Participation of rural women in household seed production : a field study in Bangladesh

Chumky Tahmina 영남대학교 박정희새마을대학원 2018 국내석사

재한 중국 유학생의 자기효능감과 자아존중감이 전공선택동기와 전공만족도에 미치는 영향

왕은 영남대학교 대학원 2017 국내석사

M.A. Thesis The Effects of Self-efficiency and Self-esteem on Major Selection and Satisfaction: Focusing on Chinese Students in Korea. YIN WANG Department of Sociology Graduate School Yeungnam University Supervised by Professor Changdeog Huh Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of student's self-efficacy and self-esteem on their majors' selection motivation and satisfaction. The aim of this study is to present suggestions to improve student's class participation, major satisfaction and school adaptation. For this purpose, a questionnaire survey was conducted from August 30, 2016 to September 30, 2016 for Chinese students who were enrolled in 4th year level in three different universities within Daegu and Gyeongbuk - Yeungam University, Kyungpook National University, Keimyung University. The research hypothesis was verified by frequency analysis, correlation analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS22.0 statistical program. The results of analyzing the difference of self-efficacy according to the general characteristics of Chinese students showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the self-efficacy according to sex, grade, and Korean language ability. On the other hand, there was a significant difference in the self - efficacy according to duration of residence of international students. Moreover, there was statistically no significant difference in self-esteem according to sex, year, and Korean language ability. On the other hand, there was a significant difference in self-esteem distinction according to the length of stay of the Chinese students. It also showed that the difference of major selection motives according to general characteristics of Chinese students showed that there was statistically no significant difference in major selection motivation according to sex, grade, and duration of residence. On the other hand, it showed that there was a significant difference in the motivation for major selection according to Korean language ability. Furthermore, the difference of major satisfaction according to general characteristics of Chinese students, there was statistically no significant difference in the degree of satisfaction with the major and the duration of stay. On the other hand, there was a significant difference in the major satisfaction according to Korean language ability. However, self-efficacy has a statistically significant positive effect on majors. In other words, the higher the self – efficacy is, the higher the motivation for selecting majors. Thus, students with higher self-efficacy tend to choose their majors more actively, while those with lower self-efficacy tend to choose majors more non-dynamically. Self-esteem on the other hand, does not have a statistically significant effect on motivation for major selection. It was confirmed that self-esteem of the foreign students does not influence the motivation for major selection. Moreover, self-efficacy has a statistically significant positive effect on major satisfaction. The higher the self-efficacy is, the higher the satisfaction of major will be. Also, self-esteem does not have statistically significant effect on major satisfaction. It was confirmed that self-esteem of Chinese students does not affect the major satisfaction. Finally, the motivation for choosing majors in Chinese students has a positive effect on the major satisfaction.

(The) socio-economic factors influencing rural youth migration to urban cities in Malaysia : a case study of Borneo Sabah, Malaysia

Nurul Naziatul Azwa Binti Maskan 영남대학교 박정희새마을대학원 2018 국내석사

This study intends to examine the socio-economic factors influencing rural youth migration to urban cities, a case study of Borneo Sabah. Massive youth migration from rural areas to urban cities is one of the major concern in Borneo Sabah and Malaysia as a whole. The aim of this study was to investigate the socio-economic factors influencing the rural youth decision to migrate to urban cities. In this study, a purposive sampling technique was used through well-structured survey questionnaire to derived data from 231 respondents consist of both working and student youth migrants ranging from an age of 15 to 30 years old. The data were analysed by using Composite Reliability (CR), Descriptive Statistics, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and chi-square test. The result of this study shows that the majority of the working youth migrants (58.6%) were male, single (72.4%), Tertiary Education (37.9%) while the majority of student youth migrants (70.7%) were female, single (98.3%), Tertiary Education (75.9%) as the highest level of education. The result also reveals that the destination of migration between both migrants are differs. Majority of the working youth migrants migrated to Kuala Lumpur (45.7%) while the majority of student youth migrants migrated to Kota Kinabalu (48.3%). The PCA identified 4 socio-economic factor influencing working youth migrants to migrate to urban cities and these factors are better income, better living condition, career development, social network and that majority occupation in urban cities is working professionals. PCA results also equally showed the socio-economic factors influencing student youth migrants to move to urban cities which include better education, better living condition and social networks. The chi-square analysis shows that P-Value=0.575 is greater than 2.899a which statistically mean there is an association between gender and reason for migration. In other words, reason for migration and gender is dependent. The findings further reveal that majority of the migrants has migrated more than 48 months and the respondents were asked whether they are more likely to return to their place of origin should the current situation of employment at their place of origin remain unchanged, majority of the Sabah’s youth migrants are hesitant to return to their place of origin which clearly shows a serious urgency for the responsible party to take momentous actions to resolve this issue in order to bring the rural youth communities to the mainstream of national development. Keywords: Youth, Rural-urban, Internal Migration, Socio-economic, developing countries. 본 연구는 농촌 젊은 층의 도시 이주에 영향을 미치는 사회경제적 요인을 말레이시아의 보르네오 사바지역의 사례연구를 통하여 탐구하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 15 세에서 30세에 해당하는 231명의 사바지역 출신 취업 이주자와 학생 이주자들을 대상으로, 체계적으로 구성된 설문지를 활용하여 유의표본추출기법으로 데이터를 수집한다. 수집된 데이터는합성신뢰성, 기술통계학, 주성분 요소분석(PCA), 그리고 카이제곱검정을 사용하여 분석한다. 본 연구의 결과, 젊은 학생 이주자의 경우에 여성의 비율이 70.7%, 독신의 비율이 98.3%, 최종학력으로 고등전문교육을 받은 비율이 75.9%인 것에 비해, 젊은 취업이주자의 경우에는 여성의 비율이 58.6%, 독신의 비율이 72.4%, 최종학력으로 고등전문교육을 받은 비율이 37.9%로 나타난다. 또한, 본 연구결과에서 취업이주자와 학생이주자 사이에 이주의 목적지가 다른 것으로 나타나는데 취업이주자의 대다수인 45.7%가 쿠알라룸푸르로 이주하는데 비해, 학생이주자들의 대다수인 48.3%는 코타키나발루로 이주하는 것으로 나타난다. 주성분요소분석(PCA)에서는 젊은 취업 이주자들에게 영향을 미치는 사회경제적 요인으로, 더 나은 소득, 더 나은 생활환경, 경력개발기회, 사회적 네트워크의 4가지 요인이 확인된다. 또한, 더 나은 교육, 더 나은 생활환경, 사회적 네트워크의 세 요소는, 젊은 취학이주자들에게도 이주에 똑같이 영향을 미치는 요소로 확인된다. 카이제곱검정에서는 P의 값이 0.575로 나와 2.899a 보다 큰 값이 나왔는데 이는 통계적으로 이주 사유와 성별이 상관관계가 있음을 말해주는데 다시 말해, 이주사유와 성별은 종속관계가 있는 것을 의미한다. 이주자의 대다수는 이주한지 48개월이상 되었는데 만일, 그들의 고향에서의 취업가능성이 지금처럼 변화가 없을 경우에 그들의 고향으로 돌아갈 의향이 있는가라고 물었을 때, 대부분의 사바지역 이주자들은 고향으로 돌아가기를 망설이는 것으로 응답하였다. 이것은 매우 우려할만한 현상으로, 농촌 공동체를 국가발전의 주류에 두어 도시와 농촌간의 균형발전을 이루도록 하기 위해, 책임 있는 당사자들이 중대한 조치를 취해야 한다는 것을 여실히 보여주고 있다. 키워드: 젊은 층, 농촌과 동시, 국내이주, 인자, 사회경제적, 개발도상국, 선진국, 대규모, 운동.

부모의 양육태도가 청소년의 성의식 및 성행동에 미치는 영향

정윤조 영남대학교 대학원 2016 국내박사

The purpose of this research is for youth to establish proper consciousness on gender issues by studying various factors that affect sexual awareness and sexual behavior of the youth. For this, the survey was performed targeting 1,000 students from each grade of 15 schools in Daegu and Gyeongbuk area and 869 questionnaires out of collected questionnaires of 900 except for inappropriate data were utilized as data to be analyzed for this research. The internal consistency analysis, descriptive statistic analysis, correlation analysis, t-test, univariate analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed for collected data and outcomes of the study based on these methods are as follows. First, it turned out that the gender, religion, level of education, grade, level of education of the parents and monthly family income of the youth affect consciousness on virginity before marriage in terms of effects of sociodemographic characteristics on sexual awareness. The school year, grade, father’s job, and monthly family income of the youth were found to be factors that affect consciousness on sexual expression. Secondly, the result of reviewing effects of sociodemographic characteristics on sexual behavior showed that the gender, school year, grade, level of education of the parents, father’s job and monthly family income of the youth affect indirect sexual behavior. On the other hand, it turned out that the gender, school year, grade, level of education of the mother, and monthly family income affect direct sexual behavior of the youth regarding the direct sexual behavior depending on general characteristics. Thirdly, for the factors affect sexual awareness, sub-factors of personality trait of TA which are CP, NP, and FC significantly affect consciousness of the youth on virginity before marriage. Also, the factors that affect consciousness on sexual expression are democratic autonomy versus authority control of the father’s parenting attitude and CP, A, FC, and AC have effects in terms of personality traits. Fourthly, it showed that NP which is sub-factor of personality traits and consciousness on virginity before marriage affect indirect sexual behavior in terms of actors affecting sexual behavior of the youth. Also, it appeared that NP, FC, AC, and consciousness on virginity before marriage are the factors that affect direct sexual behavior. Fifthly, it can be seen that NP and FC are playing a complete mediating role for the relationship between acceptance of affection versus hostile rejection of the mother’s parenting attitude and consciousness on virginity before marriage. Also, the fact that CP plays a partial mediating role for the relationship between democratic autonomy versus authority control of the father’s parenting attitude and consciousness on sexual expression was known. Sixthly, it was confirmed that the consciousness on virginity before marriage plays a partial mediating role for the relationship between CP, NP, FC and indirect sexual behavior and for the relationship between NP, FC and direct sexual behavior. Besides, the fact that consciousness on sexual expression has mediating effects on a relationship between A and FC and a relationship between AC and direct sexual behavior was revealed. Lastly, the result of this research showed that consciousness on sexual expression plays a complete mediating role for the relationship between democratic autonomy versus authority control of the father’s parenting attitude and direct sexual behavior of the youth.

재한 중국인 유학생의 학교생활 적응에 관한 연구 : 국제화 의식의 매개효과 검증

육담성 영남대학교 대학원 2016 국내박사

The purpose of this research is analyzing foreign students’ ability to adapt by reviewing various factors that affect college life of Chinese students residing in Korea. For this, the researcher exams the impact of national identity of Chinese students in Koreaon their college life in each area mediated by the international consciousness by dividing college life adjustment into four areas such as personal/emotional adjustment, academic adjustment, college environmental adjustment, and social adjustment. Subsequently, the analysis on variables that possibly affect studying abroad life of Chinese students in Korea will be utilized as basic research data that is necessary for social system improvements and training program development which could enhance their ability to adapt and studying abroad life satisfaction. Therefore, the sample was selected by multi-stage sampling method targeting Chinese students enrolled in six four-year universities in Daegu and Gyeongbuk area and graduate schools for this research. For data collection, questionnaires were circulated to Chinese students studying abroad who are object of the research and the subjects responded to the survey by self-recording method. The 500 questionnaires were distributed and 443 out of collected questionnaires of 467 except for inappropriate data were analyzed and used. Also, the internal consistency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, descriptive statistic analysis, correlation analysis, t-test, multiple analysis of variance, multiple regression analysis, and sobel test were performed for collected data by setting national identity (ethnic identity and civil identity) as independent variable, international awareness as parameter, and college life adjustment per area as dependent variable from analysis model. The outcomes of the study based on above are as follows. First, it showed a low awareness of international relations for the effect of ethnic identity and civic identity of the research subject on international awareness if the acculturation type is separable and it also showed a low awareness of international relations if ethnic identity is high and civil identity is low. Also, it showed a low awareness of international openness in case of high ethic identity and on the other hand, it showed the higher awareness of international openness as the acculturation type is more integrated and the civil identity is higher. Next, it came out that the factors affecting the personal/emotional adjustment of the research subject are acculturation type, ethnic identity, and awareness of international relations in terms of variables affecting college life adjustment per area. The statistical results that acculturation type, ethnic identity, and awareness of international relations, and awareness of international openness of the Chinese students studying abroad significantly affect academic adjustment were confirmed. Also, it is confirmed that the factors affecting college environmental adjustment are ethnic identity, civil identity, awareness of international relations, and awareness of international openness. Meanwhile, it turned out that ethnic identity, civil identity, awareness of international relations, and awareness of international openness of the Chinese students studying abroad significantly affect social adjustment. Lastly, the awareness of international relations showed a full mediation in relation to ethnic identity, personal/emotional adjustment, academic adjustment, and college environmental adjustment and a partial mediation in relation to ethnic identity and social adjustment as a result of verifying mediating effects of awareness of international relations in a relationship with national identity and college life adjustment. Also, it was showed that the civic identity affects the college environmental adjustment and social adjustment by completely mediating awareness of international relations. Meanwhile, it showed that the awareness of international openness plays a complete mediation role in relation to ethnic identity, academic adjustment, and college environmental adjustment and a partial mediation role in relation to ethnic identity and social adjustment in terms of verification of mediating effects of awareness of international openness in relationship between national identity and college life adjustment. Also, it turned out that the civic identity affects college environmental adjustment and social adjustment by completely mediating awareness of international openness. 본 연구는 재한 중인 중국인 유학생의 대학생활 적응에 영향을 주는 다양한 요인을 검토하여 유학생들이 갖는 적응능력을 분석하는 데 목적을 둔다. 이를 위하여, 연구자는 대학생활 적응을 개인·정서적 적응과 학업적 적응, 대학환경적 적응 및 사회적 적응 등의 네 가지 영역으로 구분하여, 재한 중국인 유학생들의 국민정체성이 국제화의식을 매개로 하여 이들의 각 영역별 대학생활 적응에 미치는 영향을 살펴본다. 이어서 재한 중국인 유학생들의 유학생활 적응에 영향을 줄 수 있는 변인들을 분석함으로써 그들의 적응능력과 유학생활만족도를 증진시킬 수 있는 사회제도 개선 및 교육프로그램 개발에 필요한 기초 연구자료로 활용하고자 한다. 따라서 본 연구의 조사대상은 대구·경북지역에 소재한 6개 4년제 종합대학교와 대학원에 재학 중인 중국인 유학생을 대상으로 다단계 표집방법에 의하여 표본을 선정하였다. 자료수집의 경우 연구의 대상자인 중국인 유학생에게 설문지를 배부하였으며, 대상자가 자기기입방식에 의하여 설문에 응답하였다. 배부된 설문지는 500부였으며, 회수된 총 467부 중 부적절한 자료를 제외한 443부를 분석 자료로 사용하였다. 또한 분석모형에서 국민정체성(종족적 정체성, 시민적 정체성)을 독립변수로, 국제화 의식(국제관계 의식, 국제개방성 의식)을 매개변수로, 각 영역별 대학생활 적응을 종속변수로 설정하여 수집된 자료에 대하여 내적 일관도분석과 탐색적 요인분석, 기술통계분석, 상관관계분석, t 검증, 다원변량분석, 다중회귀분석과 Sobel 검증을 실시하였다. 이를 토대로 한 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저, 연구 대상자의 종족적 정체성과 시민적 정체성이 국제화 의식에 미치는 영향에 있어서는, 문화적응 유형이 분리형일 경우에 국제관계 의식이 낮은 것으로 나타났으며, 종족적 정체성이 높은 경우와 시민적 정체성이 낮은 경우도 마찬가지로 국제관계 의식이 낮은 수준으로 나타났다. 또한 종족적 정체성이 높은 경우에 국제개방성 의식이 낮은 것으로 나타났으며, 반면에 문화적응 유형이 통합형일수록, 시민적 정체성이 높을수록 국제개방성 의식이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 다음으로, 각 영역별 대학생활 적응에 미치는 변인에 있어서는, 연구 대상자의 개인·정서적 적응에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 문화적응 유형, 종족적 정체성 및 국제관계 의식인 것으로 드러났다. 중국인 유학생들의 문화적응 유형, 종족적 정체성, 국제관계 의식과 국제개방성 의식이 학업적 적응에 유의미한 영향을 미친다는 통계적인 결과를 확인할 수 있다. 또한 대학환경적 적응에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 종족적 정체성, 시민적 정체성, 국제관계 의식과 국제개방성 의식인 것으로 확인되었다. 한편 중국인 유학생들의 종족적 정체성, 시민적 정체성, 국제관계 의식과 국제개방성 의식이 사회적 적응에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 드러났다. 마지막으로, 국민정체성과 대학생활 적응의 관계에서 국제관계 의식의 매개효과를 검증한 결과, 국제관계 의식은 종족적 정체성과 개인·정서적 적응, 학업적 적응, 대학환경적 적응의 관계에서 완전매개를 보였고, 종족적 정체성과 사회적 적응의 관계에서 부분매개를 보였다. 또한 시민적 정체성은 국제관계 의식을 완전히 매개하여 대학환경적 적응과 사회적 적응에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 국민정체성과 대학생활 적응의 관계에서 국제개방성 의식의 매개효과 검증에 있어서는, 국제개방성 의식은 종족적 정체성과 학업적 적응, 대학환경적 적응의 관계에서 완전매개 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났고, 종족적 정체성과 사회적 적응의 관계에서는 부분매개 역할을 하였다. 또한 시민적 정체성은 국제개방성 의식을 완전히 매개하여 대학환경적 적응과 사회적 적응에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

유기동물의 원인과 보호방안 : 중국 후베이성 우한시 중심으로

방지걸 영남대학교 대학원 2019 국내석사

이 연구는 중국에서 유기동물의 생존현황을 파악하고, 나아가서 유기동물의 대량화와 귀속문제를 중심으로 조사한 연구이다. 연구자가 중국 후베이성(湖北省) 우한시(武汉市) 소재 유기동물이 밀집한 주택, 공원, 대학 캠퍼스 등 구역에서 애완동물을 사육한 경험이 있는 사람들 연구대상으로 설문 조사를 하였다. 조사의 주요한 내용은 연구대상의 인구학적 특성에 다른 동물을 포기원인, 유기동물에 태도, 그리고 유기동물을 보호 행위에 대한 차이이다. 전체적으로 결과에 따라 월수입과 교육수준이 동물포기의 상관이 역의 관계인 것으로 나타났고, 월수입이 유기동물에 대한 태도의 상관이 정의 관계인 것으로 나타났다. 교육수준, 월수입이 유기동물을 보호 행위가 정의 관계인 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 월수입이 낮을수록, 교육수준이 낮을수록 동물포기가 심각하는 것으로 나타났다. 월수입이 높을수록 유기동물에 대한 태도가 좋아진다. 그리고 교육수준이 높을수록, 월수입이 높을수록 유기동물을 보호하는 행위를 더욱 가지고 있다. The purpose of this study is to identify the status of organic animals in China, and further explore the problem of mass production and imputation of organic animals. Referring to other preceding countries; methods, exploring what related policies should be established and raising public interest in organic animals. Researchers surveyed people who had raised pets in neighborhoods, parks, and university campuses in China’s Hubei Province. The main content of the survey is the difference in the behavior of organic animals which is a cause for giving up other animals to the demographic characteristics of the study and in the protection of organic animals. Overall, the results showed that wages and education levels are relative to animal abandonment and salary is a defining relationship. Education levels and salaries were found to be defined as acts of protecting organic animals. In other words, the lower the salary, the worse the level of education, the worse the animal abandonment. The higher the salary, the better the attitude toward organic animals. And the higher the education level, the higher the salary, the more protective the organic animal.

Challenges of women in rural development of Afghanistan

Khuda Bakhsh Sultani 영남대학교 박정희새마을대학원 2018 국내석사

본 연구는 아프가니스탄의 농촌개발에 있어서 여성의 문제를 탐구한다. 여성은 1996년 탈레반 집권 전까지 그리고 탈레반 집권기간 내내 암울한 시대를 보냈다. 탈레반이 제거된 이후 미국, 연합군, 나토, 유엔기구, 월드뱅크와 원조국가 등은 아프가니스탄의 재건을 위해 수십억 달러를 원조해왔다. 이런 대규모 원조에서 여성의 권한부여는 핵심이슈 중의 하나이다. 국내 및 국제 기구들이 아프가니스탄에서 여성의 권한부여를 위한 프로젝트들을 수행한다. 그것들은 대부분 도시지역에서 시행되고 농촌지역에서는 별로 시행되지 않는다. 그러나 불안정한 사회여건, 부정부패, 프로젝트담당자의 능력부족, 전통의 문제, 여성들의 높은 문맹률과 더불어 문화와 환경에 맞도록 적절히 고안되지 않은 프로젝트들로 인하여 그것들이 여성의 삶의 조건을 별로 개선시키지 못하고 있으며, 아프가니스탄 농촌지역의 여성들은 여전히 많은 문제점을 안고 있다. 더구나 이런 분야에 대한 연구가 많지 않으며 더 많은 연구가 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구에는 한계가 있고, 여성문제에 대한 조사와 연구는 많은 시간이 소요된다. 또한, 농촌지역의 여성들은 전통적으로 그들의 도전과제와 문제점들을 말할 준비가 되어있지 않다. 연구를 위해 현장에 방문할 필요가 있지만, 아프가니스탄에는 안전한 지역이 많지 않아, 본 연구에서는 안전한 지역에서 수집한 자료만을 활용한다. 본 연구를 완료하는 데에, 1차 자료와 2차 자료가 함께 사용된다. 농촌 여성, 주부, 여학생, 교사, 공무원과 여성권한부여 프로젝트에 종사하는 사람들로부터1차 자료를 수집하는데 본 연구에서는 카불과 바만의 두 지역에서 자료를 수집한다. 현장 자료에 의하면, 대부분의 응답자는 여성권한부여 프로젝트예산이 그것이 정말로 필요한 농촌지역이 아닌 도시지역에서 증가되어 왔으며, 그와 동시에 여성에 대한 교육은 비현실인데, 이것이 여성문제의 핵심이라고 지적되고 있다. 조사자료에 의하면, 단지 여성에 대한 인식확대, 훈련, 교육만으로는 그 문제를 해결할 수 없고, 여성의 권리에 대한 인식을 제고하도록 이러한 활동에 남성들도 포함시켜야 하는 것을 보여준다. 본 연구는 농촌지역에서 법적 장치의 부족으로 처벌을 면제하는 분위기가 팽배해지고 있다고 밝히고 있다. 수집자료에는, 여성 피고용인의 숫자는 남성보다 적거나 여성권한부여 프로젝트들에서 여성 피고용인이 없는 것을 보여주고 있다. 아프가니스탄과 같은 전통적인 사회에서는 여자가 근무하지 않는 프로젝트에 여성들이 참여할 수 있는 여건이 되어 있지 않다. 조사자료와 결과를 토대로 나는 아프가니스탄의 관련부처, 지역주민, 시민사회, 여성단체, 국내 및 국제기구에게 건의와 제안을 한다. 나의 건설적인 제안이 아프가니스탄 농촌의 여성 권한부여 프로젝트 속에 내재해 있는 부정적인 사항을 제거할 수 있기를 희망한다. This study explores challenges of women in the rural development of Afghanistan. Women have passed a dark period of history before Taliban regime (1996) and during Taliban regime. After Taliban removed USA, Coalition Forces, NATO, UN agencies, World Bank and donor countries donated Milliards of US dollars for rehabilitation of Afghanistan. Women empowerment was one of the main focus issues in these huge donations. National and international organizations implemented women empowerment projects in Afghanistan. They mostly covered urban area and less rural areas. However these projects are less improved the living condition of women, but due to insecurity, corruption, low capacity of projects staff, tradition, huge illiterate of women, not the proper design of project based on culture and environment, still, women face too many challenges in rural Afghanistan. as there is not many studies done in this field and it needs to study more. This study had some limitation, research and study on women challenges need more time. Meanwhile, traditionally women in the rural area are not ready to tell their challenges and problems to researchers. Research needs to visit the field, but there are few secure places in some parts of Afghanistan, in this survey, I have collected data only where was secure. For completing this study I have used both primary data and secondary data. Primary data from rural women, housewife, girl students, teachers, office workers and people who are worked in women empowerment projects. Two provinces (Kabul, Bamyan) were targeted in this survey. Based on the collected data from the field most of the participants pointed out most of the women empowerment budget have been expended in urban than rural where sharply needed, at the same time education for women is not concentrate well, which is the main problem of women. Finding shows that awareness raising, training, and education for only women cannot solve the problem but, men should be included in these activities as well in order to aware about women right and based on women right men should respect the women. This study shows that the culture of exemption from punishment is increasing due to lack of role of law in rural areas. Based on findings female employees were less than men or there was no female employee in women empowerment projects. In a traditional society like Afghanistan, women are not ready to participate the projects where there is no any female. Based on finding and result I have given recommendation and suggestion to related Afghanistan ministries, local people, civil society, women, national & international organizations. I hope the constructive recommendation will remove the negative effect of women empowerment projects in rural Afghanistan

EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF THE FOUNDATION OF GOODNESS IN SRI LANKA : An Integrative Approach of Social Movements

Kumarksamy, Nithya Lochana Sivakami 영남대학교 대학원 2021 국내박사

이 연구는 스리랑카 비정부기구인 굿니스(Goodness Foundation) 재단의 성공 요인을 분석하는 것이다. 굿니스재단의 주요 목표는 주민 학습과 주민 역량 강화를 통해 농촌의 삶을 향상시키는 것으로, 스리랑카 북부, 동부 및 남부 지역에서 미니 센터를 설립하고, 주민 역량 강화를 위해 활발한 활동을 하고 있다. 본 연구는 스리랑카 내에서의 다른 비정구기구와 달리 굿니스재단의 빠른 성장세와 활동에 주목하고, 굿니스재단의 성공요인이 무엇인가를 분석하고자 하였다. 사회 운동의 성공요인에 대한 연구들은 주로 한 두가지 이론적인 관점에서 분석이 이루어진 반면에 이 연구는 기존의 이론들을 모두 고려하여 통합론적 관점에서 굿니스재단의 성공요인을 분석하고 있다. 본 연구는 1차 자료 및 2차 자료를 모두 사용하였는데, 주요 자료는 굿니스재단의 고위 경영진과 조직의 주요 구성원들과의 심층 면접을 통해 획득하였다. 굿니스재단의 역사와 조직, 운영과 활동 등에 직접 관여하고 있는 주요 책임자 18명을 대상으로 개별 인터뷰를 진행하였다. 개별 인터뷰는 주로 대면 방법과 전화 면접으로 진행되었고, 각 인터뷰는 약 60분간 진행되었으며, 필요할 때는 추가 면접도 시행하였다. 질문의 구성은 사회운동의 사회학에서 논의되어온 이론들 중에서, 특히 구조적 및 문화적 관점을 망라하는 영역에서 약 70여개의 질문으로 이루어졌다. 인터뷰 질문은 유연성을 허용하고 참가자들이 선택된 영역에서 더 많은 정보를 제공할 수 있도록 개방형 질문으로 주로 구성하였다. 나아가 본 연구를 위하여 굿니스재단이 제공한 문서도 분석에 많이 이용되었고, 특히 저널 기사, 관련 교과서 및 다양한 출판물을 2차 자료로 활용하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 강력한 리더십, 구조, 운영 및 시스템, 기부자의 책임, 조직의 투명성과 다양성, 팀 역량 및 구성원의 헌신, 확고한 운동 가치, 자원 동원 능력 등이 굿니스재단의 성공요인으로 작동하고 있다. 둘째, 조직의 운동 문화와 굿니스재단에서 사용하는 운동의 프레임에 대한 분석 결과, 굿니스 재단의 프레임이 스리랑카 대중문화와의 반향(Cultural Resonance)이 성공적인 것으로 나타났다. 요컨대, 스리랑카 굿니스재단의 성공요인은 단순히 특정 이론적 관점에서 설명할 수 있는 것이 아니라, 운동 조직의 구조적 요인과 문화적 요인들이 모두 작동한 까닭임을 알 수가 있다. This study was undertaken to ascertain the underlying success factors of a Non-Governmental Organization in Sri Lanka known as the Foundation of Goodness that has been operational for over two decades. The main goal of the organization is to uplift or enhance the lives of the rural communities through learning and empowerment. At present, the organization has set up mini centres known as Village Heartbeat Empowerment Centres which are operational in the Northern, Eastern, and Southern regions of the country. This study has been analyzed from the social movements’ perspective and the theoretical aspects therein which are responsible for the success and survival of such entities. Prior studies on the success of social movements have been mainly analyzed from one theoretical aspect. This study has taken an integrative approach to social movements. The researcher, inspired by this local organization’s international recognition, contacted the organization directly to conduct this study and endeavoured to ascertain how it has been able to achieve success and maintain the status quo. The study adopted a qualitative approach utilizing both primary and secondary data. Primary data was sourced mainly from 18 selected interviews with the target group which comprised a cross-section of the top management and key members of the organization. Interviews were carried out both face to face and over the telephone. Each interview lasted about 60 minutes and consisted of about 70 questions covering the areas required to analyse the organization from a structural and cultural perspective. The interview questions were open-ended in order to permit flexibility and for participants to provide more information in selected areas. The study also analysed the documents provided by the organization. Secondary data was sourced from journal articles, relevant textbooks, and various publications. The findings of the study discerned the success factors and the sustainability initiatives taken by this entity and connected the findings to sociological perspectives in social movements. Firstly, from a structural perspective, whereby aspects such as strong leadership, structure, operations and systems, high level of donor responsibility, absolute transparency, diversity in causes, team competence and commitment, strong value systems, and strength in resource mobilization contributed to the success of the organization. Secondly, from a cultural perspective whereby an analysis of the movement culture of the organization and the frames employed in the organization was carried out. The findings led to the discovery of the frames utilized by the organization and discerned the frames that resonate with the Sri Lankan public culture which are deemed to be responsible for the success of the organization.

Challenges for Successful Implementation of Water Supply Project in Informal Settlements : A Case of Dar Es Salaam Water and Sewerage Corporation, Tanzania

Karatibu Agnes Richard 영남대학교 박정희새마을대학원 2020 국내석사

In most of the developing countries specifically in Africa, the quality supply of safe and health water services has been the nightmare for the past decades. This is due to the fact that most of the people particular in the town area are living in the informal settlements. Individuals in the informal settlements are the one suffering with problem of poor supply of water services, thus the study meant at assessing the challenges hindering successful implementation of clean and safe water supply projects to the people living in informal settlements in Dar es Salaam informal settlements. The researcher specifically intended at determining the challenges hindering successful implementation of clean and safe water supply projects to the people living in informal settlements in Dar es Salaam informal settlements, determining the factors influencing successful implementation of implementation of clean and safe water supply projects to the people living in informal settlements in Dar es Salaam informal settlements as well as to recommend the possible solutions towards successful implementation of implementation of clean and safe water supply projects to the individuals living in informal settlements in Dar es Salaam informal settlements. The study used the case study research design and the case employed was DAWASCO involved the sample of 100 respondents who were the employees from the managerial and non-managerial respondents. The researcher used the simple descriptive analysis using involving the frequency and percentages of the respondent’s opinions. After the critical analysis on the challenges for successful implementation of safe and clean water supply projects to the people living in informal settlements, the researcher has discovered that poor infrastructure facilities are among of the key challenges hindering successful implementation of clean and safe water supply projects to the people living in informal settlements in the informal settlements. The findings from the field have revealed that water supply projects in the informal settlements have been affected by the five key factors which are community support, financial capability, government support, geographical location as well as the population growth and the high rate of urbanization. The Social Services Improvement during Saemaul Undong Movement is recommended as the framework of how to develop the water services in the informal settlements of Tanzania. The study also recommends for the innovation of the new water sources, improvement of revenue collection as well as implementation of by laws to protect water supply facilities and infrastructures.

사회자본이 대학생 구직과정에 미치는 영향 : 중국 허난(河南)성 대학생을 중심으로

왕은 영남대학교 대학원 2020 국내박사

Theimplementationofenrollmentpoliciesthatexpandthenumber of Colleges and universities students in 1999 made the higher education from elite mode to public. Thus, it causes a surge in the number of undergraduateenrollment.Atthesametime,the nationhas completely endedtheuniformdistributionoftertiarygraduatescompletely, University graduates employment policies was transformed from uniform distribution to self-employment and two-way selection. The rapid expansionofCollegemissionsscaleina shortperiodof time andthe market-orientedemploymentpolicyleadtheuniversitygraduates employment to worsen. Severe situation makes the employment of college graduates, especially the graduating one, to not reach the criteria of formal system. Thus, it provides some space for the operation of social capital in the course of employment among university graduates. At present time, there are many studies about the Employment of College Students, most of the research were focused on the education system and the structure of supply and demand in labor market and the analysis of the structure of market supply and demand of employment among college graduates from the macro perspective. Indeed, it includes the exploration of the specific measures to solve the predicament of employment among college graduates through the research of relevant policies. Unique from the above research, this PhD thesis makes the social capital as the research starting point, giving emphasis on the impact of social capital on the employment situation of college students from the microscopic point that examines the micro-individual factors that affect the employment situation of university graduates. The study includes the university graduates' social behavior and background and analysis of the structural relationship between social capital and employment situation among university graduates. The study distributed questionnaires to 1,122 college students. In order to test the theoretical models and hypotheses, the methodology made use of SPSS 22.0 to analyze valid data. Moreover, the researcher interviewed 28 numbers of prospective graduates. The relevant conclusions are as follows: (1) The economic background of parents among those students affects the social and human capital of college students and the job search process. The mother's economic background has a greater impact on college students than the fathers. (2) College students' social capital and human capital can positively predict employment effectiveness and job satisfaction. (3) Human capital plays a part of mediating role in the relationship between college students' social capital and job search. Based on the above conclusion, the researcher propose the following recommendations for college students : While attaching the importance to human capital, graduating students must actively build their own social capital. For the schools, it would be helpful if they will guide the students to actively participate in social activities ties that can help build their own social relationships to others, making way for more connections and finally gather more information about the target profession to build on.