祖) and handed down his Seon. So I inquired into the characteristics of Mazu Seon(馬祖禪), pursuing Buddhist lessons and the characteristics of his Seon thought in this paper. Platform Scripture of the Sixth Patriarch(六祖壇經) is the so-called main text of `Patriarch Seon(祖師禪)` and is received as completion of Chinese Buddhist thought in the history of Seon school. Mazudaoyi(馬祖道一) had succeeded the thought of 『Platform Scripture』 and founded Hongzhou school(洪州宗). The characteristics of Mazu Seon are `Nature mind is the Buddha(卽心卽佛)`, `Tao does not need to practice(道不用修)` and `the ordinary mind is the truth`. Muyeom(無染) had gone to Tang dynasty and got authorization from Magubaoche(麻谷寶徹) succeeding to Mazu(馬祖). After returning to Silla dynasty, Muyeom worked around Seongjusa temple(聖住寺) in Chungnam Boryeong province currently and became the founder of `Seongjusan School(聖住山門)`. Though I can`t define clearly because there is fragmentary data left about his Seon thought, I assume that he would have unfolded Mazu Seon soundly. Including King Munseong(文聖王), King Heonan(憲安王), King Gyeongmun(景文王), and King Heongang(憲康王), four kings had turned to Muyeom. He had been appointed national Buddhist monk from King Gyeongmun(景文王), and King Heongang(憲康王) and had more than 2,000 disciples. From these records, I can assume that Muyeom`s Seon thought was an excellent Seon mode(禪法) related to the sprit of the times. Though I can`t disclose the concrete situation clearly owing to the lack of historical records, I can presume that he caused the trend of Patriarch Seon and the various Buddhist culture would have been developed in Chungcheong province.
김진무 ( Kim Jin-moo ) 동아시아불교문화학회 2017 동아시아불교문화 Vol.0 No.31
본고에서는 중국불교의 ‘신행’과 관련하여 동진시기로부터 출현한 신행단체를 중심으로 고찰하였다. 비록 불교가 중국에 전래된 것은 공식적으로 동한(東漢) 초기이지만, 중국인들이 본격적으로 불교를 신앙하기 시작한 것은 서진(西晉) 시기에 이르러서라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 본고에서는 중국불교의 ‘신행’과 관련하여 동진시기로부터 출현한 신행단체를 중심으로 고찰하였다. 현존하는 역사기록에 입각한다면, 중국에서 최초로 신행단체를 형성한 것은 동진(東晉)과 남북조(南北朝)시대의 교체기에 나타난 여산 동림사의 ‘백련사(白蓮社)’라고 하겠다. 그에 따라 본고에서는 ‘백련사’의 성립과정과 그 이후에 나타나는 ‘의읍(邑義)’, ‘읍의(邑義)’, 혹은 ‘사읍(社邑)’, ‘읍사(邑社)’ 등에 대하여 간략하게 고찰하였다. 본고에서는 특히 근대에 출현하는 ‘거사불교’의 단체에 대하여 고찰하였다. ‘거사불교’는 불교가 철저하게 국가의 통제를 받아 승려들에 의한 포교활동에 제약이 존재하였던 청대(淸代)에 팽제청(彭際淸)으로부터 제창되었다고 할 수 있다. 근대에 있어서 중국불교를 다시 부흥시킨 이는 바로 양문회(楊文會)라고 할 수 있으며, 그는 특히 중국의 위기상황에 대하여 ‘민족불교’와 ‘거사불교’를 제창하였다. 그에 따라 수많은 거사불교단체들이 건립되어 활동하였으며, 이를 통하여 청대에 철저하게 쇠락한 불교가 다시 민족종교로서 자리 잡을 수 있는 계기를 만들었다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 근대 거사불교의 신행단체들의 활동은 송대(宋代) 이후에 중국사상계에서 밀려났던 불교가 다시 시대사조(時代思潮)의 주도적인 역할을 하게 되었다고 평가할 수 있다. This paper considered the religious act groups appeared from DongJin(東晋) era with regard to ‘religious act’ in Chinese Buddhism. Though Buddhisim had been officially handed down to China in the early DongHan(東漢), it was XiJin(西晉) era that Chinese began to believe Buddhism in earnest. It was ‘Bailian socieety(白蓮社)’ at Dong linsi(東林寺) temple in Lushan(廬山) appeared in transition era between DongJin and North and South Dynasties that formed the first religious act group in China basing on extant historical records. Therefore this paper briefly examined ‘Yiyi(義邑)’, ‘Yiyi(邑義)’, ‘Sheyi(社邑)’, and ‘Yishe(邑社)’ etc. in and after the formation process of 'Bailian socieety(白蓮社)'. This article especially looked into the groups of 'Layman Buddhism(居士佛敎)' in modern society. ‘Layman Buddhism’ had beeb put forth by Pengjiqing(彭際淸) in Qing Period(淸代) when there were restriction on propagation activity by Buddhist monks under the national thorough control. So this paper considered how Pengjiqing (彭際淸)'s ‘Layman Buddhism’ and his thought had been passed to modern times. It could be said to be Yangwenhui(楊文會) that revitalized Chinese Buddhism in modern times and advocated for ‘National Buddhism(民族佛敎)’ and ‘Layman Buddhism(居士佛敎)’ under the Chinese crisis situation. After that many Layman Buddhism groups were built and worked, it served the momentum situated as national Buddhism for the thoroughly rundown Buddhism in Qing Period(淸代). These acts of religious groups of modern Layman Buddhism can be regarded as a leading role in the trend of the times even Buddhism had been ousted from the world of Chinese thoughts after Song dynasty.
공손성에서 축소사의 화용적 기능 연구 - 한국어 ‘좀’과 프랑스어 ‘petit’를 중심으로 -
김진무(KIM Jin Moo) 프랑스문화예술학회 2021 프랑스문화예술연구 Vol.77 No.-
이 연구의 목적은 한국어 ‘좀’과 이에 상응하는 프랑스어 ‘petit’의 화용적 기능을 살펴보는 것이다. 수량사 ‘좀’과 ‘petit’는 적은 분량, 작은 크기라는 축자적 의미로부터 상대화자의 체면을 위협하는 발화수반적 힘을 줄여주는 완화사 역할을 하면서 ‘공손’이라는 관습적 가치를 갖는다. 이런 수량사들이 공손으로 작용하는 기제는 무엇인지 공손성의 관점에서 분석하고자 한다.
도생(道生)의 ‘리(理)’와 이학(理學)의 ‘이일분수(理一分殊)’
김진무 ( Kim Jin-moo ),류화송 ( Ryu Hwa-song ) 동아시아불교문화학회 2018 동아시아불교문화 Vol.0 No.33
I considered Daosheng's ‘Li(理)’ during the transition period of Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties(魏晋南北朝) and ‘one principle and its many manifestations(理 一分殊)’ as the core proposition of Neo-Confucianism in Song dynasty and then I determined their influencing relationship in this paper. We can say that Daosheng drew ‘Li’ to ‘the best’ as ‘the first principle’ in Chinese history of thought. Therefore I searched ‘Li(理)’ of Daosheng and ‘the theory of sudden enlightenment(頓悟論)’ from it. Meanwhile, there was six hundred parallax between Daosheng and er Cheng(Chenghao(程顥)·Chengyi(程?)) advocating for ‘one principle and its many manifestations(理一分殊)’. Therefore I have searched some related discussion about ‘integration with Confucianism and Buddhism(儒佛統合)’ which were presented by Buddhists and Confucianists in Sui(隋) and Tang(唐) dynasties in this paper. I also examined ‘the joining with Confucianism and Buddhism(儒彿合流)’ in Song(宋) dynasty. In this paper, I considered ‘one principle and its many manifestations(理一分殊)’ advocated by er Cheng in Zhangzai(張載)'s 『Ximing(西銘)』 and Zhuxi(朱熹)'s essay related to the slogan. Then I checked the general contents of ‘one principle and its many manifestations(理一分殊)’ in Neo-Confucianism. Comparing with Daosheng and Chengguan(澄觀)'s ‘Li(理)’ in Tang(唐) dynasty, I also examined the influencing relationship. Therefore I clearly reached a conclusion that ‘one principle and its many manifestations(理一分殊)’ in Neo-Confucianism was influenced by Daosheng's ‘Li(理)’ and the science of Huayan. But as Neo-Confucianism occupied mainstream after Song(宋) dynasty, it had a strong influence on the stream of Buddhism. So we can see Confucianized Buddhism, so-called ethicalized Buddhism, not leaving home-oriented but entering world-oriented.
김진무(KIM Jin-Moo) 한국프랑스문화학회 2017 프랑스문화연구 Vol.34 No.1
Notre travail a pour objectif d’examiner du point de vue de l’analyse des conversations et surtout de la théorie de la politesse linguistique, les aspects pragmatiques de l’acte de réaction au compliment à partir de feuilletons télévisés diffusés en Corée par les chaî̂nes KBS, MBC, SBS et TVN. L’acte de compliment amalgame deux composantes : une assertion évaluative positive et un cadeau verbal dont on gratifie l’allocutaire. Il est illocutoirement double : d’une part, en tant qu’assertion, il a pour but de faire admettre à l’allocutaire son contenu comme vrai. D’autre part, en tant que cadeau, il vise à faire plaisir à l’allocutaire. Il a donc pour fonction essentielle de renforcer la solidarité existant entre les interlocuteurs. Nous avons examiné les aspects sur l’accord et le désaccord dans le type réactif à l’assertion évaluative positive, et sur l’acceptation et le refus dans le type réactif au cadeau verbal. Les accords explicites ne sont guère trouvés dans notre corpus, et les acceptions y sont rarement trouvées. Les réponses relativement plus fréquemment attestées sont de type suivant : le désaccord, le refus implicite, l’accord implicite et l’acception implicite.Avec la théorie de la politesse, le compliment est un acte de langage anti-menaçant pour la face positive de l’allocutaire. L’acte de compliment fait partie de la politesse positive qui doit ê̂tre considérée comme la production d’un FFA au sens de Kerbrat-Orecchioni. Et pour rendre compte de la réaction du destinataire au compliment on prend en considération trois principes de politesse suivantes : (1) Principe d’accord, (2) Principe de protection de son propre territoire, (3) Principe de modestie. Presque tous les réactions au compliment peuvent ê̂tre rapportées à l’un ou/et l’autre de ces trois principes. Le premier principe implique évidemment les réactions positives. Les deux derniers principes invitent au contraire aux réactions négatives. Les interlocuteurs français accordent de l’importance au premier principe, alors que les interlocuteurs coréens attribuent plus grand importance aux deux derniers principes.
승조(僧肇)의 ``비유비무(非有非無)`` 논증(論證)과 그 의의(意義)
김진무 ( Jin Moo Kim ) 한국불교선리연구원 2007 禪文化硏究 Vol.2 No.-
본 논문은 승조(僧肇)의 ``비유비무(非有非無)``와 관련된 논증(論證)을 고찰하였다. ``비유비무(非有非無)``는 유명한 반야학(般若學)의 논리인 ``사구백비(四句百非)``의 ``사구(四句)`` 가운데 하나이다. 그러나 승조가 활동하던 위진(魏晋)에서 남북조(南北朝)로 전환되는 시기는 현학(玄學)이 주된 사조(思潮)였다. 현학(玄學)에서 다루는 수많은 철학적 논의 가운데 가장 핵심이면서 그 근저에 있는 주제는 바로 ``유무지변(有無之辨)``이다. 실제적으로 현학(玄學)의 대체적 발전 과정은 하안(何晏) 왕필(王弼)의 ``귀무론(貴無論)``의 출현과 그에 대한 반발로 나타난 배위(裴危)의 ``숭유론(崇有論)``, 그리고 그 둘을 철저히 지양(止揚)하여 나타난 곽상(郭象)의 ``독화론(獨化論)``이라고 할 수 있는데, 이는 모두 유(有) 무(無)를 둘러싼 철학적 논의로부터 나타난 것이기 때문이다. 이러한 시대사조(時代思潮)의 영향으로 반야학(般若學)을 대상으로 현학화(玄學化)된 격의불교(格義佛敎)가 출현한다. 현학(玄學)과 격의불교(格義佛敎)를 모두 겨냥한 것이 바로 ``비유(非有) 비무(非無)``의 논증이라고 할 수 있다. 또한 ``유(有) 무(無)``의 문제는 유(儒) 불(佛) 도삼교(道三敎)의 사상 가운데 가장 심층적인 철학 문제로 자리 잡고 있다. 따라서 승조가 논증한 ``비유비무(非有非無)``는 유(儒) 불(佛) 도삼교(道三敎)의 핵심적인 문제에 있어서 모두 관련되어 있다고 하겠다. 그에 따라 승조와 그의 『조론(肇論)』은 당시뿐만 아니라 역대로 지속적인 관심과 논란의 대상이 되었던 것이다. 더욱이 승조가 제시한 ``촉사이진(觸事而眞)``, ``체용부이(體用不二)`` 등의 수많은 핵심적인 개념들은 보다 구체적으로 유(儒) 도양가(道兩家)와 불교의 제종파(諸宗派)에 끊임없이 영향을 미치고 사용되어 왔다. 그러나 이러한 모든 개념들의 근저는 바로 ``비유비무(非有非無)``에 대한 논증이라는 것이다. 따라서 승조가 후세에 어떠한 영향을 미쳤다고 한다면, 그 원인을 무엇보다도 ``비유비무(非有非無)`의 논증(論證)에 두어야 할 것이다. SengZhao, the disciple of Kumarajiva, succeeded to the idea of Kumarajiva and accomplished Chines Prajna thought. He was interested in the philosophical issues of Xuanxue (玄學) and finally solved the problem of YouWu(有無), which was the most significant one in the philosophy of Xuanxue by the logic of FeiYouFeiWu. In his work, ZhaoLun(肇論), we can recognize that a great deal of phrases are quoted from LaoZi(老子) and ZhuangZi(莊子). Hence, the thought of SengZhao can be considered as the result which is produced by the unification of the Prajna thought in India and the Lao-Zhuang thought in China. The issue of YouWu was the most significant one among the three philosophical systems, namely Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism and SengZhao played an important role in solving the philosophical issue. Therefore, SengZhao and his work, ZhaoLun have been considered as the most significant in understanding philosophies in China. The crucial notions of ChuShiErZhen(觸事而眞) and TiYongBuEr(體用不二) etc. which were used by SengZhao, have incessantly influenced sects of Buddhism and both Confucianism and Taoism but the basis of these concepts is placed under the notion of YouWu. It can be said that if SengZhao played a great role in understanding Buddhism, that was because of the notion of YouWu which was solved by SengZhao. In addition, the period of GeYiFoJiao(格義佛敎) terminated when SengZhao criticized the three views of BunWu(本無), XinWu(心無), and JiSe(卽色) and Buddhism came to be studied through its own terms. The disappearance of GeYiFoJiao made Xuanxue declined in China and Buddhism dominated throughout the period of Southen-Northern dynasties in China. This is the significance which the demonstration of FeiYouFeiWu(非有非無) plays a role in the history of thoughts in China.
김진무(Kim Jin-moo) 불교학연구회 2005 불교학연구 Vol.12 No.-
The essay is focused upon comparatively studying "Three Non-being" in Dan-jing and Lao-zhuang. The former"s is called "Wu-nian", "Wu-xiang", "Wu-zhu", and the latter"s "Wu-wu", "Wu-qing", "Wu-dai". In fact, in its unfolding process, Chinese Buddhism has been closely connected and developed with the traditional thoughts of China, especially with Confucianism and Taoism. Particularly, among the Buddhistic schools, the school of Praj?a is much more related with the thought of Lao-zhuang. Given the premise that Dan-jing is radically appeared as a Buddhistic theory based upon the school of Praj?a, we can more clearly understand that Dan-jing has some profound relationship with the thought of Lao-zhuang. Therefore, as I argue in the essay, it is so natural that Dan-jing"s "Three Non-being" and Lao-zhuang"s should have some similarities. Between them there is a kind of identical property that "Wu-nian" is equivalent to "Wu-qing", "Wu-xiang" to "Wu-wu", and "Wu-zhu" to "Wu-dai". In the former, "Wu-nian" is said to attain at the ideal state of emancipation through the "Praj?a-samadhi". In the latter, it is said that, through "Wu-qing", man can restore his own nature of original substance, where the Way of "the absence of non-existence" is universally existent, and, thus, he can "leisurely stroll in the field". "Wu-xiang" is referred to as a reality for all kinds of laws, whereas "Wu-wu" as the originally substantial attribute of the Way. "Wu-zhu" ultimately is "Non-bondage", while "Wu-dai" results in the ultimate stage of "leisurely strolling in the field", in which does not have any bondage of dependence and conditions in this world. As a result, it seems to me, Dan-jing"s "Three Non-being" and Lao-zhuang"s all have a double character, that is, both the methods of self-cultivation and the ideal state of emancipation. It can be regarded as one of similarities between them, too.<BR> Dan-jing"s Chan and Lao-zhuang"s thought, however, are respectively their different systems. Chan Buddhism, of course, has been inherently connected with the traditional thought of China, but, nevertheless, it also originates from the Buddhistic thinking-way of India. Thus, in Chinese Buddhism, from the beginning of the Applied Buddhism, some Buddhists have made a series of criticisms on Lao-zhuang"s thought, supporting the Indian thinking-way.<BR>