아동 물활론의 발달과 생명개념

고윤주(Yun Joo Koh) 한국아동학회 1988 아동학회지 Vol.9 No.1

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the view that animism is a result of immature concepts of life. Two studies were conducted for this purpose Study I examined developmental trends in animistic thinking and Study II examined children`s knowledge of living things. The subjects of Study I were 10 males and 10 females at each level, 6, 8, 11 and 14 years of age and university students, for a total of 100 subjects. The subjects of Study II were 9 boys and 9 girls at each age level, 6, 7 and 8 years of age and university students, for a total of 78 subjects. According to the results of study I and study II, animistic thinking decreased up to middle childhood but increased at later childhood and adulthood. The conception of living things was acquired at 7 years of age. All things considered, there was no evidence that animism is a result of immature concepts of life.

청소년기 초기의 부모-자녀 및 친구 관계

고윤주(Koh Yun Joo) 한독교육학회 2001 교육의 이론과 실천 Vol.6 No.1

Individualism and collectivism as a dimension of cultural diversity were applied to the research of social relations in adolescence. The purpose of the present study was to investigate parent-child relations and friendships of 119 14-year-old Korean and German adolescents. The participants reported daily for a week about social contacts with significant people in their lives regarding 9 social functions. The Korean adolescents who live in a collectivism-oriented society and the German adolescents who belong to an individualism-oriented society had different criteria to classify social relations: While the issue of ‘blood-relationship’ was an important factor in social contacts of Korean participants, ‘age’ of persons was more important than any other variables for German participants. The Korean adolescents tended to avoid conflicts with parents and compared themselves with their friends more than did German adolescents. In contrast, German adolescents had more conflict with their parents and friends than did Korean adolescents, but their self-esteem was more supported by both relations. Differences between both countries in the tendency to encourage independence and individuality of adolescents were considered as one important reason for the cultural differences.

아동의 행동발달 펑정척도 개발에 관한 연구

이은해(Un Hai RHEE),고윤주(Yun Joo KOH) 한국아동학회 1988 아동학회지 Vol.9 No.2

The purpose of this study was to develop a behavior rating scale for the evaluation of children`s development for utilization by preschool teachers. The procedures for the study included content validation, pilot test, and main study. A total of 97 items were retained after the content validation and pilot test. The items of the scale were grouped into five areas (physical, language, cognitive, emotional, and social development) and 11 sub-areas. The resulting Behavior Rating Scale for Preschool Children was administered to 479 boys and girls, 3-6 through 6-5 years of age, selected from 10 different kindergartens and early education centers in Seoul, Pusan, and Chonju. The analysis of data was done with SPSS computer programs, including item analysis, Cronbach`s α for reliability, factor analysis to test construct validity, two-way ANOVA to test age and sex differences, and percentile norms. The 97 items of the scale were found to be satisfactory in terms of item discrimination with indices ranging from .31 to .73. Cronbach`s α was .98 for the total scale and ranged from .87 to .93 in specific domains, which was considered satisfactory. The factors extracted from each area were consistent with the educational objectives of the Yonsei Open Education Program except for emotional development. The intercorrelations among the domains were relatively high, ranging from .56 to .81. Age differences were significant in cognitive, physical, and language development, but not significant in social and emotional development. Sex differences were significant in all areas with girls higher on the average than the boys. Percentile ranks were drived from the total score for each age group and quartiles were calculated for sub-scores in each domain.

또래 괴롭힘에 관련된 아동의 친구관계와 자아지각

이은해(Un Hai Rhee),고윤주(Yun Joo Koh) 한국아동학회 2004 아동학회지 Vol.25 No.4

Relationships between peer bullying/victimization, friendship, and self- perception were examined in a sample of 279 fourth, fifth, and sixth grade elementary school students. Data on peer bullying/victimization was collected by peer report using Korean Peer Nomination Inventory; children reported for themselves on the Friendship Quality Scale and the Self-Perception Scale. Children who were involved in peer bullying/victimization reported fewer reciprocal friends and friends similar to themselves; they also showed low friendship quality. Peer victimization was predictable from low perception of social acceptance and friendship satisfaction, while intimacy with friends and high confidence on physical ability predicted peer bullying.

학령기 아동을 위한 친구관계의 질 척도 개발에 관한 연구

이은해(Un Hai Rhee),고윤주(Yun Joo Koh) 한국아동학회 1999 아동학회지 Vol.20 No.2

The psychometric properties of a preliminary version of the Friendship Quality Scale(FQS) were examined with data collected from 300 3rd and 5th grade children. Scores on the Self-Perception Scale were obtained to examine convergent validity. The FQS assesses friendship quality in 9 sub-scales, inclusive of 6 friendship functions. Factor analysis confirmed the 9 sudscale structure of the FQS for 5th graders, but 4 friendship functions instead of 6 were a better fit for 3rd graders. Except for one, the sub-scales showed relatively high internal consistency ; Cronbach α ranged from .70 to .93. Convergent validity was indicated by correlations between self-perception and sex differences in friendship functions. Friendship functions and satisfaction were related to self-perceptions in social acceptance, behavior, and global self-worth. Girls reported higher friendship functions and satisfaction in friendship than boys.

학령기 행동문제의 위험요인과 보호요인으로서의 또래관계

정선진(Sun Jin Jung),이은해(Un Hai Rhee),고윤주(Yun Joo Koh),김영신(Young Shin Kim) 한국아동학회 2001 아동학회지 Vol.22 No.3

This study examined relationships between peer variables and externalizing behavior problems of 290 4th and 5th grade children in elementary school. The children completed the Friendship Quality Scale and the peer nomination questionnaire. Parents and teachers rated behavior problems of children using the Connors` Rating Scale. Results indicated that rejected children had more behavior problems than popular, average, or neglected children. Socio-emotional supports from a close friend and satisfaction with the friend were negatively related to behavior problems. Behavior problems were mainly predicted by low peer acceptance, and behavior problems of rejected children were negatively and strongly related to socio-emotional supports of a close friend. In conclusion, peer rejection was a risk factor and a friend`s support was a protective factor for externalizing behavior problems in 4th and 5th graders.

한국형 또래지명 설문지(K-PNI) 개발 연구 : 집단따돌림 측정 도구

김영신,고윤주,노주선 大韓神經精神醫學會 2001 신경정신의학 Vol.40 No.5

연구목적 : 집단따돌림은 학교폭력의 한 형태로서 피해 및 가해 학생들이 여러 가지 행동 및 정서장애를 가지고 있는 등 소아청소년 정신과 영역에서 관심을 가져야 하는 분야임에도 불구하고 체계적이며 조직적인 접근이 이루어지지 못하여 왔다. 본 연구에서는 집단따돌림과 또래 괴롭힘에 관한 현상을 객관적이고 효율적으로 평가할 수 있는 한국형 또래지명설문지를 개발하고 이에 대한 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증하고자 한다. 방 법 : 안양시 내 2개 초등학교 4, 5, 6학년을 대상으로 K-PNI와 또래수용도, 자아지각 설문지를 실시하였다. 통계방법은 Varimax Rotation Factor Analysis, Cronbach's Alpha Reliability Analysis, Pearson's Correlation Analysis를 사용하였다. 결 과 : 총 532명(남녀비=1 : 1, 학년비=1 : 1 : 1.2)의 학생들이 본 연구에 참여하였다. K-PNI는 집단따돌림의 피해자와 가해자를 잘 구분하고 신뢰도가 0.90∼0.94 사이로 높은 신뢰도를 가진 도구로 평가되었다. K-PNI는 가해자 군과 함께 피해 유형을 소극적인 형태의 따돌림인 소외형과 언어적폭력형을 한 군으로, 또한 좀더 적극적인 형태의 신체적 폭력형과 강압형을 다른 한 군으로 분리할 수 있었다. 또한 K-PNI와 또래수용도, 자아지각 중 신체, 인지 및 사회적 자아지각과는 유의한 상관관계를 보여 K-PNI 피해 및 가해 아동 분류가 타당함을 시사하였다. 결 론 : K-PNI는 집단따돌림 및 또래 괴롭힘의 행동을 객관적으로 구분할 수 있는 높은 신뢰도와 타당도를 가진 도구로서 앞으로의 집단따돌림 및 또래 괴롭힘의 연구에서 유용하게 사용될 수 있는 도구가 될 것이다. Objectives : School bullying is Known to be related to behavioral, emotional and social problems both in victims and perpetrators. The aims of this study are to develop a Korean-Peer Nomination Inventory(K-PNI), which can identify victims and perpetrators of school bullying in an objective and effective way, and to examine its reliability and validity. Methods : Fourth to 6^th graders of two elementary school in An Yang city completed K-PNI, Peer Acceptance Scale and Self-Perception Scale. Varimax Rotation Factor Analysis, Cronbach's Alpha Reliability Analysis and Pearson's Correlational Analysis were performed for statistical analyses. Results : Total of 532 students(male : female=1 : 1 : 4^th : 5^th : 6^th grader=1 : 1 : 1.2) par-ticipate in this study. Factor analysis showed that K-PNI identified victims and perpetrators of school bullying effectively with excellent reliability(Chrobach's alpha ; 0.90-0.94). Victims were further divided into two categories ; passive bullying including exclusion and verbal abuse, and active bullying including physical abuse and being forced. K-PNI, Peer acceptance scale and Self-perception scale were significantly correlated, reflecting its validity identifying victims and perpetrators of school bullying. Conclusion : K-PNI is an effective tool with excellent reliability and validity to identify victims and perpetrators of school bullying. K-PNI is expected to be a useful tool in future studies of school bullying and school violence.

초등학생에서 집단따돌림의 유병률과 이와 관련된 정신병리현상

김영신,고윤주,노주선,박민숙,손석한,서동향,김세주,최낙경,홍상의 大韓神經精神醫學會 2001 신경정신의학 Vol.40 No.5

연구목적 : 학교폭력의 가장 흔한 형태인 집단따돌림은 피해아동 및 가해아동 모두에서 다양한 행동, 정서 및 사회적 문제와 연관되어 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 지역사회내의 초등학교 고학년 학생들을 대상으로 집단따돌림의 유병률과 집단따돌림과 관련되어 아동에게 나타나는 정신병리 현상에 대하여 조사하고자 한다. 방 법 : 안양지역의 두 초등학교에서 무선으로 선출된 두 학급의 4, 5, 6학년 학생들이 본 연구의 연구대상이었다. 학생들은 한국형 또래지명설문지(K-PNI)를 완성하였고, 교사 및 부모는 ADHD Rating Scale(ARS)과 Conners 척도를 완성하였으며 부모들은 추가로 아동행동조사표를 완성하였다. 통계방법으로는 기술적 통계, 다중회귀분석 및 다중로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하였다. 결 과 : 총 532명의 학생들이 본 연구에 참여하였다. 집단딸돌림의 피해자, 가해자 및 피해자 겸 가해자의 유병률은 각각 48%, 45%, 30%로 나타났다. 심한 집단따돌림의 유병률은 2.1∼4.1% 사이였다. 집단따돌림의 피해아동와 피해자 겸 가해아동들은 교사와 부모에 의해 부주의하고 수동적이며 사회적으로 미성숙하고 공격성이 있는 것으로 평가되었으며 학년이 올라 갈수록 피해자가 되는 경향이 적은 것으로 나타났다. 가해 아동은 행동문제와 관련되어 있었으며 남아에게 많은 것으로 나타났다. 결 론 : 집단따돌림은 한국 초등학교 고학년 학생들 사이에서 매우 흔하게 일어나는 현상으로 보인다. 집단따돌림의 경험을 한 아동은 그렇지 않은 아동에 비해 더 많은 정신병리 현상을 보였다. 이러한 정신병리와 집단따돌림과의 인과관계를 밝히기 위해서는 집단따돌림을 경험한 아동에 대한 추적 조사가 필요할 것이다. Objective : School bullying, the most prevalent type of school violence, is Know related to various behavioral, emotional and social problems both in victims and per The purpose of the present study is to investigate the prevalence of school bullying psychopathology in a community sample of elementary school students. Method : Fourth to 6^th graders of two randomly selected classes in two elementary Anyang City participated in a cross-sectional study. Study subjects completed Nominating Inventory(K-PNI). Parents completed Korean-Child Behavior Checklist(KADHD Rating Scale(ARS) and Conners Scales for parents, and teachers completed Conners Scales for teachers. Descriptive statistics, multiple linear and logistic regress performed. Results : A Total of 532 students participated in this study. Prevalence of victims, and victim-perpetrators were 48%, 45%, and 30% respectively. Extreme victims and of school bullying ranged from 2.1∼4.1%. Inattention-passivity in teachers' Conn social immaturity or aggression in K-CBCL were positively associated with victims perpetrators, and grade was negatively related to school bullying. Conduct problem in Scale for teachers and emotional instability in K-CBCL, and male gender were positively with perpetrators. Conclusion : School bullying is very common in Korean children of elementary Those who had experienced school bullying, either as victims or as perpetrators, cantly more psychopathology than their counterparts. To clarify a causal relationship psychopathology and school bullying, a longitudinal follow-up study is suggested.