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Cohesion theory and text theory are related to and dependent upon each other Cohesive relations are syntactic ones which have, in principle, something to do with sentence structures or boundaries. Generally cohesion is defined as the surface connectedness between sentences in text. On the other hand, text is defined as unit with textuality beyond sentence. As cohesion expresses the continuity that exists between one part of the text and another, it provides the means not only to explain a text, but also to distinguish one text from another. Therefore, the purpose of this dissertation is to analyze and compare the cohesions of two novel texts in order to find out their cohesive difference and similarity. The cohesive analysis of novel texts is based on both 971 sentences from the beginning parts and ending parts of A Farewell to Arms (Hemingway 1929:FA) and 971 sentences from The Great Gatsby (Fitzgerald 1926:GG). In Chapter Two, I discussed the theoretical background with reference to the mutual relations of text and cohesion with emphasis of Harris (1952), Dijk (1972), Halliday & Hasan (1976), Pike & Pike (1980), Beaugrande & Dressler (1981), Halliday (1985). I came to conclusion that their textual approaches to cohesion were different from one another. In Chapter Three, I discussed five kinds of cohesion models such as Halliday & Hasan (1976), Gutwinski (1976), Leech & Short (1981), Beaugrande & Dressler (1981), Cha (1985). As a result of discussion of cohesion models, I found out followings: Each cohesion model has its own lack in that it does not capture some cohesive aspects in text. But Beaugrande & Pressler has less defect in comparison of other models. I suggest a new cohesion model focused on Beaugrande & Dressler so that the novel text can be analyzed and classified into main cohesive markers and submarkers. In my model, there are ten main cohesive markers - Recurrence (Re), Partial Recurrence (PR), Parallelism (Pa), Pro-form (Pf), Ellipsis (Ep), Tense and Aspect (TA), Junction (Ju), Paraphrase (Pr), Antonymy (Ay), and Quotation (Qt). The main cohesive markers are divided into 32 submarkers. The result of cohesion analysis of the two novel texts is as follows: First, FA has nine-word sentence, while GG has sixteen-word sentence, on the average even though they possess two cohesive ties per inter-sentence. This means that FA has a more compact style in the word stracture than GG. Second, FA and GG have following order of cohesive frequency: FA - Re (1)-> Ta (2)-> Pf (3)-> Ju (4)-> Pr (5)-> Qt (6)-> Ep (7)-> Pa (8)-> PR (9)-> Ay (10), and GG - Re (1)-> Ta (2)-> Pf (3)-> Pr (4)-> Ju (5) -> Qt (6)-> Ep (7)-> Ay (8)-> PR (9)-> Pa (10). In respect of higher frequency of cohesive markers, FA is almost similar to GG. Third, in person reference by means of Re and Pf, FA has seven persons with 476 cohesive ties and GG has fifteen persons with 260 cohesive ones, which means FA is more cohesive than GG. In text processing, Henry and Catherine is centered from the beginning to the end in FA, while in GG the central processing is not fixed but moving from carraway, Daisy and Tom to Gatsby. I hope that this work will contribute, in some way, to further linguistic studies of other texts, especially on the basis at my cohesion model.
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한국 남해안에 위치한 마도해는 반일주조와 평균 대조차 340cm의 중조차와 여러개의 섬, 네개의 수로로 외해와 연결되어 있는 반폐쇄적 연안 환경이다. 해저 표층퇴적물의 퇴적상은 clayey Silt 혹은 Silt로 Silt가 우세하며 분급은 불량하다. 총 유기물 함량은 평균 5.68%, 유기탄소함량은 평균 0.6%로 조간대와 수로보다는 mud flat에서 높은 함량을 가지며 탄산염 함량은 평균 2.37%를 나타낸다. 부유퇴적물은 표층에서 봄에 18.32∼41.22mg/l, 여름 53.72∼73.56mg/l, 가을 17.54∼50.7mg/l 그리고 겨울에 10.24∼35.56mg/l로 타 지역에 비해 높은 값을 갖는다. 중금속 원소의 평균함량은 Fe 2.1%, Mn 888.8ppm, Zn 163.8ppm, Cu 7.3ppm, Cr 66.0ppm으로 Mn, Zn은 타 지역에 비해 높고 Cu, Cr은 낮다. Mado-Sea and coastal zone in the southwest sea of korea have been investigated to understand their distribution of sediments and sedimentary evnironments. Mado-Sea is characterized by the semi-diurnal, mesotidal regime with the mean spring tidal range of about 340cm. The sedimentary facies in the Mado-sea are dominated by silt or clayey silt size paricles, characterized by poorly sorted or very poorly sorted sediments. The mean content of total organic matter and calcium carbonate in the marine surface sediments are 5.86% and 2.37%. The percentages of organic carbon is about 0.6%. The concentration of suspended particulate matter is greater than the other areas during the four season. The total Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Cr contents are 2.1%, 888.8ppm, 163.8ppm, 7.3ppm and 66.0ppm. And contents of heavy metal show correlation with the contents of organic carbon and mean grain size.
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(A)Study of speech act theories
Speech Act Theory is an representative theory in pragmatics. It is founded by British philosopher J. Austin and developed by Austin's pupil, American philosopher and linguist J. Searle. In this thesis, a systematic study of Speech Act Theory and some relevant theories are constructed. First of all, the history or development of speech act theory will be listed in detail. The development of every scholar's theory and the differences and relation between these scholar's theories would also be involved while explaining the development of speech act theory. Besides, within the field of speech acts studies, a lot of attention has been devoted to the problem of interpretation of indirect speech acts. The question of how people comprehend indirect meanings is extremely important because we communicate with different people every day and indirect speech acts play an important role in them. The study of indirect speech acts from a pragmatic perspective will inevitably involve such pragmatic principles as the Cooperative Principles, Searle's Indirect Speech Act Theory, Politeness Principles and Face Theory, etc. The arrangements of this paper are as follows: This thesis contains a literature review on speech act theory, which reviews the definition, classification, features, and some related terms of speech act from the points of view of various disciplines and schools. And in each chapter it conducts a profound study of indirect speech acts from a pragmatic perspective, except in Austin's part. Then a suggested model of an analysis for indirect speech acts which is based on a theory of speech acts (mainly the felicity conditions), certain general prnciples of cooperative conversation (some of Gricean theory of cooperative principle), politeness principles and face theory together with an ability in the addressee to make inferences, is developed. The last is the conclusion of the thesis, which draws a summary of what has been discussed in the previous chapters. Through this paper, we can systematically know the history and development of Speech Act Theory, and some relevant theories which play an important part in understanding the Speech Act Theory. As an explanation, I interpret indirect speech act theory explicitly using the relevant important theories in pragmatics. However, this paper is just my trying and understanding of this critically important theory in pragmatic study of linguistics by now, a lot of work or reassessment has to be done in the future.
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