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Relationship Between Economic Aid-and Economic Development
David R. KAMERSCHEN,John G. DONANDSON,Jr,Charles D. DELORME,Jr. THE INSTITUTE OF EAST AND WEST STUDIES YONSEI UNIV 1989 Global economic review Vol.18 No.1
The major purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between economic aid and economic development measured both in physical output(GDP) and physieal welfare (PQL) terms. A fundamental rationale is to deter-mine whether the negative relationship between aid and development first observed by Criffin and Enos (1970) was robust to newer data and alternative modelling. A sample of six countries has been chosen from different regions of the world. For each country, data have been collected on total official development assistance, real Gross Domestic Product, and the physical quality of life index based on three equally weighted components (life expectancy, infant mortality rate, and literacy rate) Using this data, four different regression equations have been estimated for each country. From the preliminary results discussed in this paper, it appears that a negative economic relationship between economic aid and economic development is not only possible, but actually occurs in certain countries. Of the six countries examined in this paper, only one, the Sudan exhibited positive effects on both welfare (PQL) and output (GDP). In the other countries, official development assistance (ODA) is either completely neutral or ineffective in terms of welfare and output, or the results were mixed between positive and negative coefficients . But one must be very cautious in reaching any strong conclusions on ODA effectiveness because of the fundamental identification problem resulting from the fact that the ODA going to any one nation is very, very small and because there is little variation in ODA across various nations. Thus, it is difficult to infer anything definitive about the potential impact of a substantial infusion of ODA-if it were to be made available. Additional work in this area is essential to a general understanding oft these relationships in question. Different formulations of the same kind of model should be helpful in eliciting additional results. For example, it might be advantageous to reformulate this study using only countries from one region of the world. Applying the model to African countries might be fruitful in that the two African countries in this study demonstrate more impact from development assistance. Another alternative might be the use of cross-sectional or pooled cross-sectional data on a much larger sample of countries. However, the present paucity of data makes this alternative difficult, if not impossible, at the present.
Lertratanakul, Apinya,Wu, Peggy,Dyer, Alan,Urowitz, Murray,Gladman, Dafna,Fortin, Paul,Bae, Sang-Cheol,Gordon, Caroline,Clarke, Ann,Bernatsky, Sasha,Hanly, John G,Isenberg, David,Rahman, Anisur,Merril John Wiley Sons 2014 Arthritis care & research Vol.66 No.8
<P>An association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D; vitamin D) deficiency and increased cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and CV disease (CVD) has been shown in general population studies. Vitamin D deficiency has been noted in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and CVD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in SLE. The objectives of this study were to estimate the associations of 25(OH)D levels with CV risk factors and to determine whether low baseline 25(OH)D levels predict future CV events in patients participating in an international inception cohort.</P>
Correlation of internal and external pressures and net pressure factors for cladding design
Geeth G. Bodhinayake,John D. Ginger,David J. Henderson 한국풍공학회 2020 Wind and Structures, An International Journal (WAS Vol.30 No.3
Net pressures on roofs and walls of buildings are dependent on the internal and external pressure fluctuations. The variation of internal and external pressures are influenced by the size and location of the openings. The correlation of external and internal pressure influences the net pressures acting on cladding on different parts of the roof and walls. The peak internal and peak external pressures do not occur simultaneously, therefore, a reduction can be applied to the peak internal and external pressures to obtain a peak net pressure for cladding design. A 1:200 scale wind tunnel model study was conducted to determine the correlations of external and internal pressures and effective reduction to net pressures (i.e., net pressure factors, ) for roof and wall cladding. The results show that external and internal pressures on the windward roof and wall edges are well correlated. The largest ̌, , highest correlation coefficient and the highest are obtained for different wind directions within 90o ≤ ≤ 135o, where the large openings are on the windward wall. The study also gives net pressure factors for areas on the roof and wall cladding for nominally sealed buildings and the buildings with a large windward wall opening. These factors indicate that a 5% to 10% reduction to the action combination factor, specified in AS/NZS 1170.2(2011) is possible for some critical design scenarios.
A New Triterpene Saponin from Pittosporum viridiflorum from the Madagascar Rainforest
Seo, Youngwan,Berger, John M.,Hoch, Jeannine,Neddermann, Kim M.,Bursuker, Isia,Mamber, Steven W.,Kingston, David G. I. 韓國海洋大學校 附設 海洋科學技術硏究所 2002 硏究論文集 Vol.11 No.1
A novel triterpenoid saponin, pittoviridoside (1), which possesses an unusual 2,3,4-trisubstituted glycosidic linkage, has been isolated from Pittosporum viridiflorum using the engineered yeast strains 1138, 1140, 1353, and Sc-7 for bioactivity-guided fractionation. The structure of this compound was determined to be 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→2)]-[α-D-arabinopyranosyl(1→3)], [α-1-arabinofuranosyl(1→4)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-21-angeloyl-22-senecioylolean-12-en-3β,15α,16α,21β,22α,28-hexol by spectral, chemical, and GC analyses. This compound showed weak cytotoxicity against the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line.
Effects of Various Stimuli on Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in the Human Neuroblastoma Clones
Han, Jin-Hee,Kasckow, John W.,Lee, Sung-Pil,Parkes, David G.,Owens, Michael J.,Stipetic, Mark D.,Risby, Emile,Nemeroff, Charles B. The Korean Society of Biological Psychiatry 1995 생물정신의학 Vol.2 No.2
Corticotropin-releasing factor(CRF)를 분비하는 배양세포주는 CRF의 세포내 조절을 연구하는데 있어 훌륭한 체계가 된다. BE(2)-M17 및 BE(2)-C 세포주는 CRF를 생산하고 분비하며 forskolin 처치에 반응하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 저자들은 이들 세포주에 phorbol 에스테르, 즉 phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(TPA) 0.8, 4, 10, 20 nM, 및 nitric oxide(NO)의 신호전달 경로의 자극제(1-${\mu}M$ nitroprusside)와 차단제($1{\mu}M$ nitroprusside+$300{\mu}M$ $N^G$-methyl-D-arginine), 그리고 interleukin-$1{\alpha}$ (IL $1{\alpha}$ ; 4, 20, 100, 500 pM)를 처치하여 CRF를 의미있게 증가시켰으나 세포외 분비는 C 세포에서만 변화되었다. NOS계의 자극제와 차단제는 C 세포의 forskolin 효과를 의미있게 변화시켰다. IL$1{\alpha}$는 두 세포주에 대한 영향이 없었다. 상기 제제들에 대한 이들 세포의 반응이 중추신경계 CRF 신경들과 관련하여 논의되었다.
Song, Xiaohui,Smith, John W.,Kim, Juyeong,Zaluzec, Nestor J.,Chen, Wenxiang,An, Hyosung,Dennison, Jordan M.,Cahill, David G.,Kulzick, Matthew A.,Chen, Qian American Chemical Society 2019 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.11 No.8
<P>An understanding of how complex nanoscale morphologies emerge from synthesis would offer powerful strategies to construct soft materials with designed structures and functions. However, these kinds of morphologies have proven difficult to characterize, and therefore manipulate, because they are three-dimensional (3D), nanoscopic, and often highly irregular. Here, we studied polyamide (PA) membranes used in wastewater reclamation as a prime example of this challenge. Using electron tomography and quantitative morphometry, we reconstructed the nanoscale morphology of 3D crumples and voids in PA membranes for the first time. Various parameters governing film transport properties, such as surface-to-volume ratio and mass-per-area, were measured directly from the reconstructed membrane structure. In addition, we extracted information inaccessible by other means. For example, 3D reconstruction shows that membrane nanostructures are formed from PA layers 15-20 nm thick folding into 3D crumples which envelope up to 30% void by volume. Mapping local curvature and thickness in 3D quantitatively groups these crumples into three classes, “domes”, “dimples”, and “clusters”, each being a distinct type of microenvironment. Elemental mapping of metal ion adsorption across the film demonstrates that these previously missed parameters are relevant to membrane performance. This imaging-morphometry platform can be applicable to other nanoscale soft materials and potentially suggests engineering strategies based directly on synthesis-morphology-function relationships.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>
Cortical Thinning in High-Grade Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis
Randolph S. Marshall,David S. Liebeskind,John Huston III,Lloyd J. Edwards,George Howard,James F. Meschia,Thomas G. Brott,Brajesh K. Lal,Donald Heck,Giuseppe Lanzino,Navdeep Sangha,Vikram S. Kashyap,Cl 대한뇌졸중학회 2023 Journal of stroke Vol.25 No.1
Background and Purpose High-grade carotid artery stenosis may alter hemodynamics in the ipsilateral hemisphere, but consequences of this effect are poorly understood. Cortical thinning is associated with cognitive impairment in dementia, head trauma, demyelination, and stroke. We hypothesized that hemodynamic impairment, as represented by a relative time-to-peak (TTP) delay on MRI in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the stenosis, would be associated with relative cortical thinning in that hemisphere. Methods We used baseline MRI data from the NINDS-funded Carotid Revascularization and Medical Management for Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis–Hemodynamics (CREST-H) study. Dynamic contrast susceptibility MR perfusion-weighted images were post-processed with quantitative perfusion maps using deconvolution of tissue and arterial signals. The protocol derived a hemispheric TTP delay, calculated by subtraction of voxel values in the hemisphere ipsilateral minus those contralateral to the stenosis. Results Among 110 consecutive patients enrolled in CREST-H to date, 45 (41%) had TTP delay of at least 0.5 seconds and 9 (8.3%) subjects had TTP delay of at least 2.0 seconds, the maximum delay measured. For every 0.25-second increase in TTP delay above 0.5 seconds, there was a 0.006-mm (6 micron) increase in cortical thickness asymmetry. Across the range of hemodynamic impairment, TTP delay independently predicted relative cortical thinning on the side of stenosis, adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, hemisphere, smoking history, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and preexisting infarction (P=0.032). Conclusions Our findings suggest that hemodynamic impairment from high-grade asymptomatic carotid stenosis may structurally alter the cortex supplied by the stenotic carotid artery.