도토리 추출물의 3T3-L1 세포 분화억제 효과

김지연,이진,이창원,김애정,Kim, Ji-Yeon,Lee, Jin,Lee, Chang-Won,Kim, Ae-Jung 한국식품영양학회 2015 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.28 No.4

본 연구에서는 만성질환의 주요 위험인자인 비만을 예방하기 위한 식품소재로서 3T3-L1세포를 이용하여 탈피한 도토리의 항비만 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 3T3-L1 세포에서 생존율(MTT assay)을 측정한 결과, AE와 AW 시료 모두 $500{\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서는 다소 생존율의 감소를 보여, $300{\mu}g/mL$를 최종 농도로 정하였다. 3T3-L1 세포의 지질축적 억제 효과를 측정한 결과, 농도 $100{\mu}g/mL$로 처리하였을 때 두 시료 모두 지질축적량의 증가를 보였으나, $200{\mu}g/mL$ 처리농도에서 AE 시료는 82%로, AW 시료는 74%로 감소되다가 $300 {\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서는 두 시료 모두 약 53% 수준까지 지질축적이 억제되었다. 3T3-L1 세포에서 중성지방 억제 효과를 확인한 결과, AE 시료의 경우 $200{\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서 11%의 감소율, $300{\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서 42% 수준의 감소율을 보였다. AW 시료도 $200{\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서 5%의 감소율과 $300{\mu}g/mL$에서 41%의 감소율을 보였다. 3T3-L1 세포의 ROS 생성량을 측정한 결과, 시료 농도 $200{\mu}g/mL$에서 AE는 42%, AW는 33%로 $300{\mu}g/mL$에서는 AE는 58%, AW는 52%로 ROS 생성량의 억제를 보였다. 3T3-L1 세포에서 mRNA 발현에 미치는 영향을 대조군과 비교하였을 때 두 시료(AE와 AW) 모두 $300{\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서 $PPAR-{\gamma}$은 54%와 38%, aP2는 40%와 18% 수준의 발현을 억제시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 탈피한 도토리는 3T3-L1 세포의 분화를 억제함으로써 새로운 항비만 소재로의 가능성이 있는 것으로 판단된다. This study aimed to investigate the suppressive effect of acorn extracts, by evaluating 70% ethanol extract (AE) and hot water extract (AW) using 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. We applied various levels (0, 100, 200, 300 and $500 {\mu}g/mL$) of AE and AW to 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The cell viability of the 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was not affected by up $300 {\mu}g/mL$ of extracts, but was suppressed by level $500{\mu}g/mL$ of both AE and AW by 20% and 9% respectively. The accumulation of lipid droplets in differentiated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was dose-dependently suppressed by AE and AW. Especially, at high concentrations ($300{\mu}g/mL$), AE (42%) was more effective than AW (41%). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was also dose-dependently suppressed by treatment with AE (58%) and AW (52%). With regard to the mRNA related to differentiated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, $PPAR-{\gamma}$ and aP2 were suppressed by treatment with AE (54 and 40%) and AW (38 and 18%). From our results, acorn extract (AE) has more suppressive effects than AW in differentiated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. We therefore concluded that acorn has suppressive effects against obesity in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells due to antioxidation.

Acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease; subgroup analysis for causes, risk factors for mortality rate, and steroid responsiveness

( Seung Hyun Yong ),( Ah Young Leem ),( Song Yee Kim ),( Kyung Soo Chung ),( Ji Ye Jung ),( Young Ae Kang ),( Young Sam Kim ),( Joon Chang ),( Moo Suk Park ),( Hye Jin Jang ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2019 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.127 No.-

Background: Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) has known as a poor prognosis disease, particularly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Corticosteroid is widely used for treatment of acute exacerbation (AE)-ILD. This study aims to clarify efficacy of corticosteroid use, and compare the mortality rate depending on the subgroups of ILD. Materials and Methods: We collected the data from the patients who have diagnosed ILD and visited emergency room (ER) with the respiratory symptoms from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2018. We classified AE-ILD patients into 3 groups depending on methylprednisolone dose per kilogram. Also, we compared the mortality of IPF patients to that of non-IPF patients. Results: A total case of AE-ILD visited ER from 2016 to 2018 was 209 cases, including IPF cases (n=122) and non-IPF cases (n=87). We divided total patients (n=209) into three groups depending on steroid use, and these include group 1 of 0-0.49 mg/kg (n=78), group 2 of 0.5-0.99 mg/kg (n=58), and above 1.0 mg/kg (n=41), each. We found poor prognosis from the cases of IPF compared to non-IPF cases (p=0.029, OR 2.463). Furthermore, there was significant differences of mortality rate according to steroid dose (p=0.036, OR 1.712), CRP elevation (p=0.016, OR 1.004), and intubated case (p=0.000, OR 8.152). Also, we categorized IPF (n=122) to non-IPF cases (n=87) and analyzed the mortality rate. Most of the patients were death from ILD itself (n=23, 63.9%), Pneumonia(n=8, 22.2%), and Lung cancer (n=5, 13.9%). Bacterial infection (n=26) was dominant cause of AE, followed by fungal infection (n=15), and viral infection (n=10). Conclusions: This retrospective analysis of corticosteroid treatment shows more fatal outcome when we use high dose steroid in AE-ILD cases, and there was significant difference in mortality rate depending on the subgroup of ILD and medical background, such as intubation status, higher CRP level, and IPF cases.

Which Environmental Factors Caused Lammas Shoot Growth of Korean Red Pine?

Lee, Chang-Seok,Song, Hye-Gyung,Kim, Hye-Soo,Lee, Bit-Na-Ra,Pi, Jeong-Hoon,Cho, Yong-Chan,Seol, Eun-Sil,Oh, Woo-Seok,Park, Sung-Ae,Lee, Seon-Mi The Ecological Society of Korea 2007 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.30 No.1

Lammas growth, a rare phenomenon for Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora), occurred in 2006. Lammas shoots showed higher frequency and longer length in Seoul's hotter urban center than in urban boundary or suburban forest sites. Frequency and length showed a close correlation with urbanization density and vegetation cover expressed in NDVI. Air temperature in the late summer of 2006 was more than $1^{\circ}C$ higher than an average year. Of the predominant environmental signals that modulate bud flush, only temperature changed significantly during the year. Differences in temperature between the urban centers, urban boundaries and suburban forests correlated with varying land-use density. The rise in temperature likely spurred lammas growth of the Korean red pine. Symptoms of climate change are being detected throughout the world, and its consequences will be clearer in the future. Considerate interest in the responses of ecological systems to the variable changes is required to prepare for unforeseeable crises. Monitoring of diverse ecological phenomena at Long Term Ecological Research sites could offer harbingers of change.

조선 후기 선원보첩류의 편찬체제와 그 성격

원창애(Won Chang-ae) 한국학중앙연구원 2007 장서각 Vol.0 No.17

조선시대 작성된 왕실보첩류는 매우 다양하다. 조선 전기에 작성된 왕실보첩류는 『선원록』 · 『돈녕보첩』 · 『어첩』 · 『팔고조도』 등이다. 특히 『선원록』 · 『돈녕보첩』 등은 왕실의 친족을 파악하여 이들에게 합당한 예후를 하기 위해서 매 식년마다 종부시와 돈녕부에서 단자를 받아 수정하였다. 조선 초기 왕실보첩류는 후기에 들어서면서 편찬체제가 달라지고, 기존의 보첩류와는 성격을 달리한 보첩류들이 간행되었다. 조선 후기에 새로 간행된 왕실보첩류는 『선원계보기략』 · 『왕비세보』 · 『선원속보』 등이다. 조선 후기 왕실보첩류의 편찬체제 변화나 새로운 보첩류가 등장하는 것은 조선 후기의 사회상을 반영한 것이다. 16세기 말 이후 예학의 심화와 종법적인 가족제도의 정착으로 양반가의 족보 간행이 활발해지고, 보학자들이 출현하였다. 이러한 사회적 변화가 왕실보첩류에도 영향을 미쳤다. 예를 들면, 조선 전기 이래 계속 수정 간행된 『선원록』은 1681년(숙종 7)에 와서는 외형적인 편찬체제와 수록 대상 범위가 변화되었다. 즉 從으로 기재되던 『선원록』은 양반가에서 보편적으로 사용되는 橫으로 선을 그어 횡간에 기재되게 되었다. 『선원록』의 수록 대상이 本孫 · 外孫 모두 왕의 6대손까지 기재되었던 것이 본손은 왕의 9대손, 외손은 왕의 6대손까지 기재되었다. 이와 같은 본손 · 외손의 차별을 두게 된 것은 '詳內略外'라는 조선 후기 성리학적 유교 윤리가 심화되면서 변화된 가족 의식의 변화에 의한 것이다. 왕실보첩류는 기본적으로 왕실의 친족을 파악하여 예후하기 위한 공문서로서의 성격을 띠므로 조선 왕실을 구성하는 핵심 지배층을 연구하는데 있어서 중요한 자료로 인식되었다. 그러나 여러 종류의 왕실보첩류가 기본적으로 어떠한 편찬체제를 가졌는지, 편찬체제가 왜 변화하는지, 새로운 왕실 보첩류들이 왜 등장하는지에 대한 연구가 거의 없다. 또한 여러 명칭의 왕실보첩류가 그 보첩만이 가지는 성격은 무엇인지에 대한 이해가 없었다. 본고는 왕실보첩류에 대한 기초연구로, 왕실보첩류 가운데 왕의 친족을 수록한 선원보첩류(『선원록』 · 『어첩』 · 『팔고조도』 · 『선원계보기략』 · 『선원속보』)의 편찬 체제와 편찬 과정을 통해서 각 선원보첩의 성격과 선원보첩류에 반영된 조선후기 사회상을 알아보았다. There were various types of royal genealogical records documented in the whole period of Joseon dynasty. Early in the dynasty, such royal family records were found as 'Description for Royal Origins'(Sunwon-rok), 'Genealogy Tables of Royal Relatives'(Donnyung-pochup), 'Records for Royal Trees'(Eochup), 'Eight Nodes of Royal Ascendants'(Pal-kojo-do) and others. Every three years, 'Royal Clan Office'(Jongpu-si) and 'Office for Royal Relatives'(Donnyung-pu) gathered a candidate list from alleged royal family relatives in order to delineate the scope of royal families and treat them with privileges. In late time of the dynasty, there appeared a different style which was different from the traditional ones. They were 'Representative Genealogy Document of Royal Families'(Sunwon-kyepo-kiryak), 'Genealogical Records of Queens' (Wangbi-sepo), 'Continued Records of Royal Families'(Sunwon-sokpo) and others. It seemed to reflect the social realities at that time that there appeared some changes in editing system of the royal genealogy and there occurred a new type of family documents. After 16th century in Joseon, especially due to the rapid development of Rite Studies(Ye-hak) and the establishment of family system through the first son's lineage, documentation of family genealogies had been prevailed among noble class of people(Yangban) with assistance from many experts on genealogy. This trend had an impact on the royal family. We can observe some changes both in the stylistic layouts and in the scope of inclusion for relatives, for instance, in 'Description of Royal Origins'(Sunwon-rok) which was done in 1681 or in the 7th year of King Sukjong reign; following the normal style of noble class records, the original vertical tables in column shifted into row tables with horizontal lines: the original scope to include 6th node offsprings equally in the paternal and maternal lines, on one hand, had been expanded up to 9th node offsprings in the patrilineage, while the matrilineage, on the other, had been preserved the same original 6th node with no change. This phenomenon was explained by the late neo-confucian ideology(Sungri-hak) represented as 'Expansion of Inside Nodes but Reduction of Outside Nodes'(Sangnay-Ryakoy) in which they began to sharply discriminate mother nodes in favor of father nodes. Royal family records are important to understand the core dominating class constituting the royal family in Joseon dynasty, because the records were regarded a public document officially approved for honorable treatment. We do not have any kind of rudimentary understanding yet on which system various kinds of royal genealogies were adopted in documenting relatives, why the system changed, and why a new style of records came to be prevailed. In addition, among various names of royal family documents, what distinctive characteristics the records had is not known. This paper has revealed what characteristics each royal family record had, especially focusing on the systems and process how it was documented, with reference to the social realities at that time.

장-레프스달 렌즈의 특성과 응용

장경애 청주대학교 산업과학연구소 2005 産業科學硏究 Vol.23 No.1

The gravitational lens system consisting of two mass points with very large mass ratio is basic concept for the Chang-Refsdal lens system, which in fact is known to be a two-body gravitational lens model. Light source of the lens system is taken to be QSO(Quasar Stellar Object). We reexamine optical properties of the system in context with optical shear. The caustic structures of different gravitational lens models are also discussed. It is also investigated how accurately the Chang-Refsdal lens approximation would be applied to n-body problem. It is shown that the Chang-Refsdal lens is accurate enough for the lensing system with the parent shear equal to that of the perturbing mass. One could thus apply the Chang-Refsdal lens model into n-body lensing system.

Age-Associated Changes in the Vascular Renin-Angiotensin System in Mice

Yoon, Hye Eun,Kim, Eun Nim,Kim, Min Young,Lim, Ji Hee,Jang, In-Ae,Ban, Tae Hyun,Shin, Seok Joon,Park, Cheol Whee,Chang, Yoon Sik,Choi, Bum Soon Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2016 Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity Vol.2016 No.-

<P><I>Background</I>. This study evaluated whether the change in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is associated with arterial aging in mice.<I> Methods</I>. Histologic changes and expressions of transforming growth factor-<I>β</I> (TGF-<I>β</I>), collagen IV,<I> fibronectin</I>, angiotensin II (Ang II), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R), prorenin receptor (PRR), Mas receptor (MasR), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), NADPH oxidase 2 and oxidase 4 (Nox2 and Nox4), 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG),<I> 3-nitrotyrosine</I>, and superoxide dismutase 1 and dismutase 2 (SOD1 and SOD2) were measured in the thoracic aortas from 2-month-old, 12-month-old, and 24-month-old C57/BL6 mice.<I> Results</I>. Twenty-four-month-old mice showed significantly increased aortic media thickness and expressions of TGF-<I>β</I>, collagen IV, and fibronectin, compared to 2-month-old and 12-month-old mice. The expressions of PRR, ACE, and Ang II, and AT1R-positive area significantly increased, whereas expressions of ACE2 and MasR and AT2R-positive area decreased with age. The expressions of phosphorylated serine<SUP>1177</SUP>-eNOS, SOD1, and SOD2 decreased, and the 8-OHdG-positive area and the 3-nitrotyrosine-positive area increased with age. The expression of Nox2 significantly increased with age, but that of Nox4 did not change.<I> Conclusions</I>. The enhanced PRR-ACE-Ang II-AT1R axis and reduced ACE2-MasR axis were associated with arterial aging in mice. </P>

성경이야기를 활용한 기독교 다문화 교육의 가능성에 관한 연구

장순애(Soon-Ae Chang) 영남신학대학교 2019 신학과 목회 Vol.52 No.-

This study is about the possibility of multicultural education using the Bible Story in Christian education. In the course of this paper, I will proceed with this research based on a multicultural or intercultural approach rather than an assimilation-oriented perspective. The possibility of multicultural education using the Bible Story in Christian education can be discussed with three questions. The first question is whether the Bible deals with multicultural societies or multicultural situations. If so, are the multicultural stories in the Bible fragmentary or general? The second question is, is the Bible Story related to the educational power of the story? The last question is whether the Bible Story is a useful resource for raising intercultural awareness and changing intercultural attitudes in various indirect contacts (vicarious, imaginary, pseudosocial, and expanded). As a result of the inquiry, the Bible Story has proved to be a very effective and efficient resource that can encourage the development and growth of intercultural attitudes and abilities. In this sense, the Bible Story is a very meaningful educational resource for Christians’ cross-cultural awareness, attitude improvement, and behavioral change. Therefore, I suggest that multicultural education is desirable and efficient with Bible Stories of multicultural societies and intercultural situations.

실험적 공연예술로서의 Post-Modern Dance

장애숙 경희대학교 체육과학연구소 1996 體育學論文集 Vol.24 No.-

Post-modern dance is, as a dance that has shown various styles of dancing composition centering around America since the 1960's, being accepted as a concept to "generalixe the creative experiments as an avant-garde dance difficult to conclude the exact contents of construction." Post-modern dance that has been formed and developed centering around New York has had a wide-ranging influence on Minneapolis in the west of America, Canada, England, Eruope, Japan and so on. In England, they have developed 'New Dance', in Canada, 'Dance Autuelle' centering around Mortreal and in Gerany, 'Poor Dance' Pina Baush and susann Linke took the lead for, and in Japan. 'Butoh' has been established itself. All these dances happened in the outside of America displayed the influence through mutual visits with Americal. Post-modern dance shows a voluntary expression of pluralistic media and unrestrained freedom unbound to an exclusive division between genres in the side of expressive style, which can be said as the biggest characteristics of performing art. The stage in the Baller of the past and the early modern dance was shown in the place where professonal dancers perform for the audience's viewing, in other words, in the theater stage, a limited space to show an aristocratic sublimity and a high level of techniques or the dramatic expression of emotions and the spiritual movements. But the change of stage form started under some restricted concept of limited space was also an act for breaking a bit bigger flexed idea in the tradition, and the stage works done under this concept has become a limited factor for the development of dnace-performing art to some extent. Theerefore, seversl progressive choreographers have achieved much development in the style of dancing composition and the expressive style of theme in pursuit of new changes of performing art. In the performance of Post-modern dance, daily circumstances is apt to be suggested as a space of act. As a result of extending the scope of performing place by accepting a part of reality without filtering, the preformances were carried out someetimes in the open air or the public places like the street, the subway station, the part, the parking lot, the lakeside, the woods, the roof-top of the building, the gym and soon. TO suggest the features of human-being arranged in a new place with a new form invests the audience with various possiblities of interpretation alog with an intimacy on acts and circumstances. Also, in the preformance of Post-modern dance, the techniques of screen media like Video or T.V. movie and pictures and the images to borrows these are apt to appears. Steve Paxton projected Video recording films and documentary movies for a political satirement, and Judson Group uses the movie edited by the accidental techniques. Trisha Brown reflected the pictures of the ground taken from the airplane in order to disclose the limitation and fallacy of the system of the(learth's) crust on the screen on the stage, and once compared and illusive character and within the picturelike form. In addition, Meredith Monk attempted to make dance performances into the movie by the living and moving bodies as using the poural media. Besides these, if considering the experimental character in Post-modern dance, 〈Violent Contact〉, one of Trisha, Brown's representative experimental works showed a study or impromptu creation, and Merce Cunningham's unique work who led an experimental performance through the old joint work with John cage had a great influence on Judson Group. Especially, hs accidental and imprompt style of dancing composition made the late modern choreographersaware of the importance of the spirit of inquiry and spirit of experiment based on autonomy and creativity. The spirit of experiment should be, in the end, to the direction to turns the sharp sense of recognition on the complexity and variety of modern culture and the history and tradition depressed between each age and generation into a possibility. The performing art Post-modern dance stands for values much of the dramatization of a living, the sportive nature of art and the technical functions on the transmissional media but above all, needs the choreographer's snese. The choreographer should be able to feel and express directly the acts, many conditions and senses beyond tham he(or she) feels in the reality, I think.

무통분만시 수막강내 Sufentanil에 첨가된 Bupivacaine의 효과

김수창,최덕환,김지애 대한마취과학회 1999 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.37 No.6

Background : The combination of a local anesthetic and an opioid has been shown to produce effective epidural labor analgesia. It was reported that the combination of intrathecal opioid and bupivacaine could produce labor analgesia with longer duration and less side effects. This study was done to evaluate the effect of intrathecal bupivacaine mixed with sufentanil for labor analgesia. Methods : Eighty women requesting labor analgesia were randomly assigned to receive intrathecal 10 mcg of sufentanil (S group, n = 40) or 2.5 mg of bupivacaine plus 10 μg of sufentanil (SB group, n = 40) diluted in a total volume of 2.2 ml with normal saline. The analgesia was performed using combined spinal-epidural technique in the lateral position. Visual analogue scales (VAS) for pain, sensory changes to cold, duration of analgesia, motor block, hypotension, fetal heart rate, pruritus, and other side effects were assessed for 30 minutes after intrathecal drug injection. Results : There were no significant differences in he VAS pain scores and sensory levels at 5 minutes after intrathecal drug injection between groups. However, VAS pain scores were significantly lower and sensory levels higher in the SB group at 15 minutes and 30 minutes after intrathecal drug injection. The duration of analgesia provided by intrathecal sufentanil (n = 31) was 103.4 41.1 min, by intrathecal sufentanil plus bupivacaine (n = 29) 113.0 32.1 min (P = 0.30). Motor block assessed by a modified Bromage scale was significantly frequent in the SB group (P< 0.001). Not only adverse effects such as hypotension, fetal bradycardia, pruritus, and nausea, but also satisfaction scores were similar in both groups. Conclusions : The addition of bupivacaine to intrathecal sufentanil produced more frequent motor block and extensive sensory block, but better analgesia. However, duration of analgesia, side effects and satisfaction score did not change. (Korean J Anesthesiol 1999; 37: 1068∼1073)

구양경무(歐陽竟無)의 유불회통(儒佛會通) 사상(思想)에 관한 고찰(考察)

심창애 ( Shim Chang-ae ) 서울대학교 인문학연구원 2016 人文論叢 Vol.73 No.4

중국 근대 거사(居士)불교의 선봉인 구양경무(歐陽竟無, 1871-1943)는 정주이학(程朱理學)을 배우고 육왕심학(陸王心學)에 심취해 있다가 나이 30대에 불학(佛學)을 만나 불전(佛典)연구와 불교 교육활동에 매진하였다. 만년에 이르러서는 일련의 역사적 사건을 보고 공자의 참 정신이 절실히 필요함을 느껴 유불(儒佛)사상을 회통하였다. 또 그의 사상을 총정리해서 내적수양을 하여 구경(究竟, 열반의 경지)으로 나아가는 학문을 `내학`(內學)이라 하고, 그렇지 않은 것은 모두 `외학`(外學)으로 분류하였다. 그에게 `내학`은 곧 불학이요, `외학`은 곧 유학으로 분류되어, 불학은 최구경(最究竟)의 학문이며, 유학은 보살지위의 학문으로 보아불교를 상위에 올려놓고 유학을 그 아래로 두었다. 또한 불학을 `체`(體)로, 유학을 `용`(用)으로 설명하여 둘을 떨어질 수 없는 관계로 보았다. 그는 한편으로는 유가의 『대학』, 『논어』, 『중용』, 『주역』 등의 경전을 들어 유불의 근본이치는 같다는 관점을 말하고, 또 한편으로는 “유학과 불학은 같지만 그 헤아림에 있어서는 다르다[孔與佛同, 但量不及]”는 관점을 가지고 유불회통을 시도하였다. 필자는 그의 유불회통 사상이 그만의 방식으로 유학의 주요 개념에 대해 재해석하거나 확대해석하여 다소 한쪽으로 치우친 경향이 있지만 그가 활동한 당시에 공자의 참 정신에 대한 발양이 구국(救國)의 방법이라고 생각한 엘리트지식인의 강한 염원과 신념의 각도에서 보면 시대적 의의를 갖는다고 본다. Ouyang Jingwu (1871-1943), who was the spearhead of Lay Buddhist Buddhism in modern China, first mastered Cheng-zhu learning and was absorbed in Lu and Wang`s learning, and later applied himself to Buddhist studies research and conducted Buddhist education in his thirties. He experienced a series of historical events and felt the need of Confucius` real mind, and finally reconciled thoughts of Confucianism and Buddhism in his latter years. Ouyang theorized his thoughts, and defined the meaning of Inner Teachings as achieving perfect clarity, called Nirvana, through internal cultivation, and Outer Teachings as the others. According to his definition, Buddhist studies is Inner Teachings in the most upper-level position and Confucianism is Outer Teachings in the Bodhisattva position. He also interpreted Buddhism as the noumenon aspect and Confucianism as function, and considered the two to be inseparable. On the one hand he explained the view that Confucianism and Buddhism were the same in terms of fundamental reason in his interpretation of the scriptures of Confucianism such as Great Learning, Doctrine of the Mean, Analects, and The Book of Changes. On the other hand, he made an attempt to reconcile Confucianism and Buddhism from the perspective that Confucianism and Buddhism were the same but different in scale. It is possible to suggest that Ouyang`s way of reconciling Confucianism and Buddhism was somewhat biased, because he reinterpreted or broadly interpreted the main concepts of Confucianism in his own way. But given that Ouyang`s belief that the development of Confucius` real mind was the way of saving the country at the time emerged as a dearest wish of this intellectual, it can be said that his thought has great historical significance.