청구보증상 지급청구와 지급 : URDG758을 중심으로

허해관 한국무역상무학회 2011 貿易商務硏究 Vol.51 No.-

This article examines two important issues of the demand for payment by the beneficiary and the payment by the guarantor to the beneficiary under the revised Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantee (URDG) published by ICC, which are called URDG 758 and effected on July 1, 2010. Here, after first briefly defining the concept and nature of the demand for payment, this article discusses various issues surrounding the demand: By whom, where and how the demand has to be made; which documents are required in demanding the payment; how much amount can be demanded and paid; when and where the payment has to be made and which currency has to be used for the payment. The demand for payment has to be made by the beneficiary to the guarantor on or before expiry of the guarantee at the place of issuance of the guarantee unless any other place is specified in the guarantee. The demand has to be made in paper form unless the guarantee requires an electronic form. Unless otherwise expressly stipulated in the guarantee, the demand must be supported by a statement by the beneficiary indicating the applicant is in breach of the underlying contract. Also the demand must identify the guarantee under which it is made, and the time for examination by the guarantor starts on the date of identification. The demand cannot be for more than the amount available under the guarantee. When the demand is complying the guarantor must pay the amount demanded. The payment has to be made at the branch or office of the guarantor that issued the guarantee unless any other place is indicated in the guarantee. The payment has to be made in the currency specified in the guarantee, unless the guarantor is unable to make payment in that currency due to an impediment beyond its control or any illegality under the law of the place for payment. In case of "extend or pay" or "pay or extend" demands, the demand is deemed to be withdrawn if the extension is granted. But if not, the demand has to be paid without any further demand by the beneficiary.

중국경제 성장에서 3대 수요의 공헌과 성장모형의 전환

임반석 한국동북아학회 2010 한국동북아논총 Vol.15 No.1

This paper mainly focuses on four points:changes of relative weight and rate of contribution among 3-big demands(investment demand, export, and domestic consumptive demand) to economic growth;what are the Beijing's policy measures for the expansion of domestic consumptive demand;how is the performance of task on the transformation into the domestic-demand lead growth model;what is the reasons of poor performance of the Beijing's intention of the transformation if any. China's government has been addressed the necessity of transformation of growth model into the domestic-demand lead pattern since 2004, and now is reiterating the significances of constructing of robust bases for stable economic development through the expansion of domestic demand. The findings from this research, however, prove that the China's government is deeply inclined to choose and practice not the requisite and must policy measures for enhancing the constitutional strength of national economy but the comparatively easier policy measures. For instance, China's government has been initiated several measures for suspending growth rate by increasing the SOC investment of government at the presence of the critical decrease of export with the measures for the export promotion since the outbreak of global financial crisis. And some journalism say that China's domestic demand is increasing and export recovering. But, according to the results of this paper, relative contribution rate of domestic demand for economic growth rate and GDP composition is not so clear. Moreover, China's government is launching some anti-market policies such as selective industrial policy. We suppose the reasons why the Transformation of Growth Model into the Domestic-demand Lead Pattern are over-confidence of the growth potentials, inclination to easier measures for supporting growth rate as government investment, and most importantly serious unemployment pressure. 이 글은 중국경제에서 점하는 GDP를 구성하는 3대 수요(투자, 수출, 내수) 간의 상대적 비중과 경제성장에 대한 기여도는 어떻게 달라져 왔으며, 중국정부가 내수확대를 위해 어떠한 노력을 기울여 왔고, 내수중심 발전모형으로의 전환이라는 과제가 어느 정도의 성과를 거두었으며, 정부의 의지가 구현되지 않고 있다면 그 이유는 무엇인지를 분석하는 데 목적을 두고 있다. 중국정부는 1990년대 중반에서 성장방식의 전환을 말해왔고, 2004년 들어서는 공공연하게 성장방식의 전환을 표명하였으며, 지금도 내수 확대를 통한 안정적 경제 기반 구축을 말하고 있다. 하지만 본문에서의 분석을 통해 볼 때 1990년대 후반의 동아시아 금융위기 때와 마찬가지로 현재 시장적 정책을 통한 내수시장 확대, 시장적 정책을 통한 장기적인 국민경제의 체질개선보다는 손쉬운 대증요법에 치중하고 있다는 인상을 지우기 어렵다. 세계 금융위기 발발 이후 수출급감으로 인해 성장률이 하락하자 내수 확대 의지 천명에도 불구하고 중국정부는 정부주도형 투자로 경제성장률 지탱하고 있다. 2009년 말부터 중국의 내수와 수출이 회복될 기미를 보이고 있다는 보도가 나오고 있기는 하지만, 3대 수요의 경제성장에 대한 기여율과 기여도를 보면, 금융위기 이후 수출급감으로 인한 영향을 상쇄시키기 위한 대규모 투자와 경기부양책으로 인해 소비의 기여율은 약간 높아지고 있으나 장기적 관점에서는 대체로 감소추세에 있다. 또한 GDP에서 점하는 비중은 투자가 절대적인 비중을 점하고 있고, 소비는 35%를 약간 넘을 뿐이다. 더욱이 최근 들어 연이어 내놓고 있는 산업정책도 정부가 산업을 선별해서 지원하는 선별 산업정책으로서 관주도성을 강화하는 정책 조치로서 시장화라는 지향점에 비춰볼 때 퇴영적인 특성을 갖고 있다. 그 결정적인 이유는 중국정부의 성장잠재력에 대한 확신, 투자 같은 손쉬운 성장률 지지 수단에 대한 유혹, 광범위하게 존재하는 실업으로 인한 정치적 부담 때문으로 보인다. 중국정부의 정책 성격과 정책조치의 성격을 보면 내수중심의 성장방식 전환에 대한 기대는 실현되기 쉽지 않으리라 생각된다.

고등학교 국사 교과서의 일제강점기 관련 서술의 양상 변화와 요인

구난희 한국사회교과교육학회 2010 사회과교육연구 Vol.17 No.4

This study focuses on considering the changes of textbook description of the Japanese colonial period in Korea and analyzing how to operate social demand, academic demand, learner? demand each other. The major findings of this study were followed: At first it divided 4 periods(1945~the 1970s, the early 1980s, from the late 1980s to 1990s, after the year of 2000)and characterized each period. In the first period, any demand didn? surface and there was no conflict. It was the second period that the academic demand has begun to collide with the social demand but the latter was sorted out and was excluded by the former. In third period, the real try to mediate in the dispute between two demands was promoted within the institutional range. Although it couldn? actualize it? original goal, it could arbitrate between two demands in the level which respects the academic achivement and considers the learners. Now various academic outcomes have been described in Korean Contemporary History Textbooks, as the new conflict is proceeding. It is long-term conflict situation by the socaial demand? operation and the academis demand? reaction. In described contents, the dichotomy between colonial rule and resistance has been the basic structure for long times. But the new re-structuralization of contents is needed. Because the new interest on another part just like as the change of life style, pro-Japanese is increasing but that can? handle in this structure. The social independence movement has been the core of textbook description changes and discords between demands. It have tried to describe the merits and demerits of that in balanced way since the late 1980s but the sensitive parts as like Tong-buk-hang-il-yoen-kun(the Northeastern Anti-Japanese Allied Forces) still discussed. The pro-Japanese problem started to be described by self-examination about Korean textbooks while Korean textbook discourse experienced the Japanese textbook distortion. Finally this pointed that the restructure of description should be done in the view of the learner demand for well-balanced and fair adjustment to resolve the long-term conflicts between the demands. 이 연구는 강제병합 100주년이라는 계기를 맞아 한국 교과서 내 일제강점기 관련 서술이 어떻게 변화해 왔는가를 검토하면서 이를 둘러싼 학문적 요구, 정치사회적 요구, 학습자적 요구라는 관점이 어떻게 작동되는가를 분석하였다. 그 결과 얻어진 결론은 다음과 같다. 우선 해방 후부터 1980년 이전, 1980년대 전반, 1980년대 후반부터 1990년대, 2000년 이후의 4 시기로 구분하고 그 특징을 추출했다. 첫 번째 시기는 각 요구가 뚜렷하게 가시화되지 않았다. 학문적 요구와 국가사회적 요구가 충돌하기 시작한 것은 두 번째 시기였으나 후자에 의해 전자가 선별되고 배제되었다. 양자의 요구를 조정하려는 본격적인 시도가 제도권 내에서 모색된 것이 세 번째 시기이며 그것은 국사교육 내용전개 준거안의 개정으로 나타났다. 당초의 취지와 달리 학문적 성과가 충분히 반영되지는 못했으나, 양자의 충돌은 학문적 성과를 존중하는 가운데 학습자를 배려하는 수준에서 타협, 변용되었다. 현재는 한국근현대사 과목의 개설과 교과서 검정 발행이라는 획기적인 교과서 환경 변화 속에서 학문적 요구가 교과서에 활발하게 반영되었고 이에 따른 갈등이 전개되고 있는 시기이다. 세 번째 시기와 달리 정치사회적 요구가 강하게 작용하면서 이에 대한 학문적 요구의 반발이 지속되는 양상을 보이면서 중장기적인 갈등 국면을 형성하고 있다. 내용면에서 보면 침략과 저항의 2분법적 구조는 오랫동안 이 시기 서술의 기본 구도를 이루어 왔다. 그러나 최근에 와서 생활의 변화, 친일문제 등 양분구도에서 다룰 수 없는 영역에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있어 새로운 내용 재구조화가 필요하다. 식민지 근대화론이 주장되는 가운데 이러한 요구는 더욱 절실하다. 사회주의 민족운동은 교과서 서술 변화와 요구간 갈등의 핵심을 이루어 왔다. 1980년대 후반부터 비교적 공과를 균형있게 서술하려는 노력이 전개되고 있으나 동북항일연군 등 민감한 부분에 대한 서술은 여전히 논란이 되고 있다. 그밖에 친일문제는 거의 언급이 없었으나 2000년대에 들어 와 일본교과서 논쟁을 거치면서 자성적 차원에서 다루기 시작하였다. 지금까지 이러한 제논쟁은 거의 학문적 요구와 정치사회적 요구간의 갈등과 충돌로 이루어졌고 상대적으로 학습자적 요구에 대한 관심과 배려는 그다지 이루어지지 않았다. 그러나 교과서를 둘러싼 요구간 갈등이 중장기화되면서 이의 공정하고 균형있는 조정을 위해서는 학습자적 요구의 관점에서 서술구조의 재조정이 모색되어야 한다.

주주대표소송과 제소청구 - 미국법과의 비교를 중심으로 -

염미경 강원대학교 비교법학연구소 2022 江原法學 Vol.66 No.-

According to § 403 Commercial Law, a shareholder must make a demand upon the board of directors prior to bringing a derivative suit. The purpose of demand requirement is to assure compliance with the most fundamental principle of corporate governance that the board of directors runs corporation. The law requires a demand in order to give the board of directors an opportunity to decide whether the corporation should bring the suit which the shareholder urging. According to US case law, if the plaintiff goes ahead and demands that the directors have the corporation bring a lawsuit, and the directors refuse, courts generally treat such a decision as a business decision, that is, they apply the business judgement rule. The court will defer to the directors’ decision not to sue unless the plaintiff can show a conflict of interest, a lack of good faith, or breach of duty of care. There is no precise rule as to how much time the board of directors must be given to respond to a demand. The court test of the time limit in a particular situation is the reasonableness under the circumstances. According to § 403 Commercial Law, demand requirement is prerequisite to commence a derivative proceeding. Suppose a shareholder plaintiff commence a derivative proceeding without demand on corporation, it should be dismissed, even though 30-day is already passed without respond of the corporation. The Supreme Court is holding that the purpose of demand requirement is preventing strike suits, and that is tied to demand adequacy. But preventing strike suits is a not the purpose of demand requirement but a function. As just pointed out, the purpose of demand rule is to reflect the fundamental principle of corporate law that the board of directors ordinarily has the responsibility to manage the corporation, including whether or not the corporation should bring a lawsuit. A demand is adequate if it satisfies that purpose. The Supreme Court is holding that a demand must identify the alleged wrongdoers, describe the factual basis of the wrongful acts. I agree to it’s conclusion. According to § 403 Commercial Law, the waiting time, the time between demand and filing of suit, is 30-day period. It is too short for corporation to inquiry alleged wrongdoing and decide to take action against the alleged wrongdoers. The corporation does not have to respond to the shareholder’s demand, because courts do not review the auditor’s decision not to sue. But the purpose of a demand is to alert the board of directors so that it can take corrective action. Therefore, the demand system of the Commercial Law should be reformed. Firstly, the waiting period is extended to 90-day period like MBCA. Secondly, A special litigation committee should be installed as a subcommittee of a corporation’s board of directors pursuant to corporation’s bylaw that has the power to decide whether or not the corporation should bring a lawsuit against members of the board. Thirdly, Courts should review the auditor’s demand refusal and could dismiss the complaints for the best interest of corporation and shareholders. 미국 대표소송의 제소청구제도는 대표소송절차에서 회사지배구조를 보호하기 위한 제도로서 회사가 우선하여 문제를 개선하는 조치를 취할 수 있게 하는 제도이다. 회사는 주주의 제소청구에 대응하여 해당 이사의 해임 또는 급여 삭감 등의 조치를 취하면서 부제소결정을 할 수도 있고, 소의 제기가 회사의 이익을 위한 최선책이라고 판단되면 그 위법행위를 한 이사를 상대로 소를 제기하기로 결정할 수도 있다. 회사가 이러한 결정을 신중하게 할 수 있는 제도가 판례로 확립되어 있다. 미국의 경우, 주주의 제소청구 후 회사가 제소 여부를 결정하는 기간에 관하여 MBCA를 제외하고는 제한을 두지 않고 있다. 미국 판례에 따르면, 그 기간은 구체적인 사건의 복잡성 여부에 따라 달라진다. 회사가 이사회 또는 독립된 특별소송원회에서 사건을 조사하여 부제소결정을 하면, 법원은 그 결정을 한 이사회 또는 위원회의 독립성에 의문이 없을 경우에는 원칙적으로 그러한 결정을 경영판단의 법칙을 적용하여 존중해준다. 이처럼 회사의 결정을 존중해주기 때문에, 제소청구를 받은 회사는 반드시 적절한 기간 내에 제소 여부를 결정하여 주주에게 통지해주어야 한다. 우리의 경우에는 30일이라는 짧은 대기기간을 두고 있으므로 회사가 제소청구에 충실히 대응하기 어렵다. 또한 회사가 신중하게 부제소결정을 해도 법원이 이를 고려하는 제도가 없다. 이러한 현실에서는 제소청구는 제소예고 통지절차에 불과한 것으로 여겨질 수 있다. 일종의 남소방지 기능만 담당하는 것으로 보이는 것이다. 그러나 우리나라의 제소청구제도도 그 설치 근거 내지 목적은 대표소송절차에서 소제기에 관한 회사의 우선적 의사결정권을 보장하려는 것이므로, 현행 상법 하에서도 그 취지에 부합하게 운영할 필요가 있다. 이렇게 보면, 제소청구 및 30일의 대기기간은 제소요건이므로 여기에 흠이 있는 경우에 사후적으로 치유될 수 없다고 본다. 또한 제소청구서에 기재하여야 할 내용은 제소청구제도의 근거와 연관시켜 정해야 한다. 그리고 제소청구에 대한 실효성 있는 판단을 위해서는 이사회내 위원회로 특별소송위원회를 두고 활용하는 방안, 입법론상 30일의 대기기간은 90일로 연장하고, 재량각하제도를 도입 하는 방안 등을 검토할 필요가 있다.

천연가스 수요의 변동성 예측 모형

배유진(Bae, Yu-Jin),정재우(Chung, Jae-Woo) 한국산업경영학회 2017 경영연구 Vol.32 No.3

천연가스는 오일과 석탄에 비해 상대적으로 친환경적이라는 장점을 가지고 있고, 경제가 꾸준히 성장함에 따라 가정용 천연가스의 수요도 지속적으로 증가하는 추세에 있다. 가정용 천연가스 수요는 유가 급등과 동절기 한파 등 대내외 환경에 따라 수요가 크게 변동한다는 큰 특징을 가지고 있기 때문에 공급의 어려움이 증가하고 있다. 가정용 천연가스의 수요가 변동성이 큰 이유는 계절성이 강하고 기온의 영향을 많이 받기 때문이다. 따라서 수요에 대응하기 위한 공급량 예측이 힘들며, 공급량 예측을 위한 산업계와 학계의 다양한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 하지만 기존의 연구는 수요의 평균에 대한 예측에 집중되어 있어 변동성이 강한 수요에 적절히 대응하기 어렵다는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 천연가스 수요의 평균뿐만 아니라 수요의 분포를 추정하여 수요의 변동성을 예측하기 위한 분석 모형을 개발한다. 이를 위하여 본 연구에서는 기존의 천연가스 수요예측을 위한 공적분 모형에 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션을 적용하였다. 연구결과 월별 수요의 분포는 다양한 형태로 나타났으며, 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 수요의 변동성 관리의 중요성이 상기되고 수요 예측의 실용성이 향상될 것으로 기대된다. Using natural gas is more eco-friendly than that of oil and coal, and it has resulted in an increase in a household natural gas demand. The demand of household natural gas, on the other side, has had a difficulty maintaining its supply since the household demand is greatly influenced by environment such as the sudden increase in oil prices and the cold weather in winter. That is, since the household demand of natural gas has impacted on the temperatures of each season, the supply of household natural gas is hard to be predicted. Although various research studies are underway to predict its supply, they still have a difficulty in forecasting its supply. It is because that these studies have only focused on predicting average demand. Therefore, This study develops an analytic model for predicting the variability of a demand by estimating the demand distribution as well as the average demand. The study applies Monte Calro Simulation to existing cointegration model, and it makes the monthly demand distribution being displayed in various formats. This study would remind the importance of managing the variability of a demand and improve practicality of the demand prediction.

장래교통수요예측을 고려한 도로 유지관리 방안

김정민,최승현,도명식,한대석 한국도로학회 2016 한국도로학회논문집 Vol.18 No.3

PURPOSES : This study aims to examine the differences between the existing traffic demand forecasting method and the traffic demand forecasting method considering future regional development plans and new road construction and expansion plans using a four-step traffic demand forecast for a more objective and sophisticated national highway maintenance. This study ultimately aims to present future pavement deterioration and budget forecasting planning based on the examination. METHODS: This study used the latest data offered by the Korea Transport Data Base (KTDB) as the basic data for demand forecast. The analysis scope was set using the Daejeon Metropolitan City’s O/D and network data. This study used a traffic demand program called TransCad, and performed a traffic assignment by vehicle type through the application of a user equilibrium-based multi-class assignment technique. This study forecasted future traffic demand by verifying whether or not a realistic traffic pattern was expressed similarly by undertaking a calibration process. This study performed a life cycle cost analysis based on traffic using the forecasted future demand or existing past pattern, or by assuming the constant traffic demand. The maintenance criteria were decided according to equivalent single axle loads (ESAL). The maintenance period in the concerned section was calculated in this study. This study also computed the maintenance costs using a construction method by applying the maintenance criteria considering the ESAL. The road user costs were calculated by using the user cost calculation logic applied to the Korean Pavement Management System, which is the existing study outcome. RESULTS : This study ascertained that the increase and decrease of traffic occurred in the concerned section according to the future development plans. Furthermore, there were differences from demand forecasting that did not consider the development plans. Realistic and accurate demand forecasting supported an optimized decision making that efficiently assigns maintenance costs, and can be used as very important basic information for maintenance decision making. CONCLUSIONS : Therefore, decision making for a more efficient and sophisticated road management than the method assuming future traffic can be expected to be the same as the existing pattern or steady traffic demand. The reflection of a reliable forecasting of the future traffic demand to life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) can be a very vital factor because many studies are generally performed without considering the future traffic demand or with an analysis through setting a scenario upon LCCA within a pavement management system.

A Binomial Weighted Exponential Smoothing for Intermittent Demand Forecasting

Chunghun Ha(하정훈) 한국산업경영시스템학회 2018 한국산업경영시스템학회지 Vol.41 No.1

Intermittent demand is a demand with a pattern in which zero demands occur frequently and non-zero demands occur sporadically. This type of demand mainly appears in spare parts with very low demand. Croston’s method, which is an initiative intermittent demand forecasting method, estimates the average demand by separately estimating the size of non-zero demands and the interval between non-zero demands. Such smoothing type of forecasting methods can be suitable for mid-term or long-term demand forecast-ing because those provides the same demand forecasts during the forecasting horizon. However, the smoothing type of forecasting methods aims at short-term forecasting, so the estimated average forecast is a factor to decrease accuracy. In this paper, we propose a forecasting method to improve short-term accuracy by improving Croston’s method for intermittent demand forecasting. The proposed forecasting method estimates both the non-zero demand size and the zero demands’ interval separately, as in Croston’s method, but the forecast at a future period adjusted by binomial weight according to occurrence probability. This serves to improve the accuracy of short-term forecasts. In this paper, we first prove the unbiasedness of the proposed method as an important attribute in forecasting. The performance of the proposed method is compared with those of five existing forecasting methods via eight evaluation criteria. The simulation results show that the proposed forecasting method is superior to other methods in terms of all evaluation criteria in short-term forecasting regardless of average size and dispersion parameter of demands. However, the larger the average demand size and dispersion are, that is, the closer to continuous demand, the less the performance gap with other forecasting methods.

간헐적 수요예측을 위한 이항가중 지수평활 방법

하정훈 한국산업경영시스템학회 2018 한국산업경영시스템학회지 Vol.41 No.1

Intermittent demand is a demand with a pattern in which zero demands occur frequently and non-zero demands occur sporadically. This type of demand mainly appears in spare parts with very low demand. Croston’s method, which is an initiative intermittent demand forecasting method, estimates the average demand by separately estimating the size of non-zero demands and the interval between non-zero demands. Such smoothing type of forecasting methods can be suitable for mid-term or long-term demand forecasting because those provides the same demand forecasts during the forecasting horizon. However, the smoothing type of forecasting methods aims at short-term forecasting, so the estimated average forecast is a factor to decrease accuracy. In this paper, we propose a forecasting method to improve short-term accuracy by improving Croston’s method for intermittent demand forecasting. The proposed forecasting method estimates both the non-zero demand size and the zero demands’ interval separately, as in Croston’s method, but the forecast at a future period adjusted by binomial weight according to occurrence probability. This serves to improve the accuracy of short-term forecasts. In this paper, we first prove the unbiasedness of the proposed method as an important attribute in forecasting. The performance of the proposed method is compared with those of five existing forecasting methods via eight evaluation criteria. The simulation results show that the proposed forecasting method is superior to other methods in terms of all evaluation criteria in short-term forecasting regardless of average size and dispersion parameter of demands. However, the larger the average demand size and dispersion are, that is, the closer to continuous demand, the less the performance gap with other forecasting methods.

An Analysis on Power Demand Reduction Effects of Demand Response Systems in the Smart Grid Environment in Korea

Won, Jong-Ryul,Song, Kyung-Bin The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2013 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.8 No.6

This study performed an analysis on power demand reduction effects exhibited by demand response programs, which are advanced from traditional demand-side management programs, in the smart grid environment. The target demand response systems for the analysis included incentive-based load control systems (2 month-ahead demand control system, 1~5 days ahead demand control system, and demand bidding system), which are currently implemented in Korea, and price-based demand response systems (mainly critical peak pricing system or real-time pricing system, currently not implemented, but representative demand response systems). Firstly, the status of the above systems at home and abroad was briefly examined. Next, energy saving effects and peak demand reduction effects of implementing the critical peak or real-time pricing systems, which are price-based demand response systems, and the existing incentive-based load control systems were estimated.

An Analysis on Power Demand Reduction Effects of Demand Response Systems in the Smart Grid Environment in Korea

Jong-Ryul Won,Kyung-Bin Song 대한전기학회 2013 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.8 No.6

This study performed an analysis on power demand reduction effects exhibited by demand response programs, which are advanced from traditional demand-side management programs, in the smart grid environment. The target demand response systems for the analysis included incentive-based load control systems (2 month-ahead demand control system, 1~5 days ahead demand control system, and demand bidding system), which are currently implemented in Korea, and price-based demand response systems (mainly critical peak pricing system or real-time pricing system, currently not implemented, but representative demand response systems). Firstly, the status of the above systems at home and abroad was briefly examined. Next, energy saving effects and peak demand reduction effects of implementing the critical peak or real-time pricing systems, which are price-based demand response systems, and the existing incentive-based load control systems were estimated.