This paper explores the characteristics and structural arrangement of monastic spaces in the temples of Silla’s royal capital through a comparative analysis of four temple sites. A temple is a complex structure comprising the Buddha shrine precincts...
This paper explores the characteristics and structural arrangement of monastic spaces in the temples of Silla’s royal capital through a comparative analysis of four temple sites. A temple is a complex structure comprising the Buddha shrine precincts (佛地, Bulji) and the monastic precincts (僧地, Seungji). Therefore, incorporating the structural features and functions of the relatively understudied Seungji is essential for achieving a comprehensive understanding of temple layout and organization.
According to the Five Vinaya Pitaka (五部律藏), the monastic precincts were not to encroach upon the Buddha shrine precincts, and even their drainage systems were to remain separate. In other words, the monastic precincts—where monks resided and practiced—were distinct from the Buddha shrine precincts. Historical records identify key buildings within the monastic precincts, including the temple auditorium, living quarters, dining hall, kitchen, bathroom, and restroom.
This study focuses on four temples whose archaeological data and layouts are available: Hwangnyongsa (皇龍寺), Bunhwangsa (芬皇寺), Sacheonwangsa (四天王寺), and Gameunsa (感恩寺). These temples belong to the Seven Royal Temples (前佛七處伽藍) and Seongjeon Temple (成典寺院), which hold particular significance among the more than one hundred temples in Silla’s royal capital.
A notable commonality among these four temples is the arrangement of their main gates, pagodas, and main halls (金堂, geumdang) along the north-south central axis. However, significant variations emerge in their monastic precincts, particularly in the number, size, and arrangement of these spaces. Through an analysis of building dimensions, drainage systems, and excavated artifacts, this study identifies both production and residential spaces, such as living quarters, dining halls, kitchens, and bathroom facilities. Each temple exhibits distinct characteristics in the size, layout, and location of its monastic precincts. This diversity stands in stark contrast to the Buddha shrine precincts, which exhibit a notable degree of uniformity and similarity.
The variation in the monastic precincts of Silla’s temples can be compared to those of temples in Heijō-kyō (平城京), the capital of Japan during the Nara period. Notably, Tōshōdaiji (唐招提寺), constructed by a Tang Dynasty monk familiar with the Tripitaka, and the Yakushiji (藥師寺), which was relocated within the planned urban space, demonstrate similar arrangements of monastic spaces, such as dining halls and east and west quarters positioned north of the auditorium.
While Japan systematically compartmentalized temple spaces during its transition from Fujiwara-kyō (藤原京) to Heijō-kyō (平城京), Silla faced challenges due to its capital’s dense population, which included royal palaces, tombs, private residences, and other government offices. Moreover, Gyeongju’s landscape, characterized by extensive lowland areas with springwater and marshes, posed significant challenges for urban development. The construction of temples in Silla had to account for these spatial limitations, leading to the emergence of distinct features in monastic spaces. The Samguksagi(《三國史記》) records a fire at Yeongheungsa that spread to many nearby private houses, illustrating how temples were situated within concentrated residential districts.
In summary, this paper concludes that, unlike countries that could develop planned cities, Silla constructed numerous temples within the limited space of its capital. Rather than adhering to a fixed temple arrangement, Silla created flexible layouts tailored to each temple’s geographical features, location, and purpose, resulting in a unique landscape.