This research attempts to assert the explanatory value of the political-strategic approach to populism through the cases of Hungary and Poland. Theoretically, due to considerations of agency, intentionality, and empirical observation, this research cl...
This research attempts to assert the explanatory value of the political-strategic approach to populism through the cases of Hungary and Poland. Theoretically, due to considerations of agency, intentionality, and empirical observation, this research claims the political-strategic approach to be more inclusive and exhaustive than the ideational and socio-cultural approaches.
Moreover, considering patterns of government change, ratio of votes cast to populist parties (Fidesz and PiS), values survey results, and political affiliation by age group, it is difficult to validate that ideational and socio-cultural factors are responsible for the rise and persistence of authoritarian populist governments in Hungary and Poland.
Having disproved the validity of ideational and socio-cultural explanations, this research hypothesizes a causal relationship between the institutional (media control, economic policies, attack on the judiciary, election law amendment), non-institutional (position change, crisis rhetoric) populist strategies and election outcomes, and demonstrates its validity through the cases of Hungary and Poland. By discussing how changes in agentic variables could have resulted in different outcomes, this research claims that, regardless of the given ideational and socio-cultural backgrounds of a country, it is the (non-)populist actors’ strategies and (re)actions that lead to populist electoral victory or failure.
Considering that Hungary and Poland are the only two cases in which populists have secured consecutive electoral victories in a consolidated democracy, correctly diagnosing the possible cause and process of populist electoral victories would be essential to prevent future democracies from sharing the same fate.