원주시 PM2.5의 화학적 특성과 DTT 분석을 통한 산화잠재력 측정

국문 초록 (Abstract)

강원도 영서지방에 위치하는 원주시는 동쪽에 치악산이 위치한 반구형 분지
지형과 편서풍으로 인해 수도권의 영향을 받아 초미세먼지(PM2.5) 고농도 현상
이 나타나는 지역 중 하나이다. 본 연구에서는 원주시 PM2.5의 화학적인 성분
특성과 산화잠재력을 분석하여 초미세먼지의 위해성 평가를 위한 자료 구축과
관리 방향을 제시하고자 하였다.
2020년 3월에서 2022년 2월까지 2년에 걸쳐 원주 지역의 PM2.5를 채취하였으
며, PM2.5의 질량농도, 미량원소 성분(중금속, 전이금속을 포함한 25종의 화학
종), 이온성분(NH4+, K
+, NO3
-, SO4
2-), 탄소성분(OC/EC)을 화학 분석하였다. 미량원소 중 발암 위해 원소(Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Pb)의 농도를 이용하여 발암 위
해성(Inhalation Cancer Risk, ICR)을 구하였다. 실제 건강 위해성과 관련된
PM2.5의 산화 잠재력을 측정하며 각 시료의 성분들이 산화 잠재력에 주는 영향
을 평가하였다. 실험기간 동안 원주시 평균 PM2.5농도는 23.6±13.4 µg/㎥로
나타났으며 연평균 기춘치(15 µg/㎥) 고농도(35 µg/m3 이상)으로 측정된 날은
서울특별시와 일치하였다. 탄소 성분의 경우 겨울에 높은 농도를 보였으며 연
료 사용과 겨울철 대기 정체 현상이 원인으로 판단되었다. 이온성분의 경우
봄철, 겨울철에 주요 이온 성분들의 높은 평균농도가 나타났다. 25종의 미량
원소 분석 결과 토양 유래 원소가 84.59% 발암위해성 원소가 4.62%로 분석되
었으며 계절별 변동은 크게 나타나지 않았다. 발암위해 분석 결과 Cr6+ 의 발
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암위해도(ICR)가 가장 높았으며, As, Cd, Pb, Ni 순으로 나타났다. 산화잠재력은 OPDTT로 측정하였으며, 부피당 산화율을 볼 수 있는 DTTv와 단
위 질량당 산화율을 보는 DDTm로 평가하였다. DTTv의 경우 질량농도와 유의미
한 상관관계를 가지며 질량농도의 시계열 변화와 유사한 경향을 보였으며, 반
면 DTTm은 질량농도와 유의미한 상관관계가 없었으며 시계열 변화와 다른 경
향을 보였다. DTTV의 경우 겨울철에 가장 높은 소모율을 가졌으며, 2020년 여
름철, 2021년 가을철에 가장 낮은 평균을 보였다. DTTm의 경우 계절적 뚜렷한
변화를 보이지 않았으며 21년 여름 가장 높은 DTTm을 기록하였으며, 21년 가
을에 가장 낮은 DTTm을 기록하였다. DTTv의 경우 총질량농도와 높은 상관관계
를 보였고 상대적으로 높은 구성 비율을 가지고 있는 탄소성분과 이온성분이
다른 성분들에 비해 전체적으로 유의미한 상관계수를 가졌다. DTTm의 경우 통
계적으로 유의미한 상관계수를 가지지 않았다. DTTv와 ICR과 비교하였을 Cd,
pb가 가장 높았던 반면 Cr에서는 낮은 상관계수를 가진 것으로 나타났다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Located in the western region of Gangwon Province, Wonju City is an
amphitheater-shaped basin with Chiaksan Mountain situated to the east.
Due to the prevailing westerly winds, it is one of the regions where
high concentrations of fine particulate matter(PM2.5) occur, influenced
by the metropolitan area.
Over a two-year period from March 2020 to February 2022, PM2.5 samples
were collected in the Wonju area. The collected samples were chemically
analyzed to determine, trace element composition (including heavy
metals and transition metals), ion composition (NH4+, K
+, NO3
-, SO4
2-),
and carbonaceous components (OC/EC). The concentration of carcinogenic
elements (Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Pb) among the trace elements was used to
assess the Inhalation Cancer Risk (ICR). The oxidative potential of
PM2.5, which is associated with actual health hazards, was measured, and
the influence of the constituents on oxidative potential was evaluated.
During the experimental period, the average PM2.5 concentration in Wonju
City was found to be 23.6±13.4 µg/m3. The number of days with high
concentrations (above 35 µg/m3) exceeded the annual average standard (15
µg/m3), aligning with the situation in Seoul. The carbonaceous
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components exhibited higher concentrations in winter, attributed to
fuel combustion and atmospheric stagnation. The ion composition showed
elevated average concentrations of major ions in spring and winter.
Analysis of the 25 trace elements revealed that soil-related elements
accounted for 84.59%, while carcinogenic elements accounted for 4.62%,
with no significant seasonal variations. The analysis of inhalation
cancer risk showed that Cr6+ had the highest ICR, followed by As, Cd,
Pb, and Ni.
The oxidative potential was measured using OPDTT, and it was evaluated
using DTTv, which represents the oxidation rate per unit volume, and
DDTm, which represents the oxidation rate per unit mass. DTTv exhibited
a significant correlation with mass concentration and showed a similar
temporal trend. In contrast, DTTm did not show a significant
correlation with mass concentration and exhibited a different temporal
trend. DTTv exhibited the highest consumption rate in winter and the
lowest average during the summer of 2020 and the autumn of 2021. DTTm
did not show a distinct seasonal variation, with the highest value
recorded in the summer of 2021 and the lowest value in the autumn of
2021. DTTv showed a strong correlation with mass concentration, and
carbonaceous and ion components, which had relatively high proportions,
showed significant correlation coefficients compared to other
components. DTTm did not show statistically significant correlation
coefficients. When comparing DTTv with ICR, Cd and Pb showed the
highest correlations, while Cr showed a low correlation coefficient.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 차 례
• 표 차례 ······································································································iii
• 그림 차례 ··································································································iv
• 국 문 요약 ································································································· v
• 제1장 서 론 ······························································································· 1
• 1.1. 연구배경 및 목적 ·········································································· 1
• 제2장 이론적 고찰 ·················································································· 3
• 2.1. 초미세먼지의 특성 ········································································· 3
• 2.2. 초미세먼지의 인채 유해성 ························································· 5
• 2.3 초미세먼지의 화학성분 ································································ 6
• 2.3.1 탄소성분 ······················································································ 7
• 2.3.2 이온성분 ······················································································ 7
• 2.3.3. 미량원소성분 ·············································································· 8
• 2.4 산화잠재력 ······················································································ 8
• 제3장 측정 및 연구 방법 ······································································12
• 3.1. 시료 채취 기간 및 방법 ·······························································12
• 3.2. PM2.5 성분 분석 방법 ································································14
• 3.2.1. 질량농도 ······················································································14
• 3.2.2. 탄소성분 ······················································································14
• 3.2.3. 이온성분 ······················································································15
• 3.2.4. 미량원소 성분 ··········································································16
• - ii -
• 3.3. 발암 위해성 평가 ··········································································19
• 3.4 OPDTT을 이용한 산화잠재력측정 ············································20
• 4. 연구 결과 및 고찰 ············································································21
• 4.1 PM2.5 질량농도 측정 및 성분분석 ············································21
• 4.1.1 미세먼지 농도 특성 ··································································21
• 4.1.2 탄소성분 ·······················································································24
• 4.1.3 이온성분 ·······················································································25
• 4.1.4. 미량원소 성분과 흡입발암위해도 ·········································28
• 4.2 산화잠재력 측정 ·············································································32
• 4.2.1. 산화잠재력 측정 및 분석 ························································34
• 제 5장 결 론 ····························································································40
• 참 고 문 헌 ······························································································42
• ABSTRACT ······························································································46