ICJ의 영토분쟁 사건에서의 입증책임과 입증의 정도

김원희(KIM Wonhee) 대한국제법학회 2014 國際法學會論叢 Vol.59 No.4

ICJ에 회부된 영토분쟁 사건에서 입증책임과 입증의 정도에 관한 증거법 원칙 및 규칙은 분쟁당사국들 간에 중요한 다툼의 대상이 되어 왔다. 영토분쟁 사건에서는 장기간의 복잡한 역사적 사실관계가 다투어지고 자국의 영유권 주장을 뒷받침하기 위해 막대한 분량의 증거가 제출되는 경향이 있다. 분쟁당사국들은 다툼이 있는 중요한 사실관계에 관하여 대부분 상대방에게 입증책임의 분배에 관한 원칙의 설정과 적용은 ICJ의 중요한 과제고 대두되어 왔다. 또한 영토분쟁에서 당사국들은 미세한 관련성만 있어도 영유권 주장의 증거로 제출함으로써 막대한 분량의 증거를 제출하고 있는데 과연 어느 정도로 주장사실을 입증해야 영토권원이 입증된 것으로 인정 할 수 있을 것이지도 중요한 다툼의 대상이 되어 왔다. 이 논문에서는 ICJ의 영토분쟁 사건에서 적용되는 입증책임과 입증의 정도에 관한 증거법 규칙과 사법관행을 규명하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 우선 국내의 증거법 체계에서 규율되고 있는 입증책임과 입증의 정도의 개념을 살펴보고, ICJ의 소송절차에서 일반적으로 적용되고 있는 입증책임과 입증의 정도에 관한 규칙과 사법관행을 검토하였다. 영토분쟁 사건에서 ICJ는 ″주장자 입증책임 원칙″에 따라 소송절차에서 각 쟁점마다 실질적인 주장자가 어느 국가인지를 판별하여 입증책임을 분배하고 있다. 또한 ICJ는 입증기준과 관련하여 영미법계 국가에서 발전된 계량화된 입증기준을 적용하지 않고 세계의 주요 문명형태 및 법체계를 대표하는 ICJ 재판부의 내적 확신에 따른 주관적 판단의 무제로 보고 있다. 입증책임과 입증의 정도에 관하여 ICJ가 설정한 유연하고 개방적인 증거법 규칙은 주권 국가를 소송당사자로 하고 강제적인 증거조사 권한이 없는 국제재판의 한계와 특성을 반영하고 있는 것이다. It has been seriously disputed among contending parties in the territorial disputes before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) what the law of evidence relating to the burden of proof and standard of proof should be applied. In most of the territorial disputes before the ICJ, the contending parties have a tendency not only to dispute as to the complex historical facts with regard to the territory, but also to present as much materials and evidence as they can. One of the main tasks of the ICJ in the territorial disputes is to establish the principle and rule of distributing the burden of proof and to apply the rule in the specific items of territorial claims, because the contending parties are arguing that the other parties should bear the burden as to main relevant facts in the dispute. Moreover, considering the enormous evidence presented by the contending parties to support their territorial claim, the parties have also keen interests in how they can meet the standard of proof by the ICJ in the territorial disputes. This article examines the rule and principle of the law of evidence with special reference to the burden of proof and standard of proof in the territorial disputes having been established and applied by the ICJ. The article contends that the ICJ has devised and applied a set of evidentiary rules which are applicable to the territorial disputes among the sovereign states. With regard to the burden of proof, the ICJ has been consistently applied the principle of actori incumbit onus probandi to identify the real claimant on the specific claims relating to the disputed territory. Moreover, the ICJ neither adopted a specific standard of proof nor the notion of a hierarchy in determining the standard of proof such as so-called ″Bayesian Theory″ in the United States of America. This article argues that the ICJ has developed the law of evidence in territorial disputes in a more flexible way to reconcile the needs for sound administration of international justice and legal certainty for the contending parties.

딥러닝 기반 음악 분류 모델 연구 동향

김원희(Wonhee Kim),이기용(Ki Yong Lee) 한국정보과학회 2022 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2022 No.06

사출-구조 연계해석을 이용한 정션블록 조립성 검증 해석

김원희(Wonhee Kim),김영훈(Younghun Kim),변혜경(HyeKyeong Byeon) 한국자동차공학회 2017 한국자동차공학회 학술대회 및 전시회 Vol.2017 No.11

스테퍼 모터를 위한 비선형 제어기법의 개관

김원희(Wonhee Kim),신동훈(Donghoon Shin),이영우(Youngwoo Lee),정정주(Chung Choo Chung) 제어로봇시스템학회 2014 제어·로봇·시스템학회 논문지 Vol.20 No.3

Stepper motor is widely used in positioning applications due to its durability and high torque to inertia ratio as well as low cost and ability to be easily controlled with open-loop. Due to increased resolution of position control and improved stability of motion control, microstepping has drawn attention in industry since it was introduced in 1970s. With the increase in computational power and decrease in cost of embedded processors in recent years, drives and control systems for stepper motors have become more sophisticate than ever. Thus, closed-loop control methods have been developed to improve the performance of the stepper motors. In this paper, we review not only basic principles of conventional control methods used for stepper motors but also that of microstepping control. In addition, we surveyed recent development in nonlinear control methods applied to stepper motors. The nonlinear control methods are presented in the view of Lyapunov stability. Nonlinear torque disturbance observer, sliding mode control, and nonlinear phase compensation are also presented.

복합재료의 낙추 시뮬레이션 정합성 개선 방안 연구

김원희(Wonhee Kim),김종찬(Jongchan Kim),지현구(HyunGu Ji),장우영(Wooyeong Jang) 한국자동차공학회 2019 한국자동차공학회 학술대회 및 전시회 Vol.2019 No.11

Position Control Using Lyapunov Based Current Control for Sawyer Motors

Wonhee Kim(김원희),Donghoon Shin(신동훈),Youngwoo Lee(이영우) 제어로봇시스템학회 2018 제어·로봇·시스템학회 논문지 Vol.24 No.11

Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controls have been widely used for Sawyer motors. The electrical dynamics are generally neglected in general PID controller since the electrical dynamics are faster than the mechanical dynamics. However, when the current control is used, the phase currents are reduced by back-emf and have the phase lags due to inductances. Thus, the electrical dynamics should be considered to improve the performance of PID control. In this paper, a position control using Lyapunov based current control is developed for improved performance of PID control. The proposed method consists of PID controllers for mechanical dynamics and Lyapunov-based controllers for electrical dynamics. PID controllers make the desired forces and torque to track the position profiles of X and Y with regulation of yaw. And the commutation scheme from the desired forces and torque to the desired phase currents are used. For the design of Lyapunov-based control, the stabilities of the equilibrium points are studied using Lyapunov method. Then, Lyapunov-based control is designed to compensate back-emfs and phase lags. Furthermore, the proposed method guarantees the exponential stabilities of desired currents for PID control. And, the closed-loop system is analyzed. The proposed method considering the electrical dynamics is designed without any coordinate transformation. Therefore, it could reduce the commutation delay. Simulation results show that the tracking performance of PID controller is improved by the proposed method.

모리셔스와 몰디브 간 해양경계획정 분쟁 사건의 선결적 항변 판결에 대한 국제법적 검토

김원희(KIM, Wonhee) 대한국제법학회 2021 國際法學會論叢 Vol.66 No.4

이 논문의 목적은 ITLOS 특별재판부가 몰디브의 선결적 항변을 판단하면서 검토했던 차고스 군도에 관한 국제재판소의 결정이 갖는 법적 효력에 대해 살펴보고, 특별재판부의 선결적 항변 판결이 향후 해양경계분쟁에 대해 갖는 국제법적 함의를 분석하는 것이다. 이 논문에서는 몰디브가 제기했던 선결적 항변 중 필수적 소송당사자의 문제와 영토분쟁에 관한 관할권 행사 여부에 관한 쟁점을 중점적으로 검토하고 이에 대해 특별재판부가 내린 판결과 이유를 살펴보고자 한다. ITLOS 특별재판부는 2015년 차고스 해양보호구역 중재판정, 2019년 ICJ 차고스 권고적 의견, 2019년 유엔 총회 결의에 근거하여 몰디브가 제기했던 선결적 항변을 모두 기각하는 결정을 내렸다. 이 논문에서는 몰디브가 제기했던 선결적 항변의 내용을 검토하고 이에 대해 특별재판부가 내린 결론을 살펴보고자 한다. 다음으로 차고스 군도에 관한 국제재판소의 판결과 유엔 총회 결의를 특별재판부가 어떻게 해석하고 어떠한 법적 효력을 부여했는지를 검토하고자 한다. 이러한 검토를 바탕으로 특별재판부의 선결적 항변 판결이 모리셔스와 몰디브 간의 해양경계분쟁의 본안 판단에 대해 갖는 법적 함의를 분석하고자 한다. The aim of this paper is to examine the contents and effect of the judgment of the International Court of Justice and the UN General Assembly resolution that Special Chamber of the ITLOS reviewed while judging the preliminary objection raised by the Maldives, and to analyze the legal implications for maritime boundary delimitation between Mauritius and Maldives. The preliminary objections raised by the Maldives will be reviewed and the conclusion of the Special Tribunal will be examined first. The Special Tribunal decided to dismiss all of the preliminary defenses raised by the Maldives, mainly based on the arbitral award in Annex VII to the 2015 Convention, the 2019 ICJ Advisory Opinion, and the 2019 UN General Assembly resolution. In this process, the main contents of the relevant international tribunal judgments and the UN General Assembly resolutions that the special tribunal reviewed importantly are reviewed, and the legal effect granted by the special tribunal is reviewed. Next, we will analyze the legal implications of the judgment of the Special Tribunal for the maritime boundary dispute between Mauritius and the Maldives.

현진건 소설의 극적 소격과 타자성의 지향

김원희 ( Kim Wonhee ) 한국문학이론과 비평학회 2009 한국문학이론과 비평 Vol.42 No.-

Hyun, Jinkeun made strenuous efforts to create the format of novels in which incorporating his criticism for colonial realities and resistance for conventionalities. As a result, he was able to establish dramatic estrangement(Verfremdung), and literary pleasure and lesson which is merging into each other. The effects of dramatic irony and estrangement of linguistic play revealed in Hyun's novel is as follows; First, dramatic irony enhances reader's recognition through dissolving stranger orientation with the point of view of an unfamiliar scene and dramatic arrangement of events. Second, estrangement of dramatic linguistic play presents recognition to realities of disillusioning through showing physical and emotional expression unfamiliarly. This effects of dramatic estrangement enhances the potentialities of making variety of Korean humor(Hae-hak) fully understood by global citizens. His works are of great significance from a standpoint that his achievement is the result of his continuous efforts to transforming the system of Korean humor but to borrow the technic of foreign novels. In short, Hyun shows new open world to readers with dramatic estrangement.

Passivity based Nonlinear controller for Position Tracking Control of Electro-Hydraulic Servo System

Wonhee Kim(김원희),Jongpyo Han(한종표),Indeok Choi(최인덕),Daehee Won(원대희),Chung Choo Chung(정정주) 제어로봇시스템학회 2008 제어로봇시스템학회 국내학술대회 논문집 Vol.2008 No.10

This paper presents a passivity controller for position control of electro-hydraulic servo system. Passivity based controller was designed to consider 5th order state space model of the hydraulic actuator which has a second order servo valve dynamics. Simulation results showed that position tracking performance of proposed controller is effective by bandwidth, step response, and path tracking test.

평판 모터 상태 관측을 위한 비선형 관측기

김원희(Wonhee Kim),정정주(Chung Choo Chung) 대한전기학회 2010 전기학회논문지 Vol.59 No.12

To improve the performances of Sawyer motors and to regulate yaw rotation, various feedback control methods have been developed. Almost all of these methods require information on the position, velocity or full state of the motor. Therefore, in this paper, a nonlinear observer is designed to estimate the full state of the four forcers in a Sawyer motor. The proposed method estimates the full state using only positional feedback. Generally, Sawyer motors are operated within a yaw magnitude of several degrees; outside of this range, Sawyer motors step out. Therefore, this observer design assumes that the yaw is within ±90º. The convergence of the estimation error is proven using the Lyapunov method. The proposed observer guarantees that the estimation error globally exponentially converges to zero for all arbitrary initial conditions. Furthermore, since the proposed observer does not require any transformation, it may result in a reduction in the commutation delay. The simulation results show the performance of the proposed observer.