Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis (MASH), a progressive subtype of metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease, is characterized by steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, yet the contribution of microbes residing direct...
Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis (MASH), a progressive subtype of metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease, is characterized by steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, yet the contribution of microbes residing directly within the liver remains unclear despite growing evidence implicating gut microbiota dysbiosis in disease progression. To address this gap, I performed metatranscriptomic analyses of dietary mouse MASH models (GSE167264) and human liver RNA-seq datasets (GSE126848 and GSE135251), classifying unmapped reads with Kraken2/Bracken, assessing microbial abundance and alpha diversity, and validating intrahepatic localization by immunohistochemistry. I further examined correlations between microbial abundance and host gene expression and conducted Gene Ontology enrichment on genes positively correlated with Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp). Kp abundance was significantly increased in both murine and human MASH samples, with hepatocellular and perivascular localization confirmed histologically. Although global microbial diversity did not differ markedly between groups, consistent MASH-associated compositional shifts were observed. Host genes positively correlated with Kp were enriched in pathways related to negative regulation of MAPK signaling, intracellular calcium homeostasis, protein dephosphorylation, and GPCR–PLC signaling, indicating activation of inflammatory, metabolic, and ER stress–related responses. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that intrahepatic Kp is a conserved feature across species and may contribute to hepatocellular injury and fibrosis by amplifying inflammatory and metabolic stress pathways, highlighting intrahepatic microbial signatures as potential targets for therapeutic intervention in chronic liver disease.