북한의 자립적 민족경제건설노선의 형성과 특성 = (The) study of characteristics about North Korea's self-reliance economic policy

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This dissertation focused on the characteristics and establish process of Self-reliance economic policy(Jaribgeok minjokkyoungjae kunseolnosun) in North Korea. Officially, The North Korean government has insisted that this discourse is a significant effectiveness economic policy by using the concept of ‘benefit(Shilri)’ in the article of ‘Rodong-shinmun’(the KWP’s organ) in 1998. However, the numberous scholars have insisted that it is a main reason to explain the North Korea’s undeveloping situation. Under the reemphasis of the discourse, we had estimated that it is an inconsistent policy as strengthen the bureaucratic control and make reform actions during the state transition. Nowadays, North Korea's economic situation is not still corrupts and, even though some index shows that business has rallied.

As the two different perspectives, I argue that we tried to significantly understand about the discourse. After then, we could get a new point of view as the analysis of North Korea's economic situation. Therefore, this dissertation used the methodological concept to explain North Korea's official economic discourse there are development strategics, political economic of socialism and historical institutionalism between 1945 and 1963 in North Korea. I think that the understanding of the discourse will take in the economic environment.

During the research, I find that firstly, North Korea enforced the 'heavy industry first, light industry and agriculture simultaneously development' policy from 1945. Because, North Korea has had the legacy of Japan's industrial structure and government recognised that there bolstered the nation's defenses and an expansion of productive capacity at the same time people wanted it. After the liberation from the Japanese colonial rule, the North Korean government has carried forward to an expansion of productive capacity and elevating the standard of living of people by used the policy that heavy industry recovered stateled industrialization policy, light industry recovered privately led industrialization policy and agriculture execute the land reform to make the small farm system. After the Korean War, there are changing the policy that light industry replaced local industry, agriculture enforced agriculture production and then they continuously maintain the same policy.

Secondly, this discourse practical used the cooperation of foreign economic relationships. The North Korean government enforced the structural conditions such as the legacy of Japan's industrial structure, abundant hydropower and raw materials, as a necessary corollary, they did not used the policy of the cooperation of foreign trade, because lag behind technology did not overcome the heavy industry plants. Eventually, the economic aid from socialist states was sine qua non of the economic development in North Korea. They took the initiative on the that.

Thirdly, this discourse had innovative mind in the planned economy system. During the strengthen the discourse, self-supporting accounting system consistently emphasized. They required the self-supporting to run the economy system as the short of Soviet aid and Chinese civil war. Under the condition, the North Korea government make an effort on ensuring available funding for critical operations by defining the commodity-currency relation in socialism. Self-supporting accounting system sustained, such as factory management system(Dae an System) and work group priority policy(Jakupban priority policy) since 1958. It was a similar with socialist's economic reform debating between in the 1950s and in 1960s.

Fourth, the masses committed and agreed themselves's to a discourse. The discourse is a vital part of economic growth and they shared the propaganda to develop the discourse. Therefore, people's role was significant and important and they sacrificed of their benefits.

The previous literature shows that the four kind of characteristics are centered on the heavy industry, development strategies in a vacuum, external growth, and mobilization ideology in the discourse. However, I insisted that my research result quite different from that. The former characteristics due to the unbalanced situation about the accumulate and consume in the economic system, whereas it caused the high-rate of economic growth in the 1950s. As a result, it was determined the official economic discourse.

However, official discourse was not shown the institutional merits in the proceed of policy-decision. During the enforced the policy, firstly, they were confident to establish the socialist system in North Korea and it lose effect on the flexility of discourse itself, secondly, they trusted the concept of 'perfect triumph of socialism' and it due to that they did not accept the reform policy in the discourse. As a result, this discourse did not accept the reform policy and it failed the control of the 'growth speed' between the 1945 and 1963.

In recently, they were recognized their mistakes and understanding of the institutional merits of the discourse since 1998. In particular, the 7.1 reform policy showed the concept of 'pursuit of benefit' during the process of policy-decisions in 'Army first economic policy' since 1995. The North Korean government deleted the ideology of communism in the article of Constitutional law in 2009. It was full of suggestions about the historical revaluation and forecasting of North Korean's economic situation.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론 = 1
• 제1절 문제의식 = 1
• 제2절 기존 연구의 검토와 연구 방향 = 2
• 제3절 논문의 구성 = 12
• Ⅱ. 북한의 자립적 민족경제건설노선에 대한 분석이론 = 14
• 제1절 발전이론 = 15
• 1) 발전이론의 역사 = 17
• 2) 발전이론의 유형과 북한의 선택 = 26
• 제2절 사회주의 정치경제학 = 32
• 1) 소련 초기의 사회주의 정치경제학 논쟁 = 32
• 2) 1950년대 사회주의 정치경제학 논쟁과 북한 = 38
• 제3절 역사적 제도주의 = 41
• 제4절 북한의 자립적 민족경제건설노선과 그에 대한 분석틀 = 49
• 1) 북한 자립적 민족경제건설노선의 공식적 정립시기와 정식화 내용 = 49
• 2) 북한의 자립적 민족경제건설노선에 대한 분석틀 = 54
• Ⅲ. 북한 자립적 민족경제건설노선의 전개 (1945년~1953년) = 57
• 제1절 식민지 공업화의 유산과 중공업 우선성 = 57
• 1) 군수산업과 식민지 공업화의 유산 = 57
• 2) 국가 중심의 중공업과 민간 위주의 경공업 = 62
• 제2절 식민지 지주제 청산과 토지개혁 = 76
• 1) 식량 수탈과 식민지 지주제의 온존 = 76
• 2) 토지개혁에 따른 소농경리의 활성화와 농업 현물세 지원 = 80
• 제3절 식민지 상업 통제와 인민민주주의 상업 = 90
• 1) 일제의 상업 통제와 영세 상인으로의 전락 = 90
• 2) 다양한 경제 형태의 인민민주주의 상업 = 92
• 제4절 식민지 약탈 무역과 국가 중심의 대외 무역 전개 = 104
• 1) 약탈 무역과 대일의존도의 고양 = 104
• 2) 국가 중심의 무역 및 소련과의 거래 = 107
• 제5절 식민지 청산과 자립적 민족경제 및 혁명적 민주기지 건설 = 119
• Ⅳ. 사회주의 자립적 민족경제건설노선의 제도화 (1953~1963년) = 125
• 제1절 중공업 우선의 사회주의 공업화 추진 = 125
• 1) 사회주의 공업화를 위한 경영개선 및 지방공업의 육성 = 127
• 2) 자립적 공업체계의 구축과 사회주의 공업화의 토대 마련 = 134
• 제2절 협동화를 통한 농업 현대화의 추진 = 137
• 1) 전후 복구와 농업 협동화의 전개 = 138
• 2) 농촌 기술혁명과 분권적인 행정구역의 개편 = 145
• 제3절 가치법칙을 활용하는 사회주의 상업의 전개 = 152
• 1) 공업과 농업의 정상적 거래 = 152
• 2) 축적과 소비의 불균형 발생과 그에 대한 해소 노력 = 158
• 제4절 사회주의권의 원조 감소와 대외무역의 활성화 추구 = 168
• 1) 사회주의 국가들의 지원 효과와 원조 감소로 인한 위기 = 169
• 2) 대외무역의 활성화를 위한 적극적 모색 = 173
• 제5절 소결: 수익성과 사회주의가 결합된 자립적 민족경제건설노선의 정립 = 183
• Ⅴ. 자립적 민족경제건설노선의 특성과 평가 = 188
• 제1절 중공업 우선의 역사적 산업구조 = 188
• 1) 중공업 우선성장 및 경공업과 농업의 동시발전 전략의 원형 = 190
• 2) 지속되는 중공업 우선성과 외연적·내포적 성장의 병행 추진 = 196
• 제2절 대외적 경제교류의 적극적 활용 = 201
• 1) 자립적 민족경제건설노선의 발전과 대외경제협력의 확대 = 203
• 2) 북한을 둘러싼 대외관계와 대외경제협력의 보충적 의미 = 207
• 제3절 경제관리체계의 유연성 = 210
• 1) 산업 국유화와 함께 출발한 독립채산제 = 213
• 2) 수익성과 가치법칙을 고려하는 가격정책 = 216
• 3) 시장가격을 인정한 양곡수매사업 = 222
• 제4절 대중의 희생에 기초한 대중노선 = 230
• 1) 주민들의 숙원인 토지개혁으로 출발하는 대중노선 = 232
• 2) 전쟁 피해 복구를 위한 주민들의 희생 = 239
• 제5절 자립적 민족경제건설노선의 체계화와 평가 = 244
• Ⅵ. 결론: 북한 자립적 민족경제건설노선 성공과 실패의 간극 = 258
• <참고문헌> = 270
• <Abstract> = 284