Student characteristics and organizational differences as they relate to transfer

Sheldon, Caroline Quirion University of California, Los Angeles 2006 해외박사(DDOD)

This study draws from the social reproduction theory of Pierre Bourdieu, in particular Bourdieu's concept of habitus, in an attempt to uncover the means by which California community college students are channeled into particular transfer destinations, specifically, the California State University, the University of California, and four-year for-profit universities such as the University of Phoenix. Bourdieu's concept of habitus, operationalized in this study as ascribed characteristics of students, such as ethnicity, class, and gender, and organizational qualities of the community college, such as transfer rates, percentages of students receiving need-based aid and requiring remedial coursework, were examined in an effort to discern the effects of social background characteristics, academic experiences, and institutional effects in the transfer process. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to ascertain the predictive value and relative strength of each of the variables in the model. In addition, the relative risk ratios for three distinct contrasts were estimated. The risk ratios associated with the set of social, academic, and organizational qualities on transfer to the CSU were compared with those associated with transfer to the University of California and for-profit universities. Predicted probabilities, based upon ethnicity and financial need, of attending the most selective institution (i.e. the University of California) were also calculated. This procedure allowed for certain characteristics, such as full or part-time attendance or academic area of emphasis, to be held constant thus illuminating the effects of such variables as race, gender, and the transfer rate of the community college. For the total population of community college students, social background, academic experiences, and organizational characteristics had predictive effects on the transfer outcome. Specifically, the strongest predictors of transfer to the University of California were GPA, being Asian, and the transfer rate of the community college. Age exerted the strongest negative effect on transfer to the University of California. The strongest predictors of transfer to the for-profit segment were age, part-time attendance at the community college, being African American, and male. GPA exerted the strongest negative effect relative to the other predictors on transfer to the for-profit segment. For the total population of community college students, Asian males and females had the highest predicted probabilities of transfer to the UC while African American males and females had the highest predicted probabilities of transfer to the for-profit segment. For the traditional group of community college students, Asian males and females had the highest predicted probabilities of transfer to the University of California and Latino males and females had higher predicted probabilities of transfer to the University of California than white students. For the entire population of community college students, the transfer rate of the community college had no impact on the predicted probabilities of transfer to particular institutions; however, consistent with previous community college research, for the traditional subset of community college students, the transfer rate of the community college exerted a positive effect on transfer. Specifically, the predicted probability of transfer to the University of California was higher when students were enrolled at community colleges with higher transfer rates.

"Of the community, for the community": The Chicana/o student movement in California's public higher education, 1967-1973

Moreno, Marisol University of California, Santa Barbara 2009 해외공개박사

This study examines the Chicana/o student movement in Southern California colleges from 1967 to 1973. Using oral histories, movement newspapers, university archives, and government documents, I argue that Chicana/o student activists centered their organizational identities, activities, and goals on servicing the Mexican American community. Given the diminutive presence of Mexican Americans in higher education, student activists tapped into the social networks and resources, the collective identity, the ideology, and the tactics and strategies of the Chicano Movement to launch a Chicana/o student movement for educational equity. Using a case study approach, the dissertation focuses on four campuses, East Los Angeles College, the University of California, Santa Barbara, the University of California, San Diego, and California State College, Long Beach to examine how students created organizations; participated in multi-ethnic coalitions; mobilized and affirmed non-white racial and gendered identities; and engaged in protest politics. This work reveals that in the course of participating in barrio and campus struggles, students build a sense of community, which in turn helped to develop and sustain the Chicano Movement's solidarity and collective action over a period of time. The intent of this study is to demonstrate the critical role of Chicana/o student activism in the Chicano Movement and California student movement. In addition to providing a voice for their barrios, Chicana/o student activists pressured state colleges and universities to act and expand on the 1960 Master Plan of Higher Education's mandate to service all segments of California's communities. Despite the Chicana/o student movement's inability to sustain its political momentum and to actualize all of its goals, it yielded significant institutional and cultural changes, among which include the creation of Chicana/o Studies departments and curricula; an increased enrollment of Mexican Americans and other Latina/os into higher education; and the production of a generation of professionals and leaders infused with an ethos of social justice and community service.

Quicksilver landscapes: Space, power, and ethnicity in the mercury mining industry in California and the West, 1845--1900

Johnston, Andrew Scott University of California, Berkeley 2004 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation is a history of the forces that shaped the quicksilver (mercury) mining industry within the context of the development of California and the West. It explores the reciprocal relationship between the spaces of the quicksilver industry and the social groups and individuals that lived in and struggled over them at three scales: the global scale of the flows of capital, technology, people, and mercury; the regional scale of the industry in California and the West; and the local scale of towns and mining camps. It does this through a combination of sources ranging from mine company documents and census records through the physical remains of mining sites. Historically mercury has been very important because to control mercury was to control bullion production; in the second half of the nineteenth century, the mercury mines of California and the West produced half the world's supply of mercury. Mercury mines and mining camps were highly organized by racial and ethnic hierarchies, and in this way mercury mining was very different than other types of metal mining in the American West. Mercury mines were capital intensive to develop due to geology, and mercury, which had little value in and of itself, was only valuable as a tool to power over bullion production, another capital intensive project. Work, and the spaces of work and daily life, at the mercury mines and camps of the American West were organized to define and exploit racial hierarchies in developing California. This dissertation has five chapters that build on one another to tell the story of the mercury mining industry in California. Chapter One explores the global history of the production of and trade in mercury. Chapter Two explores how the mercury industry in California constituted an important break from earlier eras because the trade was not controlled by a single state entity, but rather by multiple competing capitalists. Chapter Three considers the geology and geography of the industry, on the regional scale, arguing for the importance of a range of social, cultural, economic, and technical factors as well as the location of cinnabar deposits. Chapters Four and Five describe how the hierarchical organization of social groups in California based on race and ethnicity were made material by spaces of work and daily life at the quicksilver mines.

Management of End-Of-Life Electronic Products within Environmental Benign Manufacturing Framework : Analysis of Infrastructure, Cost, Materials Flow, and Decision-Making

강해용 University of California 2005 해외박사

본 연구의 목적은 폐전자제품이 환경에 미치는 실제적인 영향과 재활용의 기반시설 등에 관하여 친환경적인 관점에서 비교 분석하여 보다 나은 폐전자제품의 처리 방향을 모색하는데 있다. 전자제품의 유효 평균수명은 감소추세에 있으며 그 속도는 증가하고 있다. 따라서 이들을 처리하기위해서 새로운 방법이 모색 되어져야 하며 그중의 한 방법이 재횔용이다. 본 논문은 폐가전제품의 현 상태를 종합적으로 분석하고, technical cost modeling을 통하여 재활용 산업의 경제적인 모델을 제공하고, materials flow analysis를 이용하여 미래에 발생할 폐전자제품의 양을 예측하고, 오염방지를 위한 법규의 제정에 있어서 의사결정 모델을 제공한다. 폐전자제품의 종합적인 분석을 위하여서는 기존의 재활용 프로그램과 관련되는 각각의 주체들의 역활과 재활용 기술들을 연구하였다. 재활용 비율을 늘리기 위해서는 지속적인 폐전자제품의 공급이 중요하며 효과적인 분리기술, 친환경적인 제품설계, 그리고 분리된 물질 및 부품의 원활한 판로의 확보가 선결과제임을 보여 준다. Technical cost modeling을 통하여 재활용 산업의 수입과 지출 구조를 확인하고 재활용 산업의 활성화를 위한 경제적인 수익 모델을 제공하였고 또한 모델을 sensitivity analysis을 통하여 검증하였다. Materials flow analysis 결과 output 패턴과 그 양은 input 과 단순한 일차함수의 관계가 아님을 보여주며 소비자의 행동양식이output 패턴과 그 양을 결정하는데 가장 중요한 요소로 작용함을 보여준다. 또한Technical cost modeling 과 Materials flow analysis의 조합을 통하여 미래에 필요한 전자제품의 재활용 기반시설, 즉 필요한 자본 투자의 양과 필요한 처리시설의 양을 예측하는 tool을 제공하였다. 전자산업의 유독물질 사용과 그 규제에관한 실제를 비교 분석하였고 의사결정 방법인Analytic hierarchy process을 이용하여 그 결과를 판정하는 tool을 제공하였다. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the status of end-of-life (EOL) electronic products, recycling infrastructure, and efforts in practice to decrease the environmental impact from EOL electronic products, within the boundary of Environmentally Benign Manufacturing (EBM). Since the 1980’s, with the development of consumer-oriented electrical and electronic technologies, countless units of electronic equipment have been sold to consumers. The useful life of these consumer electronic devices (CEDs) is relatively short, and decreasing as a result of rapid changes in equipment features and capabilities. This creates a large waste stream of obsolete electronic equipment. The conventional treatment method for this waste is disposal in landfills but because of increasing concern about environmental quality, diverted waste treatment methods are desired. One aspect of the strategy should include recycling and reuse of EOL electronic products. In this thesis, I provide a comprehensive approach to evaluating the status of EOL electronic products, an economic model for EOL e-waste recycling, an analytical model to guide future infrastructure needs, and a quantitative tool for pollution prevention policy decision-making. For the comprehensive evaluation of EOL electronic products, existing recycling programs, the roles of each stakeholder in e-waste recycling, and technologies are identified. The results show that to increase the recycling rate a steady supply of collected materials is needed, as well as effective sorting techniques, proper incorporation of Design for the Environment in early product design, and valued secondary markets for recycled goods. In particular, the development of effective collection programs is necessary. Technical cost modeling (TCM) results provide guidance to the recycling industry on how to maximize revenue and ensure the robust economic viability of e-waste Materials Recycling Facilities. Revenue sources with higher profit-efficiency ratios are an example. Also, process automation is demonstrated to be a major hurdle to overcome because of the high labor cost in the recycling industry combined with the randomness factor associated with the input stream. The sensitivity of the cost model results to key assumptions is investigated through the use of sensitivity analysis. The results of the materials flow analysis (MFA) indicate that the pattern of outflow and the amount do not simply depend on the inflow pattern and amount, which is different than general MFA analysis for most other products. Also, the behavior of consumers, especially of the first user, is the most critical factor that determines the outflow of personal computer systems at the EOL stage. The combination of TCM and MFA provide a tool for estimating the infrastructure needed to treat future e-waste, such as the number of treatment facilities and the total capital investment needed. It is shown that, in the time period 1992 to 2003, the State of California electronic and electrical industries decreased the amount of toxic waste they generated. However, during the same time period, the size of these industries increased 3-fold in California. The results of the Analytic Hierarchy Process decision-making study indicate that the current toxic waste treatment methods practiced in the electronic and electrical industries in California are sound relative to their ability to protect pubic health and the environment.

The effects of natural and anthropogenic perturbations on stream primary producer communities in southern California

Simpson, Juliet Christina University of California, Santa Barbara 2006 해외박사(DDOD)

These studies were conducted to determine the impacts of natural and anthropogenic perturbations on plants and algae in southern California streams. I examined correlations between algae and nitrogen, phosphorus, and land for 24 streams in southern California, and conducted nutrient diffusing substrata experiments to determine the nutrient limiting growth of benthic algae. Algal biomass increased with urbanization, reaching high levels in the most urbanized streams (up to 408 mg chla m-2). Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll concentrations were tightly positively correlated with the proportion of upstream land covered by impervious surfaces. At lower nutrient concentrations, algal growth appeared to be limited by nitrogen availability, whereas phosphorus appeared to limit growth in streams subject to greater human influence. Biomass of floating mats of macroalgae (Enteromorpha sp.) responded positively to experimentally increased light and nutrient availability, increasing by up to 800% over four weeks. I also measured impacts of plant dominance in southern California streams. Ludwigia hexapetala reached high biomass (0.98+/-0.03 kg m -2) downstream of a wastewater treatment plant on the Ventura River, California. The abundance of green macroalgae was reduced, and that of diatoms increased, in the presence of Ludwigia. Ludwigia's rates of growth and nitrogen uptake increased with increasing nutrient availability, accounting for considerable decreases in dissolved nitrate. The dominance of this plant on the river was highly variable over multiple years, with biomass greatly reduced by scouring during winters with high rainfall, then requiring several consecutive years of low flows to re-establish dominance. A conceptual model is presented for predicting primary producer community and biomass changes in streams in southern California in response to land use changes, particularly urbanization. Increases in light availability result in changes in algal community, from benthic diatoms to green macroalgae, and the inclusion of vascular plants. Increases in nutrient concentrations alone typically result in increases in algal biomass without shifts in type of algae present. However, streams draining extremely urbanized catchments may show a decrease in plant and algal biomass as increases in resource availability are offset by increases in temperature or toxins which depress or inhibit algal growth.

California's Water Footprint: Recent trends and framework for a sustainable transition

Fulton, Julian University of California, Berkeley 2015 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation presents three studies on California's water footprint, which is defined as the amount of water required to produce everyday goods and services demanded by California consumers on a yearly basis. Such a consumption-based indicator of water use is novel, and I introduce water footprint science as an expanded reading of water that adds value to conventional approaches to understanding society's relationship with water resources. California, as a water-limited state, presents a useful case study for examining how demands on water resources have shifted within and outside of the region through its water footprint. The Introduction section discusses the history of water use in California from a conventional perspective as well as what water footprint assessment, as an evolving science, might offer in terms of an expanded reading of water for sustainability decision making. The first study (Chapter 2) shows that scaling water footprint assessment to the state level both illuminates California's unique arrangement with respect to internal and external water resources and provides a basis for policy consideration at a relevant decision-making level. The second study (Chapter 3) focuses on the water footprint of California's energy system in order to show how environmental policymaking, particularly climate mitigation policies in the energy sector, can result in maladaptation with respect to water systems and that water footprint assessment provides a useful tool for avoiding redistribution of water impacts. The third study (Chapter 4) presents a time-series of California's overall water footprint, indicating an externalization of water footprint demands in recent decades and a decreasing of dependence on internal water resources for instate consumption of everyday goods. The Conclusion section reflects on what water footprint assessment has thus far provided in terms of an expanded reading of water for California, and how that information might support sustainability decision making in various facets of governance. I identify shortcomings of the method and ways in which improvements can be made in the future, particularly through interdisciplinary research. Water footprint information offers important insights into California's recent development as well as tools for developing future sustainable transitions.

An evaluation of computer-mediated learning for elementary algebra students at Pasadena City College (California)

Dooley, Bennie Allen University of Southern California 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

Providing a transfer path to four-year universities is a major mission of the California community colleges. Important to this mission is the promise of equity, ensuring that underrepresented and disadvantaged populations have access and the necessary skill preparation to allow them to transfer to a four-year university. A March 15, 2000, article in the <italic>Los Angeles Times</italic> reported that of the 31, 187 freshmen that entered the California State University system in fall 1999, 48 percent required remedial math. About 46 percent required remedial work in reading and writing. Further, the proportion of unprepared students reported was much higher in large, urban campuses that tend to attract students from low-performing high schools. In response to this lack of preparation, the California State Universities have in the last few years begun to limit access of prospective freshman that require remedial work. Developmental math and English can, in effect, become gatekeeper subjects keeping remedial students from accomplishing their goal of transferring to a four year university. A lack of developmental math preparation can strand students in remedial classes semester after semester. This study will seek to determine if Elementary Algebra students, at Pasadena City College, who register for classes utilizing Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) as a primary instructional delivery are more likely to have successful retention success than similar students in a traditional lecture based classroom. A survey will be conducted to determine equivalent computer experience for the two groups. Further, historical statistical data will be analyzed to see if any statistical significance is associated with type of learning methodology, gender, and minority status.

Romancing Manifest Destiny: Race, gender, and sexuality in the making of California

Venegas, Yolanda University of California, Berkeley 2004 해외박사(DDOD)

My study analyzes the discourse and institutional practices that shaped the image of California at the turn of the twentieth century through the Spanish heritage movement. The images we hold of today's California, with her Spanish missions, fandangos (Spanish style fiestas), and abundant agriculture, are the product of the Spanish heritage movement. Walking through the ancient California missions and hearing their epic tales, one would hardly think that it is all really a recent invention, and yet it is---recent and baneful. At the turn of the twentieth century (1880--1920) a type of pan-exoticism enabling Anglo-American audiences to view California's non-white population through mythologizing and exoticizing lenses emerged. Native-Americans, Chinese-Americans and Mexicanos became the primary targets for the flood of photographers, painters, and other artists creating a coherent identity for the newly formed state. Themes exoticizing California's others grounded the emergent bohemian culture: a culture that defined California's identity through a regeneration of the sexism and racism of Manifest Destiny. While each of these nonwhite populations was brought into this pan-exotic movement in ways that continue to affect us all today, the focus of this study is the Native-American and Mexicano population in California's Spanish heritage movement. I draw from Southwest history, ethnic studies and Chicana feminism in order to construct a historically grounded cultural studies analysis of the Spanish heritage movement in the making of California. The work illustrates the centrality of a gendered orientalism in the racial fault lines drawn at the turn of the twentieth century through examination of how the politics of sex essential to the ideology of U.S. territorial conquest evolve to better serve the hegemonic needs of a newly racialized California. The chapters are organized to consider the variety of ways Anglo-American and Californio intellectuals participated in the Spanish-heritage movement in order to support or to resist the movement's fundamental ideologies. A curious conglomeration of East Coast intellectuals, including novelist Helen Hunt Jackson, painter Charles Christian Nahl, historian Hubert H. Bancroft, and Southwest promoter Charles Fletcher Lummis, participated in the creation of a Spanish-heritage myth that used nostalgia and romance to regenerate the ideological work of Manifest Destiny for the twentieth-century. I conclude that the varied cultural expressions of the Spanish-heritage myth fulfilled the ideological needs of newly established Anglo-American Californians in several ways: they silenced the state's Native genocide; legitimized Manifest Destiny by asserting white supremacy (and thereby assuaging white guilt where the effects of Manifest Destiny were blatantly obvious); and justified emerging racialization processes that placed the conquered population at the bottom of the socioeconomic scale.

Host ecology of Sarcocystis neurona and Toxoplasma gondii in Coastal California

Rejmanek, Daniel University of California, Davis 2009 해외박사(DDOD)

Sarcocystis neurona and Toxoplasma gondii are protozoal parasites capable of infecting a wide variety of warm blooded animals. The Monterey Bay along California's central coast was chosen as the focal point of this study based on the high prevalence of S. neurona and T. gondii infections in Southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the S. neurona infection prevalence in opossums from central California and identify risk factors associated with infection; (2) molecularly compare S. neurona strains from opossums, sea otters, and horses; and (3) investigate the effects of oral and congenital T. gondii infection in deer mice. From fall 2005 to the summer of 2008, opossums from central California were tested for infection with S. neurona. The majority of opossums (n=258) were sampled along the coast, while a smaller portion (n=30) were sampled further inland in the Central Valley. Of 288 total opossums sampled, 17 (5.9%) were infected with S. neurona based on the molecular characterization of sporocysts from intestinal scrapings or feces. Risk factors evaluated for association with S. neurona infection in opossums included age, sex, location, season, presence of pouch young in females, concomitant infection, and sampling method (live-trapped or traffic-killed). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified that opossums in the Central Valley were 9 times more likely to be infected than those near the coast (P = 0.009). Similarly, opossum infection was 5 times more likely to be detected during the reproductive season (March--July; P= 0.013) than any other time in the year. While it had been assumed that introduced opossums are the source of S. neurona infections in horses and sea otters in California, S. neurona strains from California opossums had not yet been compared against S. neurona strains from these other hosts. Sarcocystis neurona DNA isolated from sporocysts and/or infected tissues of 10 opossums, 6 horses, 1 cat, 23 Southern sea otters, and 1 harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) with natural infections, were analyzed based on 15 genetic markers including the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) region; the 25/396 marker; S. neurona surface antigen genes (snSAGs) 2, 3, and 4; and 10 different microsatellites. Based on phylogenetic analysis, most of the S. neurona strains segregated into three genetically distinct groups. By focusing on a small geographical area and using a wide range of genetic markers, we showed that S. neurona sporocysts shed by California opossums are genetically synonymous with S. neurona parasites found in sea otters, horses, and a harbor porpoise from the same area. Lastly, in order to investigate how oral and congenital routes of T. gondii transmission influence the antibody response and infection status of deer mice, 40 male and 40 female deer mice were orally infected with 1, 5, 10, or 100 T. gondii oocysts. Ten weeks post-infection, 15 T. gondii seropositive female mice were bred and allowed to produce 2 litters. Evidence of persistent T. gondii infection in orally infected mice was detected by serology and DNA amplification in mice from all 4 oocyst treatment groups, including those that received only a single T. gondii oocyst. Congenital transmission of T. gondii was detected by PCR in 7/8 first and 4/7 second litters. Toxoplasma gondii was also detected by PCR in 9/30 congenitally infected offspring 16 weeks after birth despite the fact that detectable serological titers had waned. These findings suggest that congenitally infected offspring may develop a tolerance to T. gondii resulting in a low or undetectable antibody response. These findings raise questions about the applicability of serological testing for T. gondii in deer mice and other rodents in the wild to assess the prevalence of T. gondii infection. Additionally, the detection of frequent congenital transmission suggests that deer mice could help maintain T. gondii in the environment even in the absence of definitive feline hosts. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).

Effects of Environmental Regulations on the Dairy Industry in California

Zhang, Wei University of California, Davis 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation is a study of the economics of the environmental regulation of agricultural and food production, with a focus on the dairy industry in California. In this dissertation, I examine two sets of environmental regulations related to the dairy industry in California: the greenhouse gas (GHG) cap-and-trade program adopted by the California Air Resources Board in 2011, and the air quality rule on confined animal facilities introduced in the San Joaquin Valley in 2006. To understand the implications of policy-induced changes in energy prices on manufacturing industries, it is important to evaluate factor demand relationships, and to assess the long-run potential for energy-saving technical changes. I therefore model and measure factor demand relationships and the rate and biases of technical changes in the U.S. dairy processing and manufacturing industry. My estimates indicate that possibilities for substitution between energy and other inputs are generally limited in the U.S. dairy processing and manufacturing industry. Estimates of the cross-price elasticities indicate that capital and energy are used in fixed proportions, labor is a complement for energy, and milk and other materials are substitutes for energy. A 10% increase in the price of energy would lead to a 0.3% decrease in the demand for milk, and a 0.1% decrease in the demand for other processing materials. The estimated rate of technical change is moderate. The estimates indicate that technical change in the dairy industry has been capital-using and labor-saving. For other factors---energy, milk, and other processing materials---biases of technical change are small in magnitude. Examining the effects of environmental regulations without considering the presence of other policies may lead to erroneous results. Therefore, in analyzing the effects of carbon pricing on the dairy industry in California, I explicit model dairy policies that affect the relative prices of milk. Using a multi-market model, which reflects the linkages between dairy products in both production and consumption, I first examine analytically the influences of dairy policies on the effects of an increase in energy price on the dairy processing and manufacturing industry in California. Increases in energy prices have effect on factor demand that can be partitioned into two elements---output effect and substitution effect. Analytical results indicate that carbon pricing leads to 1) higher prices of dairy products, 2) lower energy use, and 3) lower prices of farm milk when output effect dominates the substitution effect, and vice versa. I also conduct numerical simulations with the most likely parameter values to measure the effects of carbon pricing on the dairy industry in California. Numerical results confirm most of the analytical findings and indicate that output effect is stronger than substitution effect such that the prices of milk decrease. Quantity of milk used for fluid dairy products and consumption of fluid dairy products increase in most simulated scenarios. Carbon pricing results in a diversion of milk from manufactured dairy products to less energy-intensive fluid dairy products and increases in welfare for consumers of fluid dairy products. The magnitudes of the changes in the equilibrium prices and quantities depend primarily on the elasticity of supply of milk, the own-price elasticity of demand for manufactured dairy products, and the elasticity of substitution between milk and energy in the production of manufactured dairy products. Numerical simulations indicate that the influence of dairy policies on carbon-pricing induced changes are small in magnitude. The existence of dairy policies lowers the potential welfare gains for consumers of fluid dairy products from carbon pricing. The last part of the dissertation examines the effects of Rule 4570---a local air quality regulation---on the costs of milk production for dairy farms in the San Joaquin Valley. Rule 4570 was adopted in June 2006, as an important part of the 2004 Ozone Implementation Plan of the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District, to reduce emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from large confined animal facilities. Applying a difference-in-differences method, I estimate the effects of Rule 4570 on the costs of producing milk. Estimates indicate that neither Rule 4570, nor the amended version of the Rule adopted in 2010, significantly affected the total costs of milk production. Estimation results imply that Rule 4570 had some negative effects on feed costs, and positive effects on hired labor costs and operating costs. Rule 4570 significantly reduced feed costs in 2008 by $0.35 per cwt of milk. In 2012, Rule 4570 increased hired labor costs by $0.23 per cwt of milk and increased operating costs by $0.25 per cwt of milk. These estimated effects of the amended Rule are equivalent to a 16% and a 10% increase in hired labor costs and operating costs for dairy farms covered by the Rule. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).