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( Nana Chung ),( Jonghoon Park ),( Kiwon Lim ) 한국운동영양학회 2017 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.21 No.2
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to deter-mine whether exercise or/and cold exposure regulate mitochondria biogenesis-related gene expression in soleus and inguinal adipose tissue of mice. [Methods] Forty ICR 5-week old male mice were divided into four groups: thermoneutrality-untrained (23 ± 1 ℃ in room temperature, n=10), cold-water immer-sion (24 ± 1 ℃, n=10), exercise in neutral temperature (34 ± 1 ℃, n=10), and exercise in cold temperature (24 ± 1 ℃, n=10). The mice performed swimming exer-cise (30 min to 60 min, 5 times) for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, we confirmed mitochondrial biogenesis-relat-ed gene expression changes for peroxisome prolif-erator- activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factors 1 (NRF1), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) in soleus muscle and inguinal adipose tissue, and the related protein expression in soleus muscle. [Results] In soleus muscle, PGC-1α expression significantly increased in response to cold exposure (p=0.006) and exercise (p=0.05). There was also significant interaction between exercise and cold ex-posure (p = 0.005). Only exercise had a significant ef-fect on NRF1 relative expression (p=0.001). Neither cold exposure nor the interaction showed significant effects (p=0.1222 and p=0.875, respectively). Rel-ative Tfam expression did not show any significant effect from exercise. In inguinal adipose tissue, rela-tive PGC-1α expression did not significantly change in any group. NRF1 expression showed a significant change from exercise (p=0.01) and cold exposure (p=0.011). There was also a significant interaction between exercise and cold exposure (p=0.000). Tfam mRNA expression showed a significant effect from exercise (p=0.000) and an interaction between exercise and cold exposure (p=0.001). Only temperature significantly affected PGC-1α protein levels (p=0.045). Neither exercise nor the interaction were significant (p=0.397 and p=0.292, respectively). NRF1 protein levels did not show a significant effect in any experimental treatments. Tfam protein levels showed a significant effect in the exercise group (p=0.012), but effects of neither cold exposure nor the interaction were significant (p=0.085 and p=0.374, respectively). [Conclusion] Exercise and cold exposure pro-moted increased expression of mitochondrial bio-genesis- related genes in soleus muscle. Only cold exposure had a significant effect on PGC-1α protein expression and only exercise had a significant effect on Tfam protein expression. In inguinal adipose tissue, there was interaction between exercise and cold exposure in expression of mitochondrial bio-genesis- related genes.
Ahn, Jonghoon,Chung, Dae Hun,Cho, Soolyeon Elsevier 2017 Building and Environment Vol.115 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This paper compares smart control models for heating supply air among five different climate conditions to discuss the effectiveness of machine learning tools in terms of control and energy efficiency.</P> <P>A thermostat on/off control is typically used to maintain room temperature at a desired level. Advanced computing technologies have recently been introduced to complement the conventional on/off controls to improve control efficiency in heating systems. However, these methods, which were mostly utilized to control fuel amount or fan motor speed, lacked the capability to promptly respond to various outdoor temperature conditions as climate zones requiring refined control strategies to reduce environmental impacts.</P> <P>This paper proposes intelligent controls of mass and temperature simultaneously for heating air supply. The Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithms are utilized to develop six control models, and the models are tested to evaluate both control and energy efficiency during the winter season in five climate zones (from climate zone 2 through 6; i.e., Houston, Dallas, Raleigh, Chicago, and Detroit, respectively). Results include the energy consumption, control errors, and control signals in comparison to the baseline on/off control, which confirms the fact that the ANN simultaneous controls of mass and temperature is more effective than the other controllers for control accuracy and energy savings by 71.3% and 0.3%, respectively. The effectiveness of the ANN controller can contribute to maintaining room temperature accompanying the reduction of energy consumption, which is directly related to improve human comfort and reduce environmental impacts in various climate zones.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Smart control models are proposed to improve control accuracy and energy efficiency. </LI> <LI> To provide appropriate thermal energy, the models simultaneously control air mass and temperature. </LI> <LI> Model’s purposes are to maintain desired room temperature and suppress energy consumption increases. </LI> <LI> All models are compared with conventional thermostat on/off controller in five different climate zones in the U.S. </LI> <LI> The ANN model increases the effectiveness for space heating in both moderate and cold climate areas. </LI> </UL> </P>
( Nana Chung ),( Hun-young Park ),( Mi-young Park ),( Yoon-young Hwang ),( Chi-ho Lee ),( Jin-soo Han ),( Jaemoo So ),( Jisu Kim ),( Jonghoon Park ),( Kiwon Lim ) 한국운동영양학회 2017 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.21 No.2
[Purpose] This study examined the effects of daily physical activity level on health-related fac-tors according to gender and identified age-spe-cific differences among Korean adults. [Methods] Using data from the Korea Nation-al Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VI (2014-2015), we selected adults aged 19-64 years who participated in both a health examination and health interview survey. The study included 6,457 participants 19-64 years of age (2,611 men, 3,846 women). [Results] Assessment of the differences in health-related factors according to age and physical activity in men and women by repeated two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant interaction effects on total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in male participants, but there were no significant interaction effects for any health-related factors in female participants. The group of female participants aged 40-64 years with daily physical activity levels over 200 kcal showed a significantly increased prevalence of 46% for dyslipidemia compared to that in female participants with daily physical activity levels below 200 kcal. Physical activity was positively correlated with weight and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in men 19-39 years of age, compared to weight, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), and DBP in men 40-64 years of age, and weight, WC, BMI, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and triglyceride (TG) levels in women 19-39 years of age. In women 40- 64 years of age, physical activity was especially significantly positively correlated with weight, BMI, HDL-C and negatively correlated with fasting glucose and TG levels. [Conclusion] In male and female participants, the 40-64-year age group showed negative results for health-related factors compared to those in the 19-39-year age group. The higher the weight, WC, BMI, the higher is the physical activity level. Physical activity levels were significantly positively correlated with health-related variables.
Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT): a component of total daily energy expenditure
( Nana Chung ),( Mi-young Park ),( Jisu Kim ),( Hun-young Park ),( Hyejung Hwang ),( Chi-ho Lee ),( Jin-soo Han ),( Jaemoo So ),( Jonghoon Park ),( Kiwon Lim ) 한국운동영양학회 2018 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.22 No.2
[Purpose] The purpose of this review is to promote awareness of non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) as a new strategy to increase energy expenditure, and to manage obesity. [Methods] The content of this review is based on a literature search of PubMed and the Google Scholar search engine, using the search terms obesity, energy expenditure, non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), and sitting disease. [Results] Daily energy expenditure is of great interest because most obese individuals have no exercise activity- related thermogenesis (EAT); thus their physical activity-related energy expenditure (PEE) is comprised almost entirely of NEAT. Consequently, NEAT represents the main variable component of daily total energy expenditure (TEE); this varies considerably, both within among individuals. These somewhat unplanned and unstructured low level physical activities are associated with energy expenditure in excess of the resting metabolic rate (RMR). They may therefore have the potential to stimulate greater energy expenditure over time with a higher rate of adherence. [Conclusion] In conclusion, NEAT is a highly variable component of daily TEE and a low level of NEAT is associated with obesity. NEAT enhances lifestyle, and variations in individual and environmental factors can significantly affect daily energy expenditure. Therefore, well designed longitudinal studies that focus on personal behavioral approaches and re-engineered environments to increase NEAT should be conducted in the future.