The purpose of this study is to identify the factors influencing time-related underemployment of home-based care workers. In the home-based care sector, short-time work has often been explained as the result of individual voluntary choice or preferenc...
The purpose of this study is to identify the factors influencing time-related underemployment of home-based care workers. In the home-based care sector, short-time work has often been explained as the result of individual voluntary choice or preference. However, in reality, home-based care workers find themselves in a state of underemployment, unable to work as much as they desire. This situation, independent of individual will, not only causes livelihood difficulties but also carries the potential to degrade the quality of care services in the long term. Therefore, this study reexamines the working hours of home-based care workers from the perspective of time-related underemployment and analyzes its influencing factors.
To achieve this research objective, data from the 2022 Long-Term Care Survey was utilized to analyze the factors influencing underemployment of 845 home-based care workers. The dependent variable was underemployment status, defined as actual working hours falling short of desired working hours. Non-underemployment was defined as actual hours meeting or exceeding desired hours. Independent variables were constructed based on theoretical discussions of female labor, care work, and underemployment, including labor market characteristics, human capital characteristics, gender, and age. These were verified through binary logistic regression analysis.
Key findings are as follows. First, it was confirmed that a significant proportion of the home-based care worker group experienced underemployment, where actual working hours fell short of desired hours. Second, in the analysis of factors influencing underemployment, among labor market characteristics, employment type—particularly regular employment status—had a significant impact on the likelihood of underemployment. The probability of underemployment of regular workers was significantly lower than that of contingent part-time workers.
This study is significant in that it verifies that the short working hours of home-based care workers are not solely the result of individual voluntary choice or preference, but rather underemployment forced by structural constraints in the labor market. Furthermore, the finding that regular employment status is an effective variable in mitigating underemployment suggests that stabilizing employment forms that do not intentionally fragment working hours could be a key policy pathway for enhancing occupational stability of home-based care workers.
To achieve this, it is necessary to address structural vulnerabilities where external factors like fluctuations in service recipients directly lead to the disappearance of care workers' working hours. This can be done by transitioning and expanding supply methods, such as integrated home care agencies. Additionally, employment models based on a monthly salary system, like the case of life support workers, which enable the securing of stable working hours, should be considered. Meanwhile, the finding that hourly wages do not significantly affect underemployment indicates that long-term care market are controlled by institutional regulations. This suggests that structural improvements stabilizing the employment forms must precede efforts to resolve the underemployment issue. Finally, it is necessary to strengthen the state's public responsibility for care work by ensuring the representation of care workers in policy-making processes, such as the Long-Term Care Committee, and establishing effective labor environment improvement measures that reflect the realities on the ground.
This study has several limitation. Due to limitations in the analytical data, variables such as labor market characteristics, human capital characteristics, gender, and age, which were included as factors influencing underemployment among home-based care workers, did not meet the criteria for theoretical hypotheses. Future research needs to complement these findings with a more multifaceted analysis of influential factors.